2. Compendium of IHHLs Design Options for Odisha final (1)

1 Compendium of Individual House-hold Latrine (IHHL) Design Options for Odisha state

Contributing to the Sanitation Movement in the State of Odisha, India

DRAFT


This Report is prepared by:

Mr. Ramchandra Panda, Technical Officer - WASH, TMST

Mr. Anindya Kumar Sarkar, Sector Lead - WASH, TMST

Mr. Niladri Chakraborti, Program Coordinator-WASH, TMST

Review and support by:

Ms. Joanna Drazdzewska, Programme Manager

Mr. Jayakrishnan B., Team Leader, TMST

District Teams, TMST

Photo Courtesy:

District Team, TMST

Architectural 3D designs:

ADCO venture Pvt. Ltd., Bhubaneswar

Ph.: 9178785030/ 9090970077

Email: [email protected]


ACRONYMS

APL Above Poverty Line

BLF Block Level Federation

BPL Below Poverty Line

CBO Community Based Organization

CSEB Compressed Stabilized Earth Block

CLS Community Led Sanitation

CLTS Community Led Total Sanitation

CRSP Central Rural Sanitation Programme

DFID Department for International Development, UKaid

DPO District Programme Officer

DWSM District Water and Sanitation Mission

Fed Federation

GP Gram Panchayat

HB High Burden

HBS Nutrition High Burdened Districts

ICDS Integrated Child Development Services

IEC Information, Education and Communication

IHHL Individual House Hold Latrine

MO Mentor Organization

MPR Monthly Progress Report

MT Master Trainer

MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi Nation Rural Employment Guarantee Act

NBA Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan


NGO Non Government Organisation

NRLM National Rural Livelihood Mission

OD Open Defecation

ODF Open Defecation Free

OSWSM Odisha State Water & Sanitation Mission

OTELP Odisha Tribal Empowerment and Livelihood Programme

RDD Rural Development Department

RWSS Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

SC Schedule Caste

SBM Swachh Bharat Mission

SHG Self-Help Group

SLWM Solid and Liquid Waste Management

ST Schedule Tribe

SV Shakti Varta

TFO Technical Facilitating Organization

ToT Training of Trainers

TSC Total Sanitation Campaign

TMST Technical and Management Support Team

WA WASH Academy

WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

WSHG Women Self-Help Group

WSSO Water and Sanitation Support Organization


Table of Contents

ACRONYMS ......................................................................................... 3

1.0 Background .................................................................................... 9

1.1 Sanitation in Odisha ...................................................................................................................... 9

1.2 IHHL Technology Options ............................................................................................................ 11

1.2.1 Sanitation Solutions ............................................................................................................. 11

1.2.2 User interface ....................................................................................................................... 11

1.2.3 Waste disposal system ......................................................................................................... 12

2.0 Overview......................................................................................... 12

3.0 Household Toilet Options available in Odisha ................................. 13

3.1 Twin-pit Pour flush toilet (provision for 2nd pit after 2-3 years) Model ...................................... 13

3.1.1 Structure of Toilet ................................................................................................................ 13

3.1.1.1What is a Pour Flush (PF) Toilet? ................................................................................... 13

3.1.1.2 Functioning ................................................................................................................... 13

3.1.2 Size of Toilet ......................................................................................................................... 14

3.1.3 Squatting Pan and Trap ........................................................................................................ 14

3.1.4 Footrests .............................................................................................................................. 14

3.1.4 Pit Lining ............................................................................................................................... 15

3.1.4.1 Brick masonry lining ...................................................................................................... 15

3.1.4.2 Cement Concrete Ring (Well ring) lining ....................................................................... 15

3. 1.4.3 Random Rubble Stone Masonry Lining ........................................................................ 15

3.1.5 Pit Bottom ............................................................................................................................ 15

3.1.6 Distance of Pits from Foundation ........................................................................................ 16

3.1.7 Pit Cover ............................................................................................................................... 16

3.1.8 Interconnection between Pits and Squatting Pan (junction chamber) ............................... 16

3.1.9 Leach Pit ............................................................................................................................... 17

3.1.9.1 Sludge Storage Volume ................................................................................................. 17

3.1.9.2 Sludge Accumulation Rate ............................................................................................ 17

3.1.9.3 Number of Users ........................................................................................................... 17

3.1.9.4 Infiltration Area ............................................................................................................. 18

3.1.9.5 Long Term Infiltration Rate ........................................................................................... 18


3.1.9.6 Flow to the Pit ............................................................................................................... 18

3.1.9.7 Pits in Water Logged, Flood Prone and High Sub-soil Water Areas .............................. 18

3.1.9.8 Pits in Soils with Low infiltration capacity ..................................................................... 19

3.1.9.9 Pits Where Space is a Constraint .................................................................................. 20

Where space is a constraint the pit layout can be staggered as detailed in the section on

“location and orientation of pits”3.1.9.10 Size of Leach Pits ................................................... 20

3.1.9.11 Shape of Pits ................................................................................................................ 21

3.1.9.12 Location and Orientation of Pits ................................................................................. 21

3.1.9.13 Spacing between Two Pits .......................................................................................... 21

3.1.9.14 Precautions ................................................................................................................. 21

3.2 Pollution Safeguards ................................................................................................................... 21

3.3 Septic Tank .................................................................................................................................. 22

3.3.1 Construction Methodology .................................................................................................. 23

3.3.2 Size ....................................................................................................................................... 23

3.3.3 Inlet ...................................................................................................................................... 23

3.3.4 Outlet ................................................................................................................................... 24

3.3.5 Advantages ........................................................................................................................... 24

3.3.6 Disadvantages ...................................................................................................................... 24

3.3.7 Difference between Leach pit and Septic tank .................................................................... 24

3.4 Latrine Superstructure ................................................................................................................ 24

3.5 Ecological Sanitation ................................................................................................................... 25

3.5.1 Eco-san Toilets ..................................................................................................................... 25

3.5.2 How does an Ecosan Toilet work? ....................................................................................... 26

3.5.3 Functional Aspects of an Ecosan Toilet ................................................................................ 26

3.5.4 Liquid discharge from an Ecosan Toilet ............................................................................... 26

3.5.5 Suitability of an Ecosan toilet ............................................................................................... 26

3.5.6 Merits of an Ecosan toilet .................................................................................................... 26

3.5.7 Demerits of an Ecosan toilet ................................................................................................ 27

3.5.8 Working Life ......................................................................................................................... 27

3.5.9 User's responsibility ............................................................................................................. 27

3.5.10 Precautions to be adopted by users .................................................................................. 27

3.5.11 Precautions with urine and compost use .......................................................................... 27

4.0 Technological Options ..................................................................... 27

4.1 Technology Option – 1 ................................................................................................................ 29


4.1.1 Salient Features.................................................................................................................... 29

4.1.2 Drawing and Design ............................................................................................................. 29

4.1.3 Detailed Estimation .............................................................................................................. 31

4.1.4 Bill of Quantities ................................................................................................................... 32

4.1.5 Photographic and 3D views: ................................................................................................ 33





4.2.4 Bill of Quantities (BoQs): ...................................................................................................... 36

4.2.5 Photographic and 3D views ................................................................................................. 37

...................................................................................................................................................... 37




...................................................................................................................................................... 38







4.4.3 Detailed Estimate ................................................................................................................. 43





4.5.2 Design and Drawing ............................................................................................................. 46





















...................................................................................................................................................... 58

5.0 IHHL Designs for Differently-abled Persons ..................................... 60

5.1 Design dimensions ...................................................................................................................... 60

5.2 Steps ............................................................................................................................................ 60

5.3 Surface of paths and steps .......................................................................................................... 61

5.4 Toilet Size .................................................................................................................................... 61

5.5 Raised toilet seats ....................................................................................................................... 62

6.0 Checks during construction ............................................................. 62

7.0 Do’s and Don’ts during construction and use of a toilet .................. 64

8.0 References ...................................................................................... 66


1.0 Background

1.1 Sanitation in Odisha

Good sanitation is a key factor affecting health and includes food handling, personal,

communal and environmental hygiene and access to safe and adequate water. It also

includes home sanitation and safe disposal of solid, liquid waste and human excreta. It is a

fundamental requirement of society to ensure good health, a protected environment and the

overall wellbeing of everyone in the society. Unless proper, functional sanitation facilities

are in use accompanied by correct hygiene behavior, communities will be vulnerable to

recurring incidences of water and sanitation related problems. Sanitation coverage has

lagged behind water provision since the first International Decade of Water and Sanitation

(1980–1990). India is far from meeting the Millennium Development Goal of halving by 2015

the proportion of people without sustainable access to improved sanitation, as agreed in the

Monterrey Consensus and reinvigorated as part of the “Water for Life” Decade (2005–2015).

As the world attempts to realize the goals, India must reassess the lessons learned, evaluate

new technologies, identify research gaps, and critically discuss ways forward.

A study by the Water and Sanitation Program of the World Bank estimates that inadequate

sanitation costs India the equivalent of 6.4% of its GDP (in 2006). As of February 2011, 31%

of rural households in India have access to toilets. Widespread open defecation in India is

not only a critical public health concern; it also limits human capital accumulation, and

therefore economic potential. Consumption of unsafe drinking water, improper disposal of

human excreta, improper environmental sanitation and lack of personal and food hygiene

have been major causes of many diseases in developing countries. India is no exception to

this. Prevailing High Infant Mortality Rate in rural areas is also largely attributable to poor

sanitation. India is near the top of the list of poor performers with about 1000 under five

deaths per day caused by diarrhea. Open defecation has been identified as one of the major

contributors towards these deaths. India also has 58% of all the people practicing open

defecation globally, a staggering 638 million people.

Reducing the practice of open defecation is one of India‟s top priorities and a government

flagship program of Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) spearheaded this priority and

impressive achievements were made. The Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation

(DDWS) reported a stunning 79 million household toilets out of a target of 126 million rural

households have been constructed in India since 1999. However, a 2008 UNICEF study

points out that a mere 21% of rural India actually uses improved sanitation facilities. It is

also estimated that 1 in every 10 deaths in Indian villages is linked to poor sanitation and

hygiene.

Rural sanitation did not feature as a key investment during the first five plan periods as

reflected in its negligible funding share. However, it received prominence from the Sixth

Plan (1980-85) onwards with the launch of the International Drinking Water Supply and

Sanitation Decade in 1980. In addition, responsibility for rural sanitation at the central level


was shifted from the Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization to

the Rural Development Department. As an open defecation free environment has always

been a challenge in rural parts of India, the Indian government started, after 1985, to

introduce new schemes and has been revising the old ones to recognize the current situation.

In 1986, the Rural Development Department initiated India‟s first national programme on

rural sanitation, the Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP). The CRSP interpreted

sanitation as construction of household toilets and focused on the promotion of a single

technology model (the double pit pour-flush toilet), using hardware subsidies to generate

demand.

The key issue of motivating behavior change to end open defecation and ensure use of

toilets was not addressed however, contributing to the program’s failure. Although more

than Rs. 660 crore was invested and over 90 Lakh latrines constructed, rural sanitation grew

at just 1 percent annually throughout the 1990s and the Census of 2001 found that only 22

percent of rural households had access to toilets.

In light of the relatively poor performance of the CRSP, the Government of India stopped

the programme, following it with the launch of the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) in 1999.

A key learning that informed TSC design was that toilet construction does not automatically

translate into its usage, and people must be motivated to end open defecation if rural

sanitation outcomes are to be achieved. A second key learning was the recognition of the

“public good” dimensions of safe sanitation and the realization that health outcomes will not

be achieved unless the entire community adopts safe sanitation. Accordingly TSC

introduced the concept of “demand-driven, community-led approach to total sanitation”

(DDWS 1999). This was further strengthened by the introduction of the Nirmal Gram

Puruskar program (NGP) in 2003.

On June 7, 2012, The Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation rechristened Total

Sanitation Campaign (TSC) as Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Initiative /NBA). This

has the objective of accelerating sanitation coverage in rural areas so as to comprehensively

cover the rural community through renewed strategies and a saturation approach. NBA

envisages covering an entire village community with sanitation and by creating and

rewarding Nirmal Gram Panchayats (Open Defecation Free).

Although TSC was launched in 1999, progress has been slow. Rural sanitation being a State

subject, it is necessary that State Governments grant high priority to the program, which has

not been happened so far. State Governments have not released their share of funds to TSC

projects in a timely manner and some not at all because of financial constraints as well as

lack of political will. There has been insufficient capacity building at the cutting edge for

implementing a demand driven project and limited emphasis on social mobilization and IEC

(Information, Education and Communication).

Recent studies by DLHS (2008) and NSSO (2010) show that more than 80% of the

households in the rural areas still practice open defecation in Odisha, making the state the


2nd worst performing state in India. These figures suggest that the TSC campaign in Odisha

was off-track to achieve its intended goal. The underlying component of Odisha lagging

behind could be defined as; (1) Strategy for TSC implementation, (2) Institutional Structure

and Capacity,(3) Program Approach to Create Demand and Scaling Up,(4) Technology

Option and Supply Chain,(5) Financing and Incentives and (6) Monitoring. The Government

of Odisha has now adopted the NBA as Nirmal Odisha Abhiyan (NOA) with an objective of

making Odisha open defecation free by 2022. The NOA will be implemented through

convergence and coordination of the concerned departments (SANJOG partners) namely,

Department of Rural Development, Panchayati Raj Institutions, Health and Family Welfare,

Women and Child Development and School and Mass Education Departments.

1.2 IHHL Technology Options

In order to comprehensively enhance sanitation coverage in Odisha, it is important to

recognize that, not just technology driven options, but social process, delivery systems and

small design improvements in existing sanitation systems are equally critical. For instance,

in remote parts of the state, availability of building materials and labour is a constraint, and

therefore, a supply chain for construction of toilets is needed for providing sanitation

solutions. Similarly, for areas where availability of space for individual toilets is a constraint,

the solution will have to address space design of toilets. Keeping this in mind, the

compendium also includes solutions which are process and design driven, in addition to

sanitation technologies.

1.2.1 Sanitation Solutions

Sanitation infrastructure should be understood as a system, consisting of two main

components –the ‘user interface’ and ‘waste disposal system’. The role of a sanitation

“system‟ is to ensure a safe and hygienic management of human waste from the point of

its generation to the point of ultimate disposal. The selection of sanitation solution will

consider both the requirements of sanitation system and the appropriate materials/

technologies to construct the toilet. The solutions will vary according to the regional

differences across the state such as climatic conditions, soil conditions, access to water and

affordability.

1.2.2 User interface

This comprises of toilet enclosure (foundations, walls, roof and door), the seat/s and

plumbing for transferring sewage and wastewater outside the toilet. The user interface must

meet following requirements:

I. Hygiene–the toilet should remain free of odour and be easy to clean and

maintain.

II. Universal Design Accessibility– this is the usability of toilet from the point of

view of special needs of disabled people or senior citizens. Also, it should be safe

for use by children in age group of 5 to10 years.


III. Gender–the user interface should provide adequate security for women.

Particularly in schools, a separate space or “change room‟ and disposal facilities

should be provided for the sanitary needs of girls.

1.2.3 Waste disposal system

This refers to the facility provided for collection and storage of waste in such a way that

either it can be disposed of safely without handling the waste or it can be taken out and

transported for final disposal/use. The following requirements should be met by the

collection-treatment facility;

I. Nonpolluting–the collection and disposal of excreta and waste water should not

pollute ground water.

II. Functionality–the treatment system should be suitable for the given soil strata or

geographical condition, such that it remains functional for a minimum period of

3 years, without the need for cleaning or handling the waste for such duration.

III. Technically sound-any leach pits shall be constructed to operate properly

without air being introduced.

2.0 Overview

OSWSM worked out a viable design along with a cost estimate of Rs. 12,000/- (refer to

Annexure -1) for implementation in all the districts. The DWSMs can change and modify the

design and estimate as per the locally available building materials.

DFID-TMST embarked on a project to support OSWSM to

A. Inspire a behavioural change and generate demand for toilet construction and use.

B. Facilitate an exemplary and effective community-based supply chain management

system through establishment of WASH Academies.

During field implementation and discussion with the Collector cum District Magistrate,

DWSMs and State Sanitation Mission the need became clear for a compendium of

technically viable toilet designs along with cost estimates, Bills of Quantity (BoQs), suitable

for the people and the local geology. TMST carried out field visits in various districts

covering all regional and climatic zones. The details are listed below:

Name of the

Districts visited

Reasons

Kandhamal The district is in the central part of Odisha and a one-stop shop for

sanitary goods is available where a WASH Academy managed by

women‟s self-help groups operates.

Kalahandi The district is in the south-western part of Odisha and a one-stop shop for

sanitary goods is available where a WASH Academy managed by


women‟s self-help federations operates.

Jharsuguda The district is in the western part of Odisha and is an industrially

developed district.

Sambalpur The district is in the western part of Odisha and new innovative toilet

designs have been made available in the district.

Sundargarh The district is in the western part of Odisha.

Balasore

The district is in the Northern and Coastal part of Odisha and is one of

the best performing districts in the state. Toilets need to be designed to

operate in water logged and regularly flood affected areas.

Rayagada The district is in the Southern part of Odisha. The district has a large

tribal population where the technologies need to be different.

3.0 Household Toilet Options available in Odisha

3.1 Twin-pit Pour flush toilet (provision for 2nd pit after 2-3 years) Model

3.1.1 Structure of Toilet

3.1.1.1What is a Pour Flush (PF) Toilet?

The PF toilet consists of:

a. A squatting pan of special design (Drawing on page ----) set in the floor;

b. A trap with a 2O mm water seal, to prevent the emission of foul smells and stop any

fly/mosquito access to a pit (Drawing on page --);

c. Leaching pits which retains solid matter and allows liquid to leach and gases to

disperse into the ground; and

d. An interconnecting drain system between pits and trap via a junction chamber;

e. A superstructure

3.1.1.2 Functioning

The excreta are carried into subsurface leach pits through pipes or covered drains and one

pit is used at a time. The liquid infiltrates into the soil through the holes in the pit lining. The

gases also disperse into the soil, and therefore, the provision of a vent pipe for its outlet is

not necessary and would adversely affect the decomposition within the leach pit, if used.

When one pit is full, the excreta are diverted to the second pit. The filled pit can be

conveniently emptied after a rest period of one to one and a half years, during which

pathogens are inactivated and the organic matter decomposed. Thus the two pits can be

used alternately and continuously. This is the major point of a twin pit design that users

need to be aware of. The junction chamber is also a fundamental part of the design and must

be built and operate correctly.

In a single pit design desludging is required immediately after the pit has filled up, and

therefore involves handling of fresh and undigested excreta which is hazardous to health.

Single leach pits are therefore not appropriate solutions..


3.1.2 Size of Toilet

The minimum internal size of the latrine superstructure should be 900 mm from side to side

and 1200 mm from front to back. In firm soil the depth of the foundation should be 300 mm.

In loose or filled up or black cotton soil, the foundation should be increased in depth as per

site conditions. The plinth should be a minimum of 300 mm above ground level.

3.1.3 Squatting Pan and Trap

The steeply shaped rural pan requires only 1-2

litres of water to flush and could be of Ceramic,

Glass fibre Reinforced Plastic (GRP), Cement

Concrete (CC), cement Mosaic, Poly Propylene

(PP) or Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC). Ceramic

pans are the best but costliest. Mosaic or cement

concrete pans have the advantage that they can

be manufactured locally by trained masons, but

they are heavy and the surface tends to become

rough and discoloured after long use. Their

acceptance is lower than for other types.

Traps for rural ceramic pans are made of the

same material but for GRP pans, High Density

Poly Ethylene (HDPE) traps are used. For

mosaic and cement concrete pans, traps are of

cement concrete. Care must be taken to match

the trap to the rural pan and not accept a trap

that suits the urban pan that requires 6-9 litres of

water per flush.

The rim of the squatting pan should be installed horizontally and the trap connected to

ensure a 2Omm water-seal. While fixing the trap, keep the top of the inlet and the top

curvature of the trap horizontal; the squatting pan should then be fixed over the trap in such

a way that its rim is horizontal and flush with the latrine floor. This process will ensure 20

mm water seal in the trap.

The distance between the pan and

the back wall of the latrine

superstructure should be about 200

mm.

3.1.4 Footrests


These can be of ceramic, cement concrete, cement mosaic or plastered brick. The top of the

foot-rests should be about 20 mm above the floor level and inclined slightly away from the

squatting pan in the front. Alternately foot rests can be an integral part of plastic or ceramic

squatting pans. The size of the foot rest is „Length 250mm, width bottom 115mm and top

150mm, height about 20mm above the floor level. Footrests need to be fixed 200mm+175mm

from rear or back side wall. See the figure above.

3.1.4 Pit Lining

3.1.4.1 Brick masonry lining

The pits should be lined to avoid collapsing. Bricks jointed in 1:6 cement mortar are most

commonly used for lining. The thickness of the brick lining should be 115mm. The lining

brickwork should be founded on a ring of 225mm brickwork.

The lining in the brick work should be by honey-combing up to the invert level of the

incoming pipe or drain. The size of the gaps should be about 25 mm wide, and extend to the

full height of each alternate brick course. 1f the soil is sandy or a sand envelope is provided

or there are chances of damage by field rats, the width of the openings should be reduced to

12 to 15 mm (see drawing). Where the foundation of a building is close to the pit, holes

should not be made in the portion of lining facing the foundation. However while designing

pits in such situation; the infiltrative area should be increased because less surface area

would be available for infiltration. In this case the pit layout should be carefully planned.

The lining above the invert of the inlet pipe or drain, up to the bottom of the pit cover,

should be in solid brick work, i.e. with no openings.

3.1.4.2 Cement Concrete Ring (Well ring) lining

Concrete rings used for lining should be 40 mm thick, about 300 mm in height and

constructed with 1:3:6 cement concrete, reinforced with 2 rings of 6 mm dia mild steel bars.

The first ring is placed after casting 50 mm of height and the second ring is placed at a

height of 250 mm. Each ring should have two rows of 50 mm circular holes staggered about

200 mm apart. The rings are not to be jointed with mortar but are put dry, one over the

other, with small concrete spacers. Below the pit cover two courses of brick work in cement

mortar 1:6 should be provided for supporting the pit cover. The use of concrete rings is

advantageous in the construction of wet pits.

3. 1.4.3 Random Rubble Stone Masonry Lining

Stones or laterite bricks could also be used depending upon their availability and cost.

Lining can be constructed in random rubble stone open jointed pitching (no mortar) with

one layer at the bottom and the other in the middle, in cement mortar 1:6.

3.1.5 Pit Bottom

Except where precautions are to be taken to prevent pollution of drinking water sources the

pit bottom should be left in a natural free draining condition.


3.1.6 Distance of Pits from Foundation

Pits up to 1.7 m depth can be safely located at a distance of 500 mm from an existing

structure (distance between the foundations of the building to periphery of pit). For 2 m

deep pits, a safe distance is 900 mm. Generally pits need only be constructed to 1 metre deep

for an average family size.

3.1.7 Pit Cover

Usually Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) 1:2:4 slabs are used for covering the pits, but

depending upon the availability and cost, flagstones can also be used. The RCC slabs may be

cast in two pieces for convenience of handling. The thickness of a RCC pit cover will depend

upon the load expected to come on it. For pits located inside the premises of a household,

where they are not subjected to heavy loading, the thickness can be 50 mm but in such cases

the covers should be centrally cast with stone

ballast to ensure quality control. Brick ballast (of

over burnt or first class bricks) can be used

where stone ballast is not easily available and is

costly, but the thickness of the slab should be

increased to 75 mm. The details of

reinforcement in RCC pit covers are shown in

the drawing.

Bar Schedule for Leach pit cover

Dia of Leach

pit (D)

No. of Bars Slab

Thickness Horizontal Vertical

900 8 4 50

1200 10 5 60

1400 12 6 75

3.1.8 Interconnection between Pits and Squatting Pan (junction chamber)

The trap is connected

to the pit through a 75

mm brick channel of

„U‟ cross sectional

shape covered with

bricks jointed with

weak mortar (for

example mud) or

cement mortar 1:12 (as

adjacent drawing ), or

PVC non pressure

pipe. In case pipes are

used, a chamber of


minimum size 250 mm x 250 mm (as adjacent drawing)) should be provided at the

bifurcation point to facilitate cleaning and allowing flow to the pit. In the case of a drain, the

„Y‟ portion of the drain serves the same purpose. The channel or pipe should have a

minimum gradient of 1:15. The pipe or drain leading to the pit not in use should be

completely sealed with a temporary plug, say of brick, stone or concrete etc., joined with

weak mortar.

3.1.9 Leach Pit

The size of the leach pits is determined first on the basis of the volume required for storage

of solid matter, and then it is checked whether it provides sufficient infiltrative surface area

for infiltrating waste water to the surrounding soil. If it does not, the volume should be

increased to provide adequate infiltrative surface area. A free space of at least 300 mm must

be provided above the invert level of the inlet pipes or drains up to the bottom of the pit

cover.

3.1.9.1 Sludge Storage Volume

The volume required is calculated on the basis of sludge accumulation rate, the number of

persons likely to use the latrine, and the design sludge storage period.

Storage volume needed = Sludge accumulation rate x Number of users x Design storage

period

3.1.9.2 Sludge Accumulation Rate

A leach pit is classified as wet or dry depending on whether the ground water table is above

or below the bottom of the pit. In dry pits the storage volume needed is calculated only on

the basis of sludge accumulation rate. But in wet pits even though the sludge accumulation

rate is lower, the pit volume has to be increased to prevent flooding due to surcharge. For

designing pits, the volume needed per person per year is given below:

Table – Pit Design-Volume Per capita Per Year in Cubic Metres

Materials Used for anal cleansing Dry Pits Wet pits (2 year desludging interval)

Water 0.04 0.078

3.1.9.3 Number of Users

The number of persons likely to use the latrine varies from house-to-house, but to

standardize construction details, pits are designed for 5, 10 and 15 users. 1f the users in the

household are more than 15, it is better to provide two pairs of pits of appropriate size.

The minimum design interval between successive manual desludging of pits could be one

and a half years which is the period required for inactivation of the most persistent

pathogen present in faecal matter. To allow for a reasonable degree of operational flexibility

as well as to provide a safety factor, it is desirable to provide at least a 2 year storage

volume. However, if necessary, the pits can be designed for longer periods.


3.1.9.4 Infiltration Area

The area required for infiltration is calculated by taking into account the expected total daily

flow to the pit and the long term infiltration rate of the soil where the pits are to be located.

Infiltrative surface area required = Daily total flow to the pit

Long term infiltration rate of soil

The vertical surface area of the soil in contact with the pit walls from the pit bottom to the

invert level of the pipe or drain is to be considered for infiltration. The bottom of the pit is

not taken into account for infiltration as it clogs in the course of time.

3.1.9.5 Long Term Infiltration Rate

The infiltration rate for different types of soil is taken to calculate the infiltrative surface area

required as shown below:

Soil Type Litres per m2 per day

Sand 50

Sandy loam, loams 30

Porous silty loams, porous silty clay loams 20

Compact silty loams, compact silty clay loams, clay 10

3.1.9.6 Flow to the Pit

Unless more specific data is available, flow to the pit is taken as 9.5 litres per day per person.

This includes urine, excreta, and water used for anal cleansing after defecation and flushing.

The total flow in the pit is calculated by multiplying the expected number of latrine users by

9.5 and adding 5 Iitres for the water used for washing and cleaning the latrine floor and

squatting pan.

3.1.9.7 Pits in Water Logged, Flood Prone and High Sub-soil Water Areas

In high sub-soil, water logged or flood prone areas, the pits should be raised above the

ground level to a height such that the invert of the incoming drains/pipes is just above the

likely flood water or sub-soil water level. Raising the pipes will necessitate raising the latrine

floor also.


In pits located in water logged

or flood prone areas, earth

should be filled and well

compacted all around the pits

in 1000 mm width and up to

the top (see drawing). It is not

necessary to raise the pits by

more than 300 mm above the

plinth of the house because if

water rises above the plinth,

the residents will anyway

vacate the house.

In these situations, the pits

should be designed as wet pits,

taking into consideration the

infiltration rate of the type of

soil.

3.1.9.8 Pits in Soils with Low

infiltration capacity

Leaching capacity tends to be

the limiting factor when the

infiltrative capacity of soil is low. In these circumstances, there are two options: construct a

larger pit, or increase the

critical leaching area. The

former option is costly,

while the latter can be

accomplished by

backfilling and

compacting with brick

ballast, gravel, sand etc.,

in the required width all

around the pit, since the

leaching area is the

vertical surface of the

excavation of the pit

rather than the external

wall of the pit (See section

on “Infiltration Area”).

Pits in Black Cotton Soil

are designed on the basis

of whether the pit is wet

or dry, taking the infiltration rate as 10 litres per sq. metre per day. However, a minimum

300 mm vertical fill (envelope all around the pit) of sand, gravel or ballast of small sizes


should be provided, outside the pit lining, to separate the soil and the pit lining as well as to

increase the infiltrative surface area.

3.1.9.9 Pits Where Space is a Constraint

Where space is a constraint the pit layout can be staggered as detailed in the section on “location

and orientation of pits”3.1.9.10 Size of Leach Pits

The sizes of pits have been worked out for 5, 10 and 15 users assuming

a) 2 year desludging interval

b) volume needed for dry pits 0.04m3/per cap/yr and for wet pits 0.078 m3/per cap/yr

c) hydraulic loading 9.5 l/per cap/day plus 5 litres for washing latrine floor and

d) long term infiltration rate of soil 10, 20, 30 and 50 l/m2/day as per type.

The sizes worked out are given below for dry and wet pits.

Dry Pits: Size in mm

Soil Type Infiltration

rate

(l/m2/day)

5 users 10 users 15 users

Pit

dia

Pit

depth

Width

of back

filling

Pit

dia

Pit

depth

Width

of back

filling

Pit

dia

Pit

depth

Width

of back

filling

Clay: compact

silty loams

10 900 650 750 1000 1050 900 1200 1100 1450

Porous clay

loams

20 900 650 100 1000 1050 150 1200 1100 350

Sandy loams 30 900 650 - 1000 1050 - 1200 1100 -

sand 50 900 650 - 1000 1050 - 1200 1100 -

Wet Pits: Size in mm

Soil Type Infiltration

rate

(l/m2/day)

5 users 10 users 15 users

Pit

dia

Pit

depth

Width

of back

filling

Pit

dia

Pit

depth

Width of

back

filling

Pit

dia

Pit

depth

Width of

back

filling

Clay: compact

silty loams

10 900 1250 100 1200 1400 450 1400 1550 700

Porous clay

loams

20 900 1250 - 1200 1400 - 1400 1550 -

Sandy loams 30 900 1250 - 1200 1400 - 1400 1550 -

sand 50 900 1250 - 1200 1400 - 1400 1550 -

Note:

1. In soils with low infiltrative capacity, the pit size has been kept the same as in high

infiltrative capacity soils, but the infiltration area has been increased by providing

back filling all around the pits.

2. Depths of pit given above are the depth of pit below the invert of pipes or drains; the

total depth of pits would be 300 mm more to allow free space.


3.1.9.11 Shape of Pits

Wherever possible circular pits should be constructed because of their structural strength

and relative larger surface area.

3.1.9.12 Location and Orientation of Pits

The pits, as far as possible, should be located within the premises of the house. However, if

this is not possible, they

can be located under the

street or foot path. In such

cases, the pit cover should

be designed to withstand

the expected load which it

will be subjected to.

Ideally, the pits should be

placed symmetrically at the

back of the squatting pan.

If site conditions do not

permit this lay out, the pits

can be located at any angle

as long as drains/pipes are

straight, are properly

sloped with a minimum

gradient of 1:15 and have

no sharp bends.

3.1.9.13 Spacing between Two Pits

The space between the two pits should be at least the effective depth of the pit. If the spacing

has to be reduced, an impervious barrier such as a cut-off screen or puddle clay wall should

be provided between them.

3.1.9.14 Precautions

Wherever found necessary, the design should make provision for safeguards to prevent

pollution of drinking water sources. In high water table situations pits should ideally not be

constructed within 10mt of any water source.

3.2 Pollution Safeguards

Proper information should be obtained and investigation of both geological and

hydrogeological conditions of sites where pits are to be located should be made, and the

location of drinking water sources, sizes, are all pre-requisites to proper planning, designing

and construction of on-site low cost sanitation systems to ensure that pollution risk to

ground water and water distribution mains is minimal. Faulty construction and wrong data

or information regarding hydrogeological conditions may lead to pollution of drinking

water sources and health risk to the community.


To ensure that the risk of polluting ground water and drinking water sources is minimal, the

following safeguards should be taken while locating the pits:

a) Drinking water should be obtained from another source or from the same aquifer but at

a point beyond the reach of any faecal pollution from the leach pits. This may involve

physical closure of a source or sources.

b) If the soil is fine (effective size 0.2 mm or less), the pits can be located at a minimum

distance of 3 m from the drinking water sources, provided the maximum ground water

level throughout the year is 2 m or more below the pit bottom (low water table). If the

water table is higher, i.e. less than 2 m below the pit bottom, the safe distance should be

increased to 10m.

c) 1f the soil is coarse (effective size more than 0.2 mm), the same safe distances as specified

above can be maintained by providing a 500 mm thick sand envelope, of fine sand of 0.2

mm effective size, all around the pit, and sealing the bottom of the pit with an

impervious material such as puddle clay, a plastic sheet, lean cement concrete, or cement

stabilized soil (for sand envelope)

d) 1f the pits are located under a footpath or a road, or if a water supply main is within a

distance of 3 m from the pits, the invert level of the pipes or drains connecting the leach

pits should be kept below the level of the water main, or 1 m below the ground level. If

this is not possible due to site considerations, the joints of the water main should be

encased in concrete.

3.3 Septic Tank

Septic tanks provide an excreta treatment system in locations where a sewerage system is

not available or possible. For rural areas, septic tanks are of limited use, more especially they

apply for locations with a high water table. However, institutions like schools, dispensaries

or families who can afford the cost and manage the quantity of water required, a septic tank

system for excreta disposal could be an option.

The system consists of a water-tight settling tank with one or two chambers/ compartments,

to which waste is carried by water flushing down a pipe connected to the toilet which

usually has a water seal trap.

However, this system does not dispose of wastes; it only helps to separate the solid matter

from the liquid. Some of the waste floats on the surface as scum, while other waste sinks to

the bottom where it is broken down by bacteria to form sludge. The liquid effluent flowing

out of the tank is, from a health point of view, as dangerous as raw sewage and remains to

be disposed of, normally by soaking into the ground through a soak-pit or with a connection

to small bore sewers. The outlet from a septic tank should not be permitted to discharge into

surface drains.


3.3.1 Construction Methodology

Septic Tanks offer a preliminary treatment of sewage that has to be removed for final

disposal. The tank is an underground structure made of bricks, cement or concrete. It has 3

or more chambers separated by baffle walls. In different chambers waste is settled and

degraded anaerobically and the final effluent is discharged through the outlet of the Septic

Tank. Sewage is held in these tanks for some prescribed period during which time the

suspended solids settle down. The settled sludge and the supernatant liquor undergo

anaerobic digestion. The digestion results in appreciable reduction in the volume of sludge

and reduction in organic matter in the liquid. Total retention time is maintained for 24-48

hours inflow only. A septic tank can operate for between 5 and 15 years between emptyings.

3.3.2 Size

A septic tank usually has minimum width of 750mm, minimum depth of one meter below

water level and a minimum liquid capacity of 1000 litres. For rectangular septic tanks, the

length of the tank is 2 to 4 times of the width (see drawing). For circular tanks the minimum

diameter should not be less than 1.35 m and operating depth should not be less than 1m.

3.3.3 Inlet

The design of septic tank inlets is such as to introduce the crude sewage with the least

possible disturbance of the settled sludge or the surface scum. For tanks not more than 1200


mm wide, a T shaped dip-pipe not less than the nominal bore of the incoming drain may be

provided. The pipe is fixed inside the tank, with top limb rising above the scum level and

the bottom limb extending about 300mm below the top water level. For tanks in excess of

1200 mm in width, two or more submerged inlets are preferable.

3.3.4 Outlet

The final outlet for tanks which are less than 1200mm wide should be by 100 mm nominal

bore dip-pipe fixed inside the tank with a top limb rising above scum level and the bottom

limb extending 1/3 of the liquid depth below top water level. The invert of the outlet pipe

shall be 50mm below the invert of the inlet pipe. Final effluent is discharged through the

outlet pipe to a soakpit.

3.3.5 Advantages

Septic tank systems provide a sanitary method of treatment of human waste. There is no

foul smell with the system, no chance of breeding of mosquitoes occur with a suitable design

of septic tank.

3.3.6 Disadvantages

It costs more than improved latrine systems.

It requires more water to flush.

Cleaning of chambers is a cumbersome process. In rural areas mechanical devices to

clean septic tank chambers are normally not available. Under such condition only

manual cleaning is the option. Cleaning manually is unhygienic and unhealthy. Even

if it is cleaned mechanically, it‟s quite difficult to dispose of safely, as it has bad

odour and contains many pathogens.

Much water is required to flush human wastes. Therefore, in water scarcity areas this

system is difficult to implement.

3.3.7 Difference between Leach pit and Septic tank

Leach Pit

• Low cost less space

• Needs little water

• Sludge handling is easy- it is a useful dry

manure

• No recurring cost

• Pit emptying easy and without smell

• No mosquitoes

Septic Tank

• High in capital and running cost

• More space needed

• Needs more water for flushing

• Sludge handling is difficult

• Recurrent costs for emptying

• Safe disposal of effluents not easy – can

be a cause of pollution

3.4 Latrine Superstructure The superstructure should be designed to ensure privacy, convenience, comfort and easy

maintenance. It should be well ventilated. It can be any of the following types in the case of a

brick or concrete superstructure being unaffordable:

i. Brick (Kiln Burnt and Fly-ash) masonry walls and GCI sheet roofing/ RCC Flat slab.


ii. Cement Concrete blocks (CCB)/ Fly-ash concrete blocks and GCI sheet roofing/

RCC Flat slab.

iii. Compressed Stabilized Earthen Blocks (CSEB) and GCI sheet roofing / RCC Flat

slab.

It is advisable to provide a superstructure along with the latrine substructure to ensure its

immediate use.

3.5 Ecological Sanitation

Ecological sanitation (Ecosan) is a concept that treats various types of waste generated by

humans as a resource which can be safely collected, treated and reused whilst preventing

pollution of water bodies and the environment. Currently, various types of Ecosan practices

such as Ecosan toilets, compost toilets, bio-gas plants, reed-beds for treatment of waste

water, etc., are being taken up to treat human waste in an ecologically sound manner.

Ecological sanitation (e.g. The Double Vault Compost Latrine) is based on recycling

principles. In this approach, the excreta and urine are separated for disposal. The eco-san

double-vault compost latrine consists of two water-tight chambers (vaults) to collect faeces.

Urine is collected separately as the contents of the vault have to be kept relatively dry.

Initially, a layer of absorbent organic material is put in the vault and after each use, the

faeces are covered with ash (or saw-dust, shredded leaves or vegetable matter) to deodorise

the faeces, soak-up excessive moisture and improve carbon/nitrogen ratio, which ensures

that sufficient nitrogen is retained to make a good fertilizer. When the first vault is three

quarters full, it is completely filled with dry powdered earth and sealed so that the

components can decompose anaerobically. The second vault is used until it is also three

quarters full and the first vault is emptied by hand, the contents are used as a fertilizer. The

vaults have to be large enough to keep faeces for at least a year in order to become pathogen

free. The superstructure is built over both the vaults with a squat-hole over each vault which

can be sealed-off. The latrine can be built everywhere as there is no pollution coming from

the water-tight chambers into the surroundings.

3.5.1 Eco-san Toilets

In the context of rural sanitation promotion in India, Ecosan toilets can play an important

role especially in coastal, mountainous and water scarce regions where promotion of

conventional toilets is unsuitable.

However, as the Ecosan concept demands greater involvement of the users in the day to day

management of its components, sensitization of the users is very essential to change

traditional taboos attached to handling of waste. Also, the high cost of construction of

Ecosan toilets can be brought down significantly through innovative designs as awareness

on the concept increases among the practitioners and users.


3.5.2 How does an Ecosan Toilet work?

In Ecosan Toilets, human excreta, urine and anal wash water are separated through specially

designed toilet seats (various types are available now) unlike the conventional water closets

where all these are collected together. Excreta is collected in the chamber constructed below

the toilet seat, urine is collected in a drum/pot kept outside the toilet and wash water is

diverted to a plant bed raised near the toilet or a soakpit.

3.5.3 Functional Aspects of an Ecosan Toilet

Excreta collected in the chamber (in most cases two separate chambers are constructed for

alternate use) constructed below the toilet seats are allowed to decompose for a period of 6-9

months after a chamber gets filled up. After every use, ash and mud is placed by the user

into the chamber to prevent contact of flies/insects with excreta and also to facilitate the

decomposition process. A net covered vent pipe is also attached to the chambers to release

foul smells and also to facilitate faster decomposition. The compost harvested from the

chamber is used as valuable manure in agricultural fields.

3.5.4 Liquid discharge from an Ecosan Toilet

Urine collected in a sealable container (say a 20 litre jerrycan) kept outside the toilet can be

applied to crops as fertilizer after storing it for 30 days to inactivate the disease causing

organisms possibly present in the urine. The urine should be diluted 1:5 with water and

applied to the soil, not to the plant leaves. Urine produced by one person in a year is

sufficient to fertilise 3-400 m2 of crops.

The wash water is diverted to a plant bed, preferably planted with canna plants for effective

absorption, near the toilet block or to a soakpit.

3.5.5 Suitability of an Ecosan toilet

It is most ideal for areas where water is scarce, or areas where water table is high

such as flood plains or coastal areas and densely populated areas where risks of

ground water pollution from pits to drinking water sources is assessed as being too

high.

Flood Prone areas

Mountainous areas

3.5.6 Merits of an Ecosan toilet

Treats human excreta and urine as a useful resource rather than waste.

Environmentally friendly and prevents pollution caused by some conventional

sanitation systems.

No water is needed for flushing (an individual can save 6-8 liters per day)

No additional treatment process/infrastructure is needed to treat the waste collected.

Reduces expenditure on chemical fertilizer as compost of excreta and urine is rich in

NPK (i.e. Fertilizer needed to grow food for one person can be met by reusing his

excreta and urine collected in an Ecosan toilet).

Prevents pollution caused by chemical fertilizers for agriculture.

Enriched compost and urine increases the yield of crops when used as fertilizer.


3.5.7 Demerits of an Ecosan toilet

Proper operation needs full understanding of the concept, lack of which may make

the system de-functional. There is a risk of faeces being deposited at the wrong place.

Where users are eager to use the contents as fertilizer, they may not allow sufficient

time for the contents to become pathogen free.

This system is only to be used where people are motivated to use human excreta as a

fertilizer.

Inadequate number of trained masons could impact on the quality of construction.

3.5.8 Working Life

10-20 years, depending upon materials used, pit maintenance and numbers of users.

New Swedish designs, such as Compostera toilets use worms in the vault to aid

decomposition and can have a life up to 50 years.

3.5.9 User's responsibility

To ensure that the system is well-designed and constructed to a high quality.

3.5.10 Precautions to be adopted by users

Earth/ash must be used to cover excreta after every use and a cover placed over the

seat when the toilet is not in use.

Construct the excreta collection tank properly to prevent leakage of the contents.

Allow sufficient time for composted matter to decompose in an Ecosan Toilet

3.5.11 Precautions with urine and compost use

Ensure proper collection, storage and use of urine at regular intervals.

Manage the wash water diverted to the plant bed regularly.

Practice proper safety measures while handling urine, wash water and compost.

Properly wash the vegetables and fruits grown using compost and urine to prevent

any potential health risks.

4.0 Technological Options

The most commonly adopted model of household level sanitation in Odisha is the pour

flush latrine with single offset pit, followed by the pour flush latrine with twin pits. The

combined enclosure for toilet and bathroom has also been used, where families are in a

position to spend additional money–this is mostly possible where additional financial

support is facilitated by institutional means through an NGO with a mandate of adequate

sanitation. The most common external sizes of individual toilets is 3‟ x 4‟ and combined

toilets are 6‟ x 4‟.

The most commonly used material for construction of toilets is brick in cement mortar and a

75mm thick Reinforced Concrete slabs. Laterite blocks are also used in wall construction,

wherever they are locally available. Rural sanitary pans with a deep slope of minimum 40

degrees are recommended, but the majority of pans available in the market are high water

use ceramic urban pans. These should not be used in rural pour flush latrines as they will

block too easily. Bamboo is a widely available resource in the state; however, it is not


generally used for constructing the superstructure which could yield savings and hence

allow improving the internal finish of toilets. As per the specifications circulated by the

Chief Engineer, RWSS where bamboo is not shown as part of the superstructure, hence it is

not approved. GoI has included in the latest guidelines of NBA that communities shall

decide on the superstructure design that is most suitable for them.

Toilets are generally constructed outside the house and the preference is to construct them at

a minimum 15‟ to 20‟ from the house or near the boundary of the plot. Only in few cases

toilets have been constructed inside the household. Community toilets with a septic tank

with soak pit treatment system can be a viable alternative for the settlements but for

individual households twin pit toilets with leach pits are most suitable and easier for the

beneficiaries to construct and maintain.

Summary of the Viable Options available to the DWSMs

Sub-structures Super-structures

A. Brick Masonry 1. Brick (Kiln Burnt and Fly-ash) masonry walls and GCI sheet / RCC Flat slab

B. Random Rubble Stone Masonry

2. Cement Concrete blocks (CCB)/ Fly-ash concrete blocks and GCI sheet / RCC Flat slab

C. Cement Concrete blocks (CCB)

3. Compressed Stabilized Earthen Blocks (CSEB) and GCI sheet roofing / RCC Flat slab

D. Fly-ash Concrete Blocks (FCB)

E. Compressed Stabilized Earthen Blocks (CSEB)

Leach Pits Squatting Pan, P-trap, Y connection details and Door

i. Honey-comb brick 1st. Rural Ceramic Pan

ii. RR dry stone packing 2nd. Tin Door/ Waterproof plywood board/ Fiber door

iii. Well rings 3rd. PVC made Y connection/ masonry made Y connection

According to the above technologies available in our state, there are many options that can

be derived but practically the following options are appropriate and used by the

beneficiaries widely as listed below;

Option -1 RR stone masonry foundation, 225mm (9”) brick column at corners, 115mm (5”) brick wall in between the columns, GCI sheet roofing, RR dry stone packing to leach pit.

Option -2 RR stone masonry foundation, 115mm brick (5”) wall in superstructure, GCI sheet roofing, well ring with RCC cover to leach pit.

Option -3 Kiln Burnt brick masonry foundation, 225mm (9”) brick column at corners, 115mm brick (5”) wall in between the columns, GCI sheet roofing, Honey-comb brick walling to leach pit.

Option -4 Kiln Burnt brick masonry foundation, 115mm brick (5”) wall in superstructure, GCI sheet roofing/ Precast RCC slab, Honey-comb brick walling with RCC cover to leach pit.

Option -5 Cement Concrete block masonry foundation, 115mm (5”) CC block wall in between the columns, GCI sheet roofing, Well ring with RCC cover to leach


pit.

Option -6 (Jharsuguda)

Fly-ash brick masonry foundation, 115mm brick (5”) wall in superstructure, GCI sheet roofing, Honey-comb fly-ash brick walling to leach pit.

Option -7 (Kandhamal

& Kalahandi)

RR stone masonry in foundation. Compressed Stabilized Earthen Blocks (CSEB) 115mm () wall in superstructure, GCI sheet roofing, Well ring RCC cover to leach pit.

Option -8 (Sambalpur)

In-situ casting at three levels, up to Plinth level up to half height and final roof level casting with iron rods @ 1 ft. spacing, Pre-cast RCC slab roof and honey-comb to leach pit.

4.1 Technology Option – 1 RR stone masonry foundation, 225mm (10”) brick column at corners, 115mm brick (5”)

wall in between the columns, GCI sheet roofing, RR dry stone packing leach pit: [Western

Odisha Region, low water table, locally available construction materials, people-friendly

technologies]

4.1.1 Salient Features

Stages of work in IHHL Technologies used

Foundation Random Rubble stone masonry (RR stone)

Walling 225mm (10”) brick column with 115mm brick (5”) wall in

between the brick columns

Roofing GCI sheets

Leach Pit with cover RR stone dry packing with RCC cover

Junction Chamber (Y

connection)

PVC made Y connection with single pit connection, provision

for second pit in future expansion

4.1.2 Drawing and Design


3"

1'-2"

9"

1'-2"

3"

9"

2" thk. DPC(1:2:4)

10" thk. bk. column

5"

1'-0"

3"

2'-5"

SECTION at 1-1'

(with sanitary details)

5'-6"

6'-0"

2"

3'-0"

2'

2'

Inspection Chamber

Soak Pit

Designed and Drawn by:

TMST, OdishaEmail:

Mob.:

1'-2

"

LAYOUT PLAN

1

2

1'-2"

A BC

3'-5"

4'-5

"1

2

A B

Toilet

4'-1

0"

4'-0

"

3'-10"

3'-0"

4'-0

"

PLAN(above Plinth Level)

1

1'

B B'

A A'

PLAN(showing Inspection

Chamber & Soak pits)

Inspection Chamber

Future Expansion

GL

FRONT ELEVATION

PLGL 1

'-0"

9"

CGI Sheet

5" thk. bk. wall

Tie Beam using

Eucalyptus/ bamboo

Door

Earth Filling

SECTION at 1-1'

5'-6"

6'-0"

Honeycomb Bk. Wall

1'-0"

3'-0"

PLGL

AS Flooring (punning over

12mm thk. plaster

3" thk. PCC (1:4:8)

2" thk. DPC(1:2:4)

1

2

A B

Toilet

5'-2

"

3'-1

1"

4'-2"

3'-0"

4'-0

"

PLAN

(below DPC)

1

1'

B B'

A A'

Toilet

2'-0"

2'-0"

3'-0"

R1'-6

"

TWIN PIT POUR FLUSH TOILET AS PART OF IHHL

2'-0"

2'-0

"

2'-3"

2'-3

"

1'-0"

6'-0"

6"

1'-0"

1'-6"

1'-0"


4.1.3 Detailed Estimation

Sl. No.

Particulars of Items Nos. Length Breadth Depth Quantity Unit

Centre line length front 0.9+.23 1.13

Centre line length side 1.2+.23 1.43

Total length 5.12

1. a Earthwork in Excavation

Foundation work for toilet 1 5.12 0.45 0.45 1.04

Water Tank base 1 0.60 0.60 0.15 0.05

Total 1.09 Cum

b. Earthwork in Excavation

Single Pit 1 0.79 1.00 1.05 0.82

Inspection Chamber 1 0.60 0.60 0.15 0.05

Total 0.88 Cum

2 Sand Filling in foundation


Water Tank base 1 0.60 0.60 0.10 0.04

Total 0.38 Cum

3 RR stone masonry in 1:8 cement mortar upto Plinth Level in foundation

Foundation work upto plinth level 1 5.12 0.36 0.20 0.37

Entrance step 1 0.90 0.23 0.15 0.03

Total 0.40 Cum

4 Brick work in (1:6) above Plinth Beam to roof level in superstructure

Pillars at the corners (front) 2 0.23 0.23 1.80 0.19

Pillars at the corners (back) 2 0.23 0.23 1.65 0.17

Mid span Front 1 0.90 0.13 1.80 0.21

Mid span Back 1 0.90 0.13 1.65 0.19

Mid span Side 2 1.20 0.13 1.74 0.53

Deductions

Door (D) -1 0.60 0.13 1.80 (0.14)

Ventilators -1 0.45 0.13 0.30 (0.02)

Total 1.13 Cum

5 Plastering works (12 mm thk. 1:6 cement mortar)

Outside Plastering

From Ground level to Plinth level 1 6.29 0.30 1.89

Above Plinth level to roof level 1 5.28 1.73 9.11

Inside Plastering

Inside the Toilet 1 4.20 1.73 7.25

For Step 1 0.90 0.23 0.21

Sides 2 0.23 0.15 0.07

Total deductions

Door (D) -1 0.60 1.80 (1.08)

Ventilators -1 0.45 0.30 (0.14)

Total 17.30 Sqm

6 Flooring - 2.5 cm AS flooring with cement concrete (1:2:4) including punning using 12mm size crusher broken hard granite chips

a. Sand filling

Toilet 1 0.90 1.20 0.15 0.16

Total 0.16 Cum

b. P.C.C (1:4:8)

Toilet 1 0.90 1.20 0.08 0.08


Sl. No.


Total 0.08 Cum

c. Plastering (1:6) 12mm thick

Toilet 1 0.90 1.20 1.08

Total 1.08 Sqm

d. Punning with red oxide

Toilet 1 0.90 1.20 1.08

Total 1.08 Sqm

7 Colouring (same as Plastering area) 1 17.30 17.30 Sqm

8 Supplying and fixing of 20" size rural pan with P-trap and foot rest

1 LS 1.00 Set

9 Piping arrangement upto leach pit and Junction Chamber

1 LS 1.00 Set

10 Providing local door (tin with wooden frame)

1 LS 1.00 set

11 Roof GCI sheet 1 LS 1.00 set

12 RR stone dry masonry in Leach Pit 1 1.13 0.90 1.02 Cum

13 Provision of Vat (water container) 1 LS 1.00 set

14 Site cleaning and levelling plus other unforeseen items

LS

4.1.4 Bill of Quantities

Sl. No.

Particulars of Items Quantity Unit Market Rate Rate (Rs.) Amount (Rs.) Total (Rs.)

Building Material Costs

1 Brick 481.90 Nos. 5.00 2,409.51 9,124.28

2 Random Rubble Stone 1.41 Cumt. 400.00 565.56

3 Sand 1.31 Cumt. 600.00 786.58

4 Cement 3.63 Bags 350.00 1,270.20

5 Chips - 12 mm 0.08 Cumt. 880.00 69.52

6 Red oxide 0.09 Kgs 80.00 6.89

7 Toilet door 2ft x 5ft (V board with all fittings)

1.00 Nos. 850.00 850.00

8 Ventilator (1.5' x 1') 1.00 Nos. 80.00 80.00

9 Toilet accessories (Pan, P-trap, and foot rest)

1.00 Sets 280.00 280.00

10 Piping arrangement upto Leach pit with Junction Chamber

Lump Sum

880.00 880.00

11 Pit Cover 1.00 Nos. 350.00 350.00

12 GCI Sheet (4' x 6', 35mm thick) 1.00 Nos. 750.00 750.00

13 Provision of Vat (water container with water tap and connecting pipe)

1.00 Nos. 650.00 650.00

14 Site Cleaning and levelling + other unforeseen items, like colouring

176.00

Labour Costs

15 Skilled (Spl.) mason 1.06 Nos. 250.00 266.18 2,876.31

16 Skilled mason 4.90 Nos. 250.00 1,223.82

17 Un-skilled labour 9.24 Nos. 150.00 1,386.30

Total 12,000.59


4.1.5 Photographic and 3D views:


SECTION at 1-1'


5'-6"

6'-0"

2"

3'-0"

2'

2'

Inspection Chamber

Soak Pit


TMST, OdishaEmail:

Mob.: +91 9437269965

1'-2"

LAYOUT PLAN

1

2

1'-2"

A BC

3'-5"

4'-5"

1

2

A B

Toilet

4'-10"

4'-0"

3'-10"

3'-0"

4'-0"


1

1'

B B'

A A'



Inspection Chamber

Future Expansion

GL

FRONT ELEVATION

PLGL 1'-0"

9"

CGI Sheet

5" thk. bk. wall

Tie Beam using

Eucalyptus/ bamboo

Door

Earth Filling

SECTION at 1-1'

5'-6"

6'-0"

Honeycomb Bk. Wall

1'-0"

3'-0"

PLGL


12mm thk. plaster

3" thk. PCC (1:4:8)

2" thk. DPC(1:2:4)

1

2

A B

Toilet

5'-2"

3'-11"

4'-2"

3'-0"

4'-0"

PLAN

(below DPC)

1

1'

B B'

A A'

Toilet

2'-0"

2'-0"

3'-0"

R1'-6"


2'-0"

2'-0"

2'-3"

2'-3"

1'-0"

6'-0"

6"

1'-0"

1'-6"

1'-0"

3"

1'-2"

9"

1'-2"

3"

9"

2" thk. DPC(1:2:4)

10" thk. bk. column

5"

1'-0"

3"

2'-5"

4.2 Technology Option – 2 RR stone masonry foundation, 115mm (5”) brick wall in superstructure, GCI sheet

roofing, well ring with RCC cover leach pit: [Western/ Southern Odisha Region, low water

table, locally available construction materials, people adopted technologies]




Foundation Random Rubble stone masonry

Walling 5” wall brick masonry in superstructure

Roofing GCI sheets

Leach Pit with cover Well ring of 3 ft dia and 2” thick RCC cover

Junction Chamber (Y

connection)




4.2.3 Detailed Estimation

Sl. No.




Total length 5.12



Water Tank base 1 0.60 0.60 0.15 0.05

Total 1.09 Cum


Single Pit 1 0.79 1.00 1.05 0.82


Total 0.88 Cum



Water Tank base 1 0.60 0.60 0.10 0.04

Total 0.38 Cum

3 RR stone masonry in 1:8 cement mortar upto Plinth Level in foundation


Entrance step 1 0.90 0.23 0.15 0.03

Total 0.40 Cum


Front wall 1 1.15 0.13 1.80 0.26

Back wall 1 1.15 0.13 1.65 0.24

Side walls 2 1.20 0.13 1.74 0.53

Deductions

Door (D) -1 0.60 0.13 1.80 (0.14)

Ventilators -1 0.45 0.13 0.30 (0.02)

Total 0.88 Cum


Outside Plastering



Inside Plastering


For Step 1 0.90 0.23 0.21

Sides 2 0.23 0.15 0.07

Total deductions

Door (D) -1 0.60 1.80 (1.08)

Ventilators -1 0.45 0.30 (0.14)

Total 17.30 Sqm


a. Sand filling

Toilet 1 0.90 1.20 0.15 0.16

Total 0.16 Cum


Sl. No.


b. P.C.C (1:4:8)

Toilet 1 0.90 1.20 0.08 0.08

Total 0.08 Cum


Toilet 1 0.90 1.20 1.08

Total 1.08 Sqm


Toilet 1 0.90 1.20 1.08

Total 1.08 Sqm



1 LS 1.00 Set

9 Piping arrangement upto leach pit with Junction Chamber

1 LS 1.00 Set

10 Providing local door (tin with wooden frame) 1 LS 1.00 set


12 Well ring 3 nos with percolation holes 3 nos Cum



LS

4.2.4 Bill of Quantities (BoQs):

Sl. No.

Particulars of Items Quantity Unit Market Rate

Rate (Rs.) Amount (Rs.) Total (Rs.)


1 Brick 373.25 Nos. 5.00 1,866.26 9,060.75

2 Random Rubble Stone 0.40 Cumt. 400.00 158.49

3 Sand 1.24 Cumt. 600.00 743.63

4 Cement 3.29 Bags 350.00 1,149.95

5 Chips - 12 mm 0.08 Cumt. 880.00 69.52

6 Red oxide 0.09 Kgs 80.00 6.89


1.00 Nos. 850.00 850.00

8 Ventilator (1.5' x 1') 1.00 Nos. 80.00 80.00


1.00 Sets 280.00 280.00


Lump Sum 880.00 880.00

11 Pit Cover 1.00 Nos. 350.00 350.00

12 Well rings (3' dia) for Leach pit 3.00 Nos. 350.00 1,050.00



1.00 Nos. 650.00 650.00

15 Site Cleaning and levelling + other unforeseen items

176.00

Labour Costs




Total 11,336.67


4.2.5 Photographic and 3D views


SECTION at 1-1'


5'-6"

6'-0"

2"

3'-0"

2'

2'

Inspection Chamber

Soak Pit


TMST, OdishaEmail:

Mob.: +91 9437269965

1'-2

"

LAYOUT PLAN

1

2

1'-2"

A BC

3'-5"

4'-5

"

1

2

A B

Toilet

4'-1

0"

4'-0

"

3'-10"

3'-0"

4'-0

"


1

1'

B B'

A A'



Inspection Chamber

Future Expansion

GL

FRONT ELEVATION

PLGL 1

'-0"

9"

CGI Sheet

5" thk. bk. wall

Tie Beam using

Eucalyptus/ bamboo

Door

Earth Filling

SECTION at 1-1'

5'-6"

6'-0"

Honeycomb Bk. Wall

1'-0"

3'-0"

PLGL


12mm thk. plaster

3" thk. PCC (1:4:8)

2" thk. DPC(1:2:4)

1

2

A B

Toilet

5'-2

"

3'-1

1"

4'-2"

3'-0"

4'-0

"

PLAN

(below DPC)

1

1'

B B'

A A'

Toilet

2'-0"

2'-0"

3'-0"

R1'-6"


2'-0"

2'-0

"

2'-3"

2'-3

"

1'-0"

6'-0"

6"

1'-0"

1'-6"

1'-0"

3"

1'-2"

9"

1'-2"

3"

9"

2" thk. DPC(1:2:4)

10" thk. bk. column

5"

1'-0"

3"

2'-5"

4.3 Technology Option – 3 Kiln Burnt brick masonry foundation, 10” brick column at corners, 5” wall in between the

columns, GCI sheet roofing, Honey-comb brick walling leach pit. [Western/ Southern

Odisha Region, low water table, locally available construction materials, people adopted

technologies]



Foundation K. B. brick masonry

Walling 10” brick walling in corners and 5” wall in superstructure

Roofing GCI sheets

Leach Pit with cover Honey-comb brick walling and 2” thick RCC cover

Junction Chamber (Y

connection)





4.3.3 Detailed Estimation Brick foundation, 10" column and 5" wall in s/s, GCI sheet, Brick Honey-comb leach pit

Sl. No.




Total length 5.12



Water Tank base 1 0.60 0.60 0.15 0.05

Total 1.09 Cum


Single Pit 1 0.79 1.00 1.05 0.82


Total 0.88 Cum



Water Tank base 1 0.60 0.60 0.10 0.04

Total 0.38 Cum

3 Brick masonry in 1:6 cement mortar upto Plinth Level in foundation


Entrance step 1 0.90 0.23 0.15 0.03

Total 0.40 Cum


Pillars at the corners (front) 2 0.23 0.23 1.80 0.19

Pillars at the corners (back) 2 0.23 0.23 1.65 0.17

Mid span Front 1 0.90 0.13 1.80 0.21

Mid span Back 1 0.90 0.13 1.65 0.19

Mid span Side 2 1.20 0.13 1.74 0.53

Deductions

Door (D) -1 0.60 0.13 1.80 (0.14)

Ventilators -1 0.45 0.13 0.30 (0.02)

Total 1.13 Cum


Outside Plastering



Inside Plastering


For Step 1 0.90 0.23 0.21

Sides 2 0.23 0.15 0.07

Total deductions

Door (D) -1 0.60 1.80 (1.08)

Ventilators -1 0.45 0.30 (0.14)

Total 17.30 Sqm


a. Sand filling

Toilet 1 0.90 1.20 0.15 0.16

Total 0.16 Cum


Sl. No.


b. P.C.C (1:4:8)

Toilet 1 0.90 1.20 0.08 0.08

Total 0.08 Cum


Toilet 1 0.90 1.20 1.08

Total 1.08 Sqm


Toilet 1 0.90 1.20 1.08

Total 1.08 Sqm



1 LS 1.00 Set


1 LS 1.00 Set


1 LS 1.00 set


12 Honey-comb 5" brick masonry in Leach Pit

1 2.83 0.90 2.54 Sqm



LS


Sl. No.

Particulars of Items Quantity Unit Market Rate Rate(Rs.) Amount(Rs.) Total (Rs.)


1 Brick 805.49 Nos. 4.50 3,624.72 9,950.53

2 Sand 1.49 Cumt. 600.00 894.44

4 Cement 3.83 Bags 350.00 1,338.95

5 Chips - 12 mm 0.08 Cumt. 880.00 69.52

6 Red oxide 0.09 Kgs 80.00 6.89


1.00 Nos. 850.00 850.00

8 Ventilator (1.5' x 1') 1.00 Nos. 80.00 80.00


1.00 Sets 280.00 280.00


Lump Sum

880.00 880.00

11 Pit Cover 1.00 Nos. 350.00 350.00



1.00 Nos. 650.00 650.00


176.00

Labour Costs




Total 12,951.64




SECTION at 1-1'


5'-6"

6'-0"

2"

3'-0"

2'

2'

Inspection Chamber

Soak Pit


TMST, OdishaEmail:

Mob.: +91 9437269965

1'-2"

LAYOUT PLAN

1

2

1'-2"

A BC

3'-5"

4'-5"

1

2

A B

Toilet

4'-10"

4'-0"

3'-10"

3'-0"

4'-0"


1

1'

B B'

A A'



Inspection Chamber

Future Expansion

GL

FRONT ELEVATION

PLGL 1

'-0"

9"

CGI Sheet

5" thk. bk. wall

Tie Beam using

Eucalyptus/ bamboo

Door

Earth Filling

SECTION at 1-1'

5'-6"

6'-0"

Honeycomb Bk. Wall

1'-0"

3'-0"

PLGL


12mm thk. plaster

3" thk. PCC (1:4:8)

2" thk. DPC(1:2:4)

1

2

A B

Toilet

5'-2"

3'-11"

4'-2"

3'-0"

4'-0"

PLAN

(below DPC)

1

1'

B B'

A A'

Toilet

2'-0"

2'-0"

3'-0"

R1'-6"


2'-0"

2'-0"

2'-3"

2'-3"

1'-0"

6'-0"

6"

1'-0"

1'-6"

1'-0"

3"

1'-2"

9"

1'-2"

3"

9"

2" thk. DPC(1:2:4)

10" thk. bk. column

5"

1'-0"

3"

2'-5"

4.4 Technology Option – 4 Kiln Burnt brick masonry foundation, 115mm (5”) wall in superstructure, GCI sheet

roofing/ Precast RCC slab, Honey-comb brick walling with RCC cover leach pit. [



Foundation K. B. brick masonry

Walling 115mm (5”) brick walling in superstructure

Roofing GCI sheets

Leach Pit with cover Honey-comb brick walling and 2” thick RCC cover

Junction Chamber (Y

connection)





4.4.3 Detailed Estimate

Sl. No.




Total length 5.12



Water Tank base 1 0.60 0.60 0.15 0.05

Total 1.09 Cum


Single Pit 1 0.79 1.00 1.05 0.82


Total 0.88 Cum



Water Tank base 1 0.60 0.60 0.10 0.04

Total 0.38 Cum

3 Brick masonry in 1:6 cement mortar upto Plinth Level in foundation


Entrance step 1 0.90 0.23 0.15 0.03

Total 0.40 Cum


Front wall 1 1.15 0.13 1.80 0.26

Back wall 1 1.15 0.13 1.65 0.24

Side walls 2 1.20 0.13 1.74 0.53

Deductions

Door (D) -1 0.60 0.13 1.80 (0.14)

Ventilators -1 0.45 0.13 0.30 (0.02)

Total 0.88 Cum


Outside Plastering



Inside Plastering


For Step 1 0.90 0.23 0.21

Sides 2 0.23 0.15 0.07

Total deductions

Door (D) -1 0.60 1.80 (1.08)

Ventilators -1 0.45 0.30 (0.14)

Total 17.30 Sqm


Sl. No.



a. Sand filling

Toilet 1 0.90 1.20 0.15 0.16

Total 0.16 Cum

b. P.C.C (1:4:8)

Toilet 1 0.90 1.20 0.08 0.08

Total 0.08 Cum


Toilet 1 0.90 1.20 1.08

Total 1.08 Sqm

d. Punning with redoxide

Toilet 1 0.90 1.20 1.08

Total 1.08 Sqm



1 LS 1.00 Set


1 LS 1.00 Set


1 LS 1.00 set


12 Honey-comb 5" brick masonry in Leach Pit

1 2.83 0.90 2.54 Sqm



LS


Sl. No.

Particulars of Items Quantity Unit Market Rate Rate(Rs.) Amount(Rs.) Total(Rs.)


1 Brick 696.84 Nos. 4.50 3,135.80 9,298.40

2 Sand 1.42 Cumt. 600.00 851.49

4 Cement 3.48 Bags 350.00 1,218.69

5 Chips - 12 mm 0.08 Cumt. 880.00 69.52

6 Red oxide 0.09 Kgs 80.00 6.89


1.00 Nos. 850.00 850.00

8 Ventilator (1.5' x 1') 1.00 Nos. 80.00 80.00


1.00 Sets 280.00 280.00

10 Piping arrangement to leach pit with Junction Chamber

Lump Sum

880.00 880.00

11 Pit Cover 1.00 Nos. 350.00 350.00



1.00 Nos. 650.00 650.00


176.00

Labour Costs





Total 12,096.53



SECTION at 1-1'


5'-6"

6'-0"

2"

3'-0"

2'

2'

Inspection Chamber

Soak Pit


TMST, OdishaEmail:

Mob.: +91 9437269965

1'-2

"

LAYOUT PLAN

1

2

1'-2"

A BC

3'-5"

4'-5

"

1

2

A B

Toilet

4'-1

0"

4'-0

"

3'-10"

3'-0"

4'-0

"


1

1'

B B'

A A'



Inspection Chamber

Future Expansion

GL

FRONT ELEVATION

PLGL 1

'-0"

9"

CGI Sheet

5" thk. bk. wall

Tie Beam using

Eucalyptus/ bamboo

Door

Earth Filling

SECTION at 1-1'

5'-6"

6'-0"

Honeycomb Bk. Wall

1'-0"

3'-0"

PLGL


12mm thk. plaster

3" thk. PCC (1:4:8)

2" thk. DPC(1:2:4)

1

2

A B

Toilet

5'-2

"

3'-1

1"

4'-2"

3'-0"

4'-0

"

PLAN

(below DPC)

1

1'

B B'

A A'

Toilet

2'-0"

2'-0"

3'-0"

R1'-6"


2'-0"

2'-0

"

2'-3"

2'-3

"

1'-0"

6'-0"

6"

1'-0"

1'-6"

1'-0"

3"

1'-2"

9"

1'-2"

3"

9"

2" thk. DPC(1:2:4)

10" thk. bk. column

5"

1'-0"

3"

2'-5"

4.5 Technology Option – 5 Cement Concrete block masonry foundation, 115mm (5”) CC block wall in between the

columns, GCI sheet roofing, Well ring with RCC cover leach pit. [Southern Odisha in the

Tribal pockets in Rayagada district]



Foundation CC block masonry

Walling 115mm (5”) CC block wall in superstructure

Roofing GCI sheets/ AC sheets

Leach Pit with cover Well ring 900mm (3ft) dia and 50mm (2”) thick RCC cover

Junction Chamber (Y

connection)



4.5.2 Design and Drawing



Sl. No.

Particulars of Items Nos. Length

Breadth

Depth

Quantity

Unit



Total length 5.12



Water Tank base 1 0.60 0.60 0.15 0.05

Total 1.09 Cum


Single Pit 1 0.79 1.00 1.05 0.82


Total 0.88 Cum



Water Tank base 1 0.60 0.60 0.10 0.04

Total 0.38 Cum

3 Cement concrete block masonry in 1:6 cement mortar upto Plinth Level in foundation (18" x 6" x 5")


Entrance step 1 0.90 0.23 0.15 0.03

Total 0.40 Cum

4 Cement concrete block masonry (1:6) above Plinth to roof level in superstructure (18" x 6" x 5")

Front wall 1 1.15 0.13 1.80 0.26

Back wall 1 1.15 0.13 1.65 0.24

Side walls 2 1.20 0.13 1.74 0.53

Deductions

Door (D) -1 0.60 0.13 1.80 (0.14)

Ventilators -1 0.45 0.13 0.30 (0.02)

Total 0.88 Cum


Outside Plastering



Inside Plastering


For Step 1 0.90 0.23 0.21

Sides 2 0.23 0.15 0.07

Total deductions

Door (D) -1 0.60 1.80 (1.08)

Ventilators -1 0.45 0.30 (0.14)

Total 17.30 Sqm


a. Sand filling

Toilet 1 0.90 1.20 0.15 0.16

Total 0.16 Cum


b. P.C.C (1:4:8)

Toilet 1 0.90 1.20 0.08 0.08

Total 0.08 Cum


Toilet 1 0.90 1.20 1.08

Total 1.08 Sqm


Toilet 1 0.90 1.20 1.08

Total 1.08 Sqm



1 LS 1.00 Set

9 Piping arrangement upto Soakpit with Junction Chamber

1 LS 1.00 Set


1 LS 1.00 set


12 Well ring 3 nos with percolation holes

3 nos



LS


Sl. No.

Particulars of Items Quantity Unit Market Rate Rate(Rs.) Amount (Rs.) Total (Rs.)


1 Cement Concrete Block (18"x6"x5")

150.39 Nos. 16.00 2,406.19 9,445.73

2 Sand 1.22 Cumt. 600.00 729.37

4 Cement 3.34 Bags 350.00 1,167.75

5 Chips - 12 mm 0.08 Cumt. 880.00 69.52

6 Red oxide 0.09 Kgs 80.00 6.89


1.00 Nos. 850.00 850.00

8 Ventilator (1.5' x 1') 1.00 Nos. 80.00 80.00


1.00 Sets 280.00 280.00


Lump Sum

880.00 880.00

11 Pit Cover 1.00 Nos. 350.00 350.00

12 Well rings (3' dia) for Leach pit 3.00 Nos. 350.00 1,050.00



1.00 Nos. 650.00 650.00


176.00

Labour Costs


17 Skilled mason 3.96 Nos. 250.00 988.76


Total 11,694.31




SECTION at 1-1'


5'-6"

6'-0"

2"

3'-0"

2'

2'

Inspection Chamber

Soak Pit


TMST, OdishaEmail:

Mob.: +91 9437269965

1'-2"

LAYOUT PLAN

1

2

1'-2"

A BC

3'-5"

4'-5"

1

2

A B

Toilet

4'-10"

4'-0"

3'-10"

3'-0"

4'-0"


1

1'

B B'

A A'



Inspection Chamber

Future Expansion

GL

FRONT ELEVATION

PLGL 1

'-0"

9"

CGI Sheet

5" thk. bk. wall

Tie Beam using

Eucalyptus/ bamboo

Door

Earth Filling

SECTION at 1-1'

5'-6"

6'-0"

Honeycomb Bk. Wall

1'-0"

3'-0"

PLGL


12mm thk. plaster

3" thk. PCC (1:4:8)

2" thk. DPC(1:2:4)

1

2

A B

Toilet

5'-2"

3'-11"

4'-2"

3'-0"

4'-0"

PLAN

(below DPC)

1

1'

B B'

A A'

Toilet

2'-0"

2'-0"

3'-0"

R1'-6"


2'-0"

2'-0"

2'-3"

2'-3"

1'-0"

6'-0"

6"

1'-0"

1'-6"

1'-0"

3"

1'-2"

9"

1'-2"

3"

9"

2" thk. DPC(1:2:4)

10" thk. bk. column

5"

1'-0"

3"

2'-5"

4.6 Technology Option – 6 Fly-ash brick masonry foundation, 115mm (5”) wall in superstructure, GCI sheet roofing,

Honey-comb fly-ash brick walling leach pit.



Foundation Fly-ash Brick masonry

Walling 225 mm (9”) brick column with 115 mm (5”) wall in between

the brick columns

Roofing GCI sheets

Leach Pit with cover Honey-comb Fly-ash brick with RCC cover

Junction Chamber (Y

connection)






Sl. No.




Total length 5.12



Water Tank base 1 0.60 0.60 0.15 0.05

Total 1.09 Cum


Single Pit 1 0.79 1.00 1.05 0.82


Total 0.88 Cum



Water Tank base 1 0.60 0.60 0.10 0.04

Total 0.38 Cum

3 Fly-ash Brick masonry in 1:6 cement mortar upto Plinth Level in foundation


Entrance step 1 0.90 0.23 0.15 0.03

Total 0.40 Cum

4 Fly-ash Brick work in (1:6) above Plinth Beam to roof level in superstructure

Front wall 1 1.15 0.13 1.80 0.26

Back wall 1 1.15 0.13 1.65 0.24

Side walls 2 1.20 0.13 1.74 0.53

Deductions

Door (D) -1 0.60 0.13 1.80 (0.14)

Ventilators -1 0.45 0.13 0.30 (0.02)

Total 0.88 Cum


Outside Plastering



Inside Plastering


For Step 1 0.90 0.23 0.21

Sides 2 0.23 0.15 0.07

Total deductions

Door (D) -1 0.60 1.80 (1.08)

Ventilators -1 0.45 0.30 (0.14)

Total 17.30 Sqm


a. Sand filling

Toilet 1 0.90 1.20 0.15 0.16

Total 0.16 Cum

b. P.C.C (1:4:8)


Toilet 1 0.90 1.20 0.08 0.08

Total 0.08 Cum


Toilet 1 0.90 1.20 1.08

Total 1.08 Sqm


Toilet 1 0.90 1.20 1.08

Total 1.08 Sqm



1 LS 1.00 Set


1 LS 1.00 Set


1 LS 1.00 set


12 Honey-comb 5" fly-ash brick masonry in Leach Pit

1 2.83 0.90 2.54 Sqm



LS


Sl. No.

Particulars of Items Quantity Unit Market Rate Rate(Rs.) Amount (Rs.) Total (Rs.)


1 Fly-ash Bricks 696.84 Nos. 4.50 3,135.80 9,298.40

2 Sand 1.42 Cumt. 600.00 851.49

4 Cement 3.48 Bags 350.00 1,218.69

5 Chips - 12 mm 0.08 Cumt. 880.00 69.52

6 Red oxide 0.09 Kgs 80.00 6.89


1.00 Nos. 850.00 850.00

8 Ventilator (1.5' x 1') 1.00 Nos. 80.00 80.00


1.00 Sets 280.00 280.00


Lump Sum

880.00 880.00

11 Pit Cover 1.00 Nos. 350.00 350.00



1.00 Nos. 650.00 650.00


176.00

Labour Costs




Total 12,096.53




SECTION at 1-1'


5'-6"

6'-0"

2"

3'-0"

2'

2'

Inspection Chamber

Soak Pit


TMST, OdishaEmail:

Mob.: +91 9437269965

1'-2

"

LAYOUT PLAN

1

2

1'-2"

A BC

3'-5"

4'-5

"

1

2

A B

Toilet

4'-1

0"

4'-0

"

3'-10"

3'-0"

4'-0

"


1

1'

B B'

A A'



Inspection Chamber

Future Expansion

GL

FRONT ELEVATION

PLGL 1

'-0"

9"

CGI Sheet

5" thk. bk. wall

Tie Beam using

Eucalyptus/ bamboo

Door

Earth Filling

SECTION at 1-1'

5'-6"

6'-0"

Honeycomb Bk. Wall

1'-0"

3'-0"

PLGL


12mm thk. plaster

3" thk. PCC (1:4:8)

2" thk. DPC(1:2:4)

1

2

A B

Toilet

5'-2

"

3'-1

1"

4'-2"

3'-0"

4'-0

"

PLAN

(below DPC)

1

1'

B B'

A A'

Toilet

2'-0"

2'-0"

3'-0"

R1'-6"


2'-0"

2'-0

"

2'-3"

2'-3

"

1'-0"

6'-0"

6"

1'-0"

1'-6"

1'-0"

3"

1'-2"

9"

1'-2"

3"

9"

2" thk. DPC(1:2:4)

10" thk. bk. column

5"

1'-0"

3"

2'-5"

4.7 Technology Option – 7 RR stone masonry in foundation. Compressed Stabilized Earthen Blocks (CSEB) 5” wall

in superstructure, GCI sheet roofing, Well ring RCC cover leach pit.



Foundation Random Rubble stone masonry (RR stone)

Walling CSEB walling 225 x 225 x 115 mm (9”x9”x4.5”) wall in

superstructure

Roofing GCI sheets

Leach Pit with cover Well ring of 900mm (3 ft) dia and 50 mm (2”) thick RCC slab

cover

Junction Chamber (Y

connection)






Sl. Item of Materials & labour Quantity Unit Rate Amount (RS.)

1 Sand 40 Cft. 17 680.00

2 Stone Chips 6 mm. (crusher) 2 Cft. 25 50.00

3 CSEB bricks (9”x9”x4.5”) 180 N0 15 2,700.00

4 Random Rubble Stone 25 Cft. 20 500.00

5 Cement (53 grade) 4 Bags 350 1,400.00

6 Squatting pan with steps in built 1 No 500 500.00

7 P- Trap 1 No 100 100.00

8 Corrugated Galvanised Iron Sheets (4x6 Ft.) 0.35 mm.

1 No 500 500.00

9 Pre-cast Concrete well rings (3 ft. dia.) 3 No 300 900.00

10 4 inch dia. PVC pipe 5.0 ft. 1 No 100 100.00

11 Door with fitting to be fitted with a toilet (2.0 x 5.0 ft. )

1 No 850 850.00

12 Colouring works LS. LS. 220.00

13 Sky Light 1 No 80 80.00

14 Water Tap with fitting & fixing 1 No 50 50.00

15 RCC pit cover slab 2” thick 1 No 350 350.00

16 Transport Cost LS. LS. 270.00

Total Materials Cost : 9,250.00

17 Skill Labour 5 Nos. 350 1,750.00

18 Un-skilled Labour 5 Nos. 200 1,000.00

Total Labour Cost: 2,750.00

Grant Total 12,000.00

Note: Detailed estimate is not prepared as CSEB does not incorporated in the Odisha SoRs.




SECTION at 1-1'


5'-6"

6'-0"

2"

3'-0"

2'

2'

Inspection Chamber

Soak Pit


TMST, OdishaEmail:

Mob.: +91 9437269965

1'-2"

LAYOUT PLAN

1

2

1'-2"

A BC

3'-5"

4'-5"

1

2

A B

Toilet

4'-10"

4'-0"

3'-10"

3'-0"

4'-0"


1

1'

B B'

A A'



Inspection Chamber

Future Expansion

GL

FRONT ELEVATION

PLGL 1'-0"

9"

CGI Sheet

5" thk. bk. wall

Tie Beam using

Eucalyptus/ bamboo

Door

Earth Filling

SECTION at 1-1'

5'-6"

6'-0"

Honeycomb Bk. Wall

1'-0"

3'-0"

PLGL


12mm thk. plaster

3" thk. PCC (1:4:8)

2" thk. DPC(1:2:4)

1

2

A B

Toilet

5'-2"

3'-11"

4'-2"

3'-0"

4'-0"

PLAN

(below DPC)

1

1'

B B'

A A'

Toilet

2'-0"

2'-0"

3'-0"

R1'-6"


2'-0"

2'-0"

2'-3"

2'-3"

1'-0"

6'-0"

6"

1'-0"

1'-6"

1'-0"

3"

1'-2"

9"

1'-2"

3"

9"

2" thk. DPC(1:2:4)

10" thk. bk. column

5"

1'-0"

3"

2'-5"

4.8 Technology Option – 8 In-situ casting at three levels, up to Plinth level up to half height and final roof level

casting with iron rods @ 1 ft. spacing, Pre-cast RCC slab roof and honey-comb leach pit.

[Western Odisha with new innovation by an entrepreneur]



Foundation In-situ Concrete with reinforcement at 300mm apart.

Walling In-situ Concrete with reinforcement at 300mm apart.

Roofing GCI sheets

Leach Pit with cover Well ring of 900 mm (3 ft) dia and 50mm (2”) thick RCC slab

cover

Junction Chamber (Y

connection)






Sl. No. Item of Materials & labour Quantity Unit Rate Amount (RS.)

1 Sand 75 Cft. 12 900.00

2 Chips 6 mm. and 12mm (crusher) 75 Cft. 32 2,400.00

3 Cement (53 grade) 8 Bags 310 2,480.00

4 Iron Rods 8mm dia 18 Kgs 50 900.00

5 Squatting pan with steps in built 1 No 500 500.00

6 P- Trap 1 No 100 100.00

7 4 inch dia. PVC pipe 5.0 ft. 1 No 100 100.00

8 Door with fitting to be fitted with a toilet (2.0 x 5.0 ft.)

1 No 850 850.00

9 Colouring works LS. LS. 220.00

10 Sky Light 1 No 80 80.00

11 Water Tap with fitting & fixing 1 No 50 50.00

12 Transport Cost and unforeseen expenses LS. LS. 270.00

Total Materials Cost : 8,850.00

13 Skill Labour 6 Nos. 350 2,100.00

14 Un-skilled Labour 6 Nos. 200 1,200.00

Total Labour Cost: 3,300.00

Grant Total 12,150.00

Note: Detailed estimate is not prepared as this is a Reinforced concrete structure where a entrepreneur developed this model in Sambalpur district where instead of cement concrete block with cement mortar, he did it in innovatively using RCC where 8mm rods provided in corners and 300 mm apart in the walls. The bill of quantities arrived from him in site and calculated on the field observation only.




5.0 IHHL Designs for Differently-abled Persons A range of access solutions is presented below. This document is trying to accommodate all

disabled and elderly people‟s needs, which is not always straightforward. Where a facility is

for the use of one family, it is important to talk to all users to identify the range of needs and

preferred solutions.

5.1 Design dimensions The design and space requirements will depend on the kind of support users need for

mobility. Dimensions will vary from one person to another. If a variety of people with

different needs use the facility, design for the largest dimensions. The space suggestions in

this document are for guidance only and not intended to be fixed design recommendations.

Dimensions of wheelchairs

Length of wheel chair and user 130 cm

Width of wheelchair + self-propelling user 88 cm

Slopes and recommended lengths for independent mobility

Type Gradient Maximum length of

slope

Comments Slope Gradients

Very gentle slope

1:20 (5%) 10 m. Ideal gradient

Gentle slope

1:15 (6.6%)

5 m. Possible for average wheelchair users, recommended for public buildings

Fairly steep slope

1:12 (8%) 3 m. Possible for riders with strong arms. Maximum recommended gradient for independent mobility

Very steep slope

1:10 or less (12% or more)

1 m. Not recommended for independent mobility. May be dangerous, as wheelchair may tip backwards

5.2 Steps


1 2

B

5'-2"

3'-11"

4'-2"

3'-0"

4'-0"1 1'

B

B'

A

A'A

6'-0"

Do not assume that a ramp suits everyone. Some disabled and older people, pregnant

women and mothers with young children who are able to walk, may prefer to use steps

rather than a long or steep slope.

All the steps in a flight should be of similar height and

depth.

If the steps will be used by a person or people who have

difficulty climbing, it is recommended to reduce the step

height to 10-15cm.

For people with difficulty seeing, the edge of each step

should be highlighted with coloured paint or tape.

A handrail should always be provided with steps.

5.3 Surface of paths and steps A firm, even, non-slip surface benefits everyone, not only wheelchair and crutch users. It

reduces accidents, and is particularly helpful for people with poor balance or coordination

such as elderly people, blind people and children. The surface can be made of wood, earth,

bricks or concrete but must be even.

Concrete is most durable, but is costly. Locally available materials such as brick or stone are

cheaper than concrete and when laid as a path can provide a firm surface and prevent it

becoming muddy and slippery in the rainy season. Ramps and steps should be covered if

exposed. Care should be taken when placing a thin skim of cement over bricks to provide a

smooth surface. This can quickly break up if thin and weak and will provide a dangerous

path.

5.4 Toilet Size Disabled people usually need more space to

move around inside a facility than normally

abled people. How much they need will

vary. Where a number of disabled people

with different needs use a facility, the

preferred option is to provide more space,

rather than less.

Assuming the internal dimensions

of the toilet are 900 x 1200mm (3‟ x

4‟).

The entry to the toilet needs to be on

1200mm (4ft) wide side.

The door needs to open outside.

Railings need to be provided inside

the toilet and for any ramp. A large

handle needs to be provided on the

door to open and close it easily.


A seat at similar height to a wheelchair seat or at knee height or above, is convenient

for transfer to and from a wheelchair, and is easy for a user with poor balance or

having difficulty bending to sit down and get up again. People with poor sitting

balance need a back support to lean against. Side rails on one or both sides of the seat

are good for the person to hold onto for balance while moving on and off the seat,

and whilst bathing. However side-rails can be an obstacle to sideways transfer from

a wheelchair.

5.5 Raised toilet seats Raised toilet seats are another way of providing support for users. Their advantages are:

Convenient for transfer from and to a

wheelchair.

Convenient for people who have difficulty

lowering themselves into a squatting position

and even more difficulty standing up again.

Increased comfort – reduced risk of the

getting their clothes dirty and wet.

This may help children overcome their fear of

using a toilet.

This facility can be used by both family

members and any person with disability.

This type of chair can be made in wood,

plastic, and by adapting existing materials in

the house.

6.0 Checks during construction

During construction, the Site Engineer/ Supervisor should check whether the following

conditions have been met:

In the generic drawing „H‟ is the depth of the pit below the invert level of connecting

pipes or drain; not the total pit depth.

1f the maximum ground water level throughout the year remains 2 m or more below

the pit bottom, and if the soil at site is fine (effective size 0.2 mm or less), the pits

have been located maintaining a minimum distance of 3 m from the drinking water

sources. If the water table is higher, a minimum 10 m distance be kept to minimize

the chances of pollution.

If the soil at the site is coarse (effective size more than 0.2 mm), a 500 mm thick

envelope of fine sand of (0.2 mm effective size) has been provided all around the pit,

its bottom sealed, it is located at a minimum distance of 3 m from a water source if

ground water table in any part of the year is 2 m or more below the pit bottom. If the


water table is higher; a minimum distance of 10m has been kept to prevent pollution

of drinking water sources.

The pit size conforms to the geological and hydrogeological conditions and the likely

number of users, and adequate leaching area has been provided, If necessary, by

back filling for proper infiltration of incoming liquid into the pits. In cases where the

foundation is very close to the pits, holes have not been provided in the portion of

lining facing the foundation, and the leaching area has been increased suitably.

The minimum distance between the two pits is equal to the effective depth (depth of

the pit below the invert of incoming pipe or drain) of the pits.

The pits have not been located in a depression where water may stagnate over the

pits or in a drainage line which allows the flow of rain water over the pits.

The bottom of the leach pit has been left in a natural condition except where it is

necessary to seal it to prevent pollution.

The top of the pit cover is about 50 mm above the natural ground level and the earth

fill is well compacted all around the cover sloping to avoid a step being formed.

The drain is „U‟ shaped, cross-sectionally and its inner surface is smooth.

Drains with benching have been properly provided in the junction chamber to divert

the flow to one of the two pits.

A minimum gradient of 1:15 has been provided in the connecting drains or pipes.

The mouth of the drain or pipe is projecting 100 mm past the pit lining into the pits.

The flow has been restricted to one pit by blocking the mouth of one of the drains or

pipes.

The materials used are of the quality specified in the design, or relevant standard

specifications and the workmanship is good.

The specifications laid down have been followed and the work has been finished

neatly.

The floor surface is smooth and sloping slightly towards the pan.

The foot-rests have been fixed at the proper place and at an angle, as in the drawing.

25mm vertical gaps have been provided in the brick pit lining in alternate layers up

to the invert of the pipe or drain, and the lining above is in solid brick work (no


holes). If the soil is sandy, or if a sand envelope has been provided, or there are

chances of damage by field rats, the width of the gaps has been reduced to 12 to 15

mm. If the foundation of the building is close to the pits, holes have not been

provided in the portion of lining facing the foundation. In cement concrete ring

lining, rings below the invert of pipes or drains should have 50 mm circular holes

staggered about 200 mm apart.

The covers over the pits, drains, and junction chamber have been placed properly

and sealed in cement mortar to prevent air getting inside the pits.

The pan and trap used are of a design specified for pour flush (steep rural pan) and

these have been fixed properly so as to provide a 20 mm water seal, and that the joint

is water tight and the top of the pan is flush with the latrine floor.

No vent pipe has been provided.

A well ventilated superstructure has been provided to enable use of the latrine.

All surplus materials have been removed and the site cleared and dressed.

The users have been educated in the use and maintenance of PF latrines.

7.0 Do’s and Don’ts during construction and use of a toilet

Do’s

Level of slab on the pit should be 3-4 inches above the ground level; otherwise

rainwater may enter into the pit. Therefore, do not make a pit with cover slab below

the ground level.

Both the pits should be used alternately.

Keep a two liters bucket with water ready in the toilet for flushing.

Pour little quantity of water on the pan before it is used. It helps excreta to slide

down the trap and into the pit easily.

Use only 20 mm water seal/ pit trap as it requires only 1.5 - 2 liters of water to flush

out excreta.

Toilet should be regularly cleaned only with soapy water and brush.

De-sludging of pit should be done after 3 to 5 years. Digested human waste in the pit

becomes odourless and pathogen free by that time.

Manure from the pit should not be thrown away, rather used in agriculture as it

contains a high percentage of plant nutrients.

Such digested human waste should be handled with care - hand contact should be

avoided and gloves and rubber boots worn when handling.

Don’ts


Don‟t use supply water pipe inside the toilet. It results in more use of water for

flushing; causing decrease in efficiency of pit and high hydraulic load may cause

ground water pollution and stop bacteria working inside the pit.

Don‟t use both the pits simultaneously.

Don‟t use any chemicals and detergent to clean the pan. It causes killing of microbes

also, resulting in less decomposition of wastes.

Don‟t allow kitchen water or bathing water to enter into the toilet.

Any solid material like plastic or small ball etc. should not be put into the pan, it

blocks the pit trap making toilet non-functional.

In case of blockage of pan due to such objects, it should be taken out manually from

the pan; it may cause more problems, if stuck in the trap.

Don‟t throw lighted cigarette butts/ half burnt bidi into the pan.

Don‟t de-sludge the pit before 2 years, after it is filled up and put out of use.


8.0 References

Technical Guidelines on Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrines, April 1992, GoI and Regional

Water and Sanitation Group – South Asia, UNDP/World Bank Water & Sanitation

Program

Manual on the design, construction and maintenance of Low-Cost Pour-Flush Waterseal

Latrines in India by by AK. Roy, P.K. Chatterjee, K.N. Gupta, S.T. Khare, B.B. Rau and

R.S. Singh: Technology Advisory Group (TAG)-India, 1984

IS : 12314 – 1987, reaffirmed 2014 - Indian Standard Code of practice for sanitation with

leaching pits for rural communities, by Bureau of Indian Standards

Compendium of Sanitation Technologies Options and Supply Chain Management in

Odisha by TARA, Supported by Unicef, 2014

Handbook on Technical Options for On-Site Sanitation, May 2012, GoI-MDWS

Technology Options for Household Sanitation by GoI-Unicef.

Guidelines for Swachha Bharat Mission (Gramin), December 2014 by GoI and GoO

The design of Pour Flush Latrines, by D. Duncan Mara: Technology Advisory Group

(TAG)-India, 1984

Water and Sanitation for disabled people and other vulnerable groups, 2005, Hazel Jones

& Bob Reed, WEDC

Ecological Sanitation Practitioner‟s Handbook, 2011, GoI-Unicef

School and Anganwadi Toilets Designs, TSC, DDWS, GOI, 2005

TSC Guidelines, 2004

School and Anganwadi Sanitation, Handbook for Technology Options and Design,

UNICEF, 2003 -04

Communication Tools, TSC, DDWS, 2005-2006

Low cost sanitation Facilities, UNICEF, NEW DELHI, 1990

Excreta disposal for small communities – WHO, 1958

Source: IRC Technical Paper Series 39 [School Sanitation and Hygiene Education – India]

Website: www.ddws.nic.in and www.mdws.gov.in/ /documents/guidelines

=========================

http://www.mdws.gov.in/

Documents

2. Compendium of IHHLs Design Options for Odisha final (1)