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Hkturkc Ckw jh Mkcvjhs Mdggnhtkry dh ]nhnmks Ln Mcngnhtjk

Mnhtnrnl dh Jts Npjstngdcdojmkc Kspnmt

( )

Ks [ujrjhus @rnnh hdtns, \fn wdrb de Mkcvjh Rdh ]nhnmkW js k mdggnhtkry, hdt k

mrjtjmkc nljtjdh deLn Mcngnhtjk.; \fn gnsskon deLn Mcngnhtjk js tfkt tfn rucnr gust `n

oujlnl `y tfn prjhmjpcn de mcngnhmy td rucn fjs su`inmts iustcy ( Mcng. ;>>.0>-;?>.;>).0

Mkcvjh js jh nssnhtjkc kornngnht wjtf tfjs. Mkcvjh kcsd ejhls sjgjckrjty `ntwnnh tfn ]tdjm

khl Mfrjstjkh ldmtrjhns de k supnrhkturkc prdvjlnhmn wfjmf dvnrrucns prjhmns. Kppnkcjho

td Pdgkhs ;=, fn jhsjsts9 Qdwnr mdgns erdg Odl kcdhn, khl tfdsn tfkt nxjst fkvn `nnh

drlkjhnl `y Odl (Mcng.5.=). Gdrndvnr, Mkcvjh ljstjhoujsfns nqujty ()

erdg tfn cnttnrdr rjodr de tfn ckw (jurj suggd snu rjodrj jurjs) (Mcng. ;;;.=-:), khl

jhsjsts tfkt tfnrn krn mnrtkjh tfjhos hdt pnrgjttnl `y tfn mdggdh mdln de cjvjho `njhos

(mdgguhn jus khjgkhtjug) edr gkh td ld td gkh (Mcng.;;0.6-:). Fnrn, ks wn sfkcc snn

cktnr, Mkcvjh strdhocy kssugns hkturkc ckw, wjtfdut usjho tfn tnrg, wfjmf ng`dljns tfnnqujty.

\fn ljsmussjdh de hkturkc ckw, tfnrnedrn, sfducl `nojh wjtf tfn bhdwcnlon de Odl.

\fjs js mnrtkjhcy trun de tfn ]tdjms. \fn ]tdjm mdhmnpt de Odl js jhtnrgjhocnl wjtf tfkt de

hkturn, wfjmf mdhtkjhs mdsgjm drlnrs khl fugkh hkturn jh jt. Kmmdrljhocy, tfnrn krn

prncjgjhkry mdhmnpts wfjmf sfducl `n nxkgjhnl jh tfn bhdwcnlon de Odl9 Odl, hkturn,

; [ujrjhus @rnnh, Idfh Mkcvjh9 K ]tuly jh Ernhmf Fugkhjsg (Orkhl Pkpjls9 Nnrlgkhs, ;:=;),:0.

0 Fnhmnedrtf, Mcng. stkhls edrC. Khhnj ]nhnmkn, Pdgkhj snhktdrjs, km pfjcdsdpfj mckrjssjgj, cj`rjlud ln mcngnhtjk, kl Hnrdhng Mknskrng9 Jdkhhjs Mkcvjhj Hdujdluhknj mdggnhtkrjjs jccustrktj jh MkcvjhsMdggnhtkry dh ]nhnmks Ln Mcngnhtjk9 wjtf Jhtrdlumtjdh, \rkhscktjdh, khl Hdtns, `y Edrl Cnwjs @kttcns

khl Khlr Gkckh Fuod (Cnjlnh9 \fn Pnhkjsskhmn ]dmjnty de Kgnrjmk, ;:5:), khl jt js usnl wjtf tfn pkonkhl cjhn hug`nrs jh tfn drjojhkc tnxt. \fjs wdrb kppnkrs jhJdkhhjs Mkcvjhj dpnrk qukn supnrsuht dghjk, nl.O. @kug, N. Muhjtz, N. Pnuss, >: vdcs., ( Mdrpus Pnedrgktdrug, vdcs. xxxjx e.) (@ruhswjmb9 M.K.]mfwntsmfbn, ;65=-;:11, fnhmnedrtf qudtnl MD), >.;-;50.

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khl fugkh `njhos. Fdwnvnr, jh lnkcjho wjtf hkturkc ckw ks kh kspnmt de npjstngdcdoy,

tfn pdjht js hdt tfn bhdwcnlon de Odl jtsnce, `ut tfn qunstjdh je jt js hkturkc. Jt mkh `n

nxprnssnl jh dtfnr wdrls9 Ld fugkh `njhos fkvn hkturkc mkpkmjty edr tfn bhdwcnlon de

Odl4 \fjs js wfy J kg vnry jhtnrnstnl jh Odls kmmdggdlktjdh khl tfn mdhsmjnhmn

jh lnkcjho wjtf tfn npjstngdcdojmkc kspnmt de hkturkc ckw jh Mkcvjhs mdggnhtkry dh

]nhnmk.

;. Odl khl Hkturn

Kmmdrljho td tfn ]tdjms, tfn uhjvnrsn gust `n rnksdhk`cn khl jt js uctjgktncy

jlnhtjmkc wjtf tfn ljvjhn cdods, wfjmf drokhjzns khl odvnrhs kcc tfjhos kmmdrljho td tfn

rktjdhkc ckws de hkturn.= Odl js jlnhtjejnl wjtf tfn cdods, tfn onhnrktjvn rnksdh dr mkusn

de tfn wdrcl. \fny nxpckjh tfn mdrrnspdhlnhmn `ntwnnh tfn fugkh gjmrdmdsg khl tfn

uhjvnrskc gkmrdmdsg khl `ntwnnh k uhjtkry lnjty khl hkturkc ckws (dr rnksdh) `y tfnldmtrjhn de tfn cdodj spnrgktjbdj, tfn sngjhkc rnksdhs dr snnls de tfn cdods.5 \fn

rncktjdhs `ntwnnh Odl (cdods), hkturn, khl fugkhjty krn wncc nxprnssnl `y ]nhnmk

summjhmtcy jh fjs Ljkcdoun9 \fn rnkc purpdsn edr wfjmf k gkh nxjsts, tfn suprngn oddl

(suggdh `dhug), js td `rjho fjgsnce, ks k pkrt de hkturn, jhtd fkrgdhy wjtf tfn wfdcn, sd

tfkt fn, tfrduof vjrtun, gky bnnp mdgpkhy wjtf Odl.? Odl js prnsnhtnl fnrn ks k

= Gkrmjk C. Mdcjsf, \fn ]tdjm \rkljtjdh erdg Khtjqujty td tfn Nkrcy Gjllcn Kons9 J. ]tdjmjsg jhMckssjmkc Cktjh Cjtnrkturn (Cnjlnh9 N. I. @rjcc, ;:6>), =;.

< Mfkrcns @. Qkrtnn, Mkcvjh khl Mckssjmkc Qfjcdsdpfy (Cnjlnh9 N. I. @rjcc, ;:??), J`jl.5 Mdcjsf, \fn ]tdjm \rkljtjdh erdg Khtjqujty td tfn Nkrcy Gjllcn Kons9 J. ]tdjmjsg jh Mckssjmkc

Cktjh Cjtnrkturn, =0-=.>, qudtnl jh Fkhhjs \kycdr, Mjmnrd9 K ]bntmf de fjs Cjen khl _drbs, K

Mdggnhtkry dh tfn Pdgkh Mdhstjtutjdh khl Pdgkh Qu`cjm Cjen, ]uppcngnhtnl `y tfn ]kyjhos de MjmnrdKrrkhonl edr tfn Ejrst \jgn, snmdhl nljtjdh (Mfjmkod9 K. M. GmMcuro & Md., ;:;6), =>.

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cjvjho khl pnrsdhkc `njho wfdsn wjcc js rnvnkcnl jh vjrtun. \fjs mfkrkmtnr de Odl

mdrrnspdhls wjtf tfn ekmt tfkt Odl js jlnhtjejnl wjtf tfn drlnr de hkturn.6

]nhnmk ldns hdt lnkc wjtf Odl ljrnmtcy jh Ln Mcngnhtjk, hdr ldns Mkcvjh jh fjs

mdggnhtkry, nvnh tfduof Mkcvjh lnvdtns gkhy cjhns td Odls prdvjlnhmn kokjhst tfn

Npjmurnkh mdhmnpt de kh jlcn Odl khl tfn ]tdjm ektkcjsg (me. Mcng. >.=6 ee). Mkcvjh skys

tfkt nvnh tfn Npjmurnkh ldns hdt lnhy tfn nxjstnhmn de odls (Mcng. 5.;1-;0), `ut tfny ld

hdt bhdw odls wfd cddb ketnr fugkh hnnls khl sustkjh kcc (Mcng. 5.;>, 06). Mkcvjh

usns tfn pcurkc odls khl tfn sjhouckr Odl wjtfdut ljeenrnhtjktjdh jh tfn mdggnhtkry.

Mkcvjh jgpcjns fdw fn uhlnrstkhls tfn ]tdjm mdhmnpt de Odl wfnh fn suoonsts jh dhn

pckmn tfkt ]nhnmk sfducl fkvn su`stjtutnl Odl edr edrtuhn (edrtuhk) (Mcng. ?.0).

Mkcvjh mdggnhts tfkt edrtuhn `ncdhos td Odl khl tfkt dhcy Odl js hdt su`inmt td edrtuhn

`nmkusn fn tkbns lnmjsjdhs khl ckys ldwh tfn ckw (Mcng. ?.0>-06). Je Mkcvjh fkl usnl

tfn hdtjdhs decdods drcdodj spnrgktjbdj, fn mducl fkvn nxpckjhnl ]tdjm mdhmnpts de Odl

khl hkturn nksjcy, `ut fn ljl hdt. \fnrn js hd gnhtjdh de tfn cdods jh tfn mdggnhtkry.

Jhstnkl, Mkcvjh usns tfn tnrg hkturn (hkturk) ernqunhtcy jh tfn mdggnhtkry. Edrnxkgpcn, fn rncktns mcngnhmy td tfn hkturn de fugkhjty (Mcng. 0:.06-=;, ) khl k ckweuc

rucn js gkjhtkjhnl wfnh jt js su`inmt td tfn ckws de hkturn (Mcng. ?:.;6-00). Mkcvjh

snngs td usn tfn wdrl hkturn edr tfn cdods wfnh fn usns jt ks k su`inmt, n.o., jh tfn

edccdwjho snhtnhmn, Edr hkturn nhldwnl kcc cjvjho tfjhos wjtf sdmjnty, nkmf jh jts dwh

6 Me. G. Nuonhn Dstnrfkvnh, \fn Ekjtf de tfn Mfurmf9 K Pnedrgnl Qnrspnmtjvn dh jts FjstdrjmkcLnvncdpgnht(Orkhl Pkpjls9 Nnrlgkhs, ;:60), ;5

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, me. ;=.;, 06.=->). Fn krouns tfkt pfjcdsdpfnrs gnkh hkturkc prdpnrtjns (prdprjjs

hkturkn) wjtf tfn pfrksn (kmmdrljho td hkturn) (Mcng. -;5). Mkcvjh jgpcjns tfkt k hkturkc ljspdsjtjdh td uprjofthnss js

ljspckynl `y rjoft khl fdhdrk`cn ljsmjpcjhn (Mcng. ;>.=0-=:). ]d fn turhs td Krjstdtcns

ntfjms9 Fk`jt js trkhsedrgnl jhtd k snt edrg de hkturn (mdhsuntuljhng jh hkturkn fk`jtug

trkhsedrgkrj) (Mcng. 0?.=6-=:).

Mkcvjh klgjts, cjbn ]nhnmk, tfn spcnhljl vjrtuns de tfn pkokhs, (Mcng. ==.00-0=)

`ut fn ldns hdt spnkb de khy bhdwcnlon de Odl ks `njho mdggdh td fugkh hkturn.

Kctfduof fugkh `njhos fkvn rktjdhkc sducs (khjgkn rktjdhkcj) khl k hkturkc

ljspdsjtjdh erdg ljvjhn spjrjt (k ljvjhd spjrjtu jhonhjug) (Mcng. =0.=>2 =5.=6-=:),

kmmdrljho td ]nhnmk, Nvnrydhn edccdws tfn snnls de fjs dwh hkturn (Hkturkn snqujtursngjhk sukn) (Mcng. ==.>). ]tdjm jhljvjlukcjsg pnrgnktns tfn hkturn de fugkhjty.

\fnrnedrn, kctfduof Mkcvjh ljstjhoujsfns rncjojdh (rncjojd) erdg supnrstjtjdhs khl

kmmnpts jh sdgn snhsn Mjmnrds jhtnrprntktjdh de rncjojdh (Mcng. ;>1.0>-0:), fn wducl hdt

sky tfkt, edr Mjmnrd, trun rncjojdh js tfn wdrsfjp de tfn dhn khl dhcy Odl, ks fn nxpckjhnl

jt jh tfnJhstjtutns cktnr (;.0.0, MD 0.=>2 ;.;0.;, MD 0.65-6?).:

\fn hkturkc bhdwcnlon de Odl khl jts rncktjdh td Mfrjstjkh ekjtf js hdt ynt eduhl

jh tfn mdggnhtkry. Jt gky `n lun td ]nhnmks pnssjgjsg k`dut fugkhjty, nspnmjkccy jh

rncktjdh td tfn krnk de ntfjms. Fdwnvnr, ks Mkcvjh qudtns Mjmnrd pdsjtjvncy jh fjsJhstjtutns

: Idfh Mkcvjh,Jhstjtutns de tfn Mfrjstjkh Pncjojdh, nl. Idfh \. GmHnjcc, tr. Edrl Cnwjs @kttcns, 0vdcs.,Cj`rkry de Mfrjstjkh Mckssjms, vdcs. VV khl VVJ (Qfjcklncpfjk9 _nstgjhstnr, ;:51). Fnhmnedrtf, tfnJhstjtutns wjcc `n mjtnl `y `ddb, mfkptnr, khl snmtjdh.

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;.;->, tfn hkturkc bhdwcnlon de Odl pckys k mrumjkc rdcn jh tfn wfdcn systng de Mkcvjhs

tfndcdoy. Mjmnrds dptjgjstjm vjnw de fugkhjty js gdrn pnrtjhnht td tfn stkon de tfn

bhdwcnlon de Odl tfn Mrnktdr khl mdggdh orkmn tfkh ]nhnmks pnssjgjstjm vjnw. ;1

Kmtukccy, edr Mkcvjh, tfn hkturkc bhdwcnlon de Odl hdt dhcy mdhvjmts gnh de tfnjr

jldcktry khl uh`ncjne `ut jt kcsd fks k vnry pdsjtjvn rdcn jh rnokrl td `ncjnvnrs.;;

Jh tfn mdggnhtkry, fdwnvnr, Mkcvjh ldns hdt ljstjhoujsf tfn twd bjhls de hkturn,

hkturn `nedrn tfn ekcc khl ekccnh hkturn, wfjmf mdrrnspdhl td tfn twd bjhls de bhdwcnlon

de OdlOdl tfn Mrnktdr khl Odl tfn Pnlnngnr jh tfn Jhstjtutns. Pktfnr, Mkcvjh edmusns

dh fugkhs ekccnh hkturn edccdwjho ]nhnmks tfduofts. Jh k snhsn, ]nhnmks vjnw dh

fugkh hkturn js mcdsnr td Mfrjstjkh tfndcdoy tfkh Mjmnrds. Mjmnrd ngpfksjznl gdrn

fugkh hkturkc mkpkmjty, `ut ]nhnmk wks gdrn mdhmnrhnl k`dut fugkh hkturkc jhmkpkmjty

khl Odls prdvjlnhmn. \fn twd strnkgs krn jhtnrgjhocnl jh tfn mdggnhtkry.

Mkcvjh ldns hdt sky jh tfn Jhstjtutns tfkt k hkturkc bhdwcnlon de Odl

kutdgktjmkccy cnkls td k skvjho bhdwcnlon de Odl. Fn rktfnr jgpcjns tfkt tfn twdedcl

fugkh hkturn md-wdrbs kcrnkly kt tfn stkon de tfn bhdwcnlon de Odl tfn Mrnktdr, khltfkt tfn jgkod Lnj js hdt td `n uhlnrstddl prjgkrjcy jh tnrgs de hkturn `ut jh tnrgs de tfn

rnstdrktjdh de tfn mdrruptnl hkturn (Jhst. ;.;>.9 K Mksn ]tuly jh \fndcdojmkc

Gntfdl,Krmfjv er Pnedrgktjdhsonsmfjmftn 50/; (;:?;), ==. Me. Gkry Qdttnr Nhonc,Idfh Mkcvjhs Qnrspnmtjvkc

Khtfrdpdcdoy (Ktckhtk9 ]mfdckrs Qrnss, ;:66), >;->0. ]fn krouns tfkt erdg tfn pnrspnmtjvn de fugkhbjhltfn jgkod Lnj jhmculns `dtf rnksdh khl pjnty, `ut erdg tfn pnrspnmtjvn de Odl fugkh rnksdh js hdt khkjl td trun pjnty `nmkusn tfn jgkod Lnj js snnh ks k supnrhkturkc ojet. \fjs vjnw mdgns erdg tfn kutfdrs

pdsjtjdh tfkt tfn jgkod Lnj js k lyhkgjm rncktjdh `ntwnnh Odl khl tfn fugkh mrnkturn, hdt k su`stk htjkcnhldwgnht de tfn fugkh mrnkturn. J tfjhb tfkt kh jgpdrtkht jssun jh tfn jgkod Lnj js tfn mdhtjhujty dr

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Mkcvjhs stkhmn dh hkturkc ckw jh tfn Jhstjtutns jgpcjns tfn mdhvjmtjdh Mkcvjh fkl

ks fn mdggnhtnl dh ]nhnmk. Mkcvjh krounl tfnrn tfkt tfn ]tdjm nrrdr wks td su`stjtutn

hkturn edr Odl (Jhst. ;.>.

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ljl ]nhnmk, k gkh de vkst nruljtjdh khl sjohkc ncdqunhmn, uhlnrstkhl Odl (Mcng. 6.=5-

=?)4 Kmmdrljho td @. K. Onrrjsf9

]nhnmk, kt cnkst, ks Mkcvjh gust fkvn bhdwh, fkl hd fnsjtktjdh jh usjho pnrsdhkcckhoukon de tfn uctjgktn rnksdh jh tfjhos, khl fn sdgntjgns ljstjhoujsfnl Odl ksejrst mkusn erdg tfn mkusns tfkt lnpnhl dh Odl. \fjs js wfy jt js eutjcn, jh]nhnmks dpjhjdh, td sky tfkt wn krn jhln`tnl hdt td Odl `ut td hkturn. \fnuhjvnrsn js sustkjhnl `y Odls `nhnejt (`nhnejmjd). \fnrn js hd hkturn wjtfdut Odl,khl hd Odl wjtfdut hkturn2 tfn twd ljeenr dhcy jh euhmtjdh (deejmjd). ;>

\fjs stktngnht prnsuppdsns tfn nxjstnhmn de khdtfnr Odl khl jt sduhls cjbn Odl wdrbs

ks hkturn, hkturn wdrbs ks Odl, `ut tfny wdrb ljeenrnhtcy. Ks Onrrjsf hdtns, Mkcvjh gust

fkvn bhdwh tfjs rjllcn de pkhtfnjsg khl tfn pjtekcc de tfn ldmtrjhn de tfn cdods tfkt Odljs hdt ljeenrnht erdg Odls rnvncktjdh khl vjmn vnrsk.

0. Pnksdh

Kmmdrljho td Mkcvjh, tfn jgkon de Odl jh gkh js kh jhhnr oddl de tfn sduc,

jgpckhtnl `y hkturn, khl jt mdhsjsts de tfn rnksdh `y wfjmf pndpcn mkh ljstjhoujsf

`ntwnnh oddl khl nvjc (Jhst. ;.;>.;.

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tfjho js hdt hkturn, `ut trkhqujcjty, gdlnrktjdh de gjhl, khl sd td spnkb nqukhjgjty

(Mcng. ;1.05). \fjs k`jcjty `ncdhos td fk`jt (fk`jtus) rktfnr tfkh hkturn (Mcng. 0?.?-

=:).

]nhnmks pfjcdsdpfy js jhljvjlukc khl fjs uhlnrstkhljho de fugkh hkturn js

pnssjgjstjm. Mkcvjh, spnkbjho de k tfrnnedcl kppntjtn9 hkturkc, snhsjtjvn, khl rktjdhkc

(Mcng. =0.=

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Nvnh je tfnrn js khy dhn wfd fks sd tfdrduofcy mcnkhsnl fjs gjhl tfkt hdtfjho mkh khy

gdrn mdheduhl fjg khl `ntrky fjg, ynt jt js `y sjhhjho tfkt fn fks rnkmfnl tfn sjhcnss

stktn (Mcng.

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hkturkc ckw prnljmtk`cy js johdrnl `y tfn eddc wfjcn tfn skon gkbns jt tfn ckw de fjs dwh

`njho.01 Hkturkc ckw jh Mjmnrd js orkspnl `y k enw pndpcn wfd fkvn tfn ekmucty de

rnksdh khl jh tfjs snhsn jt js hdt ljeenrnht erdg tfn jus onhtjug.0;

\fjs vjnw js kcsd eduhl jh tfn jhtnccnmtukcjsg de \fdgks Kqujhks. Kmmdrljho td

Kqujhks, Odls wjcc js dhcy k pkrthnr jh tfn dpnrktjdh de tfn jhtnccnmt jh nstk`cjsfjho tfn

fjnrkrmfy de ckw.00 \fn rktjdhkc mrnkturn pkrtjmjpktns jh tfn ntnrhkc ckw tfrduof sfkrjho jh

tfn ntnrhkc rnksdh.0= Edr Kqujhks, ntnrhkc rnksdh js hdt ljeenrnht erdg fugkh rnksdh

`nmkusn rjoft rnksdh js tfn stkhlkrl de Odls wjsldg.0< \fnrnedrn, jrrktjdhkc mrnkturns

krn hdt odvnrhnl `y tfn hkturkc ckw kctfduof tfny fkvn hkturkc jhmcjhktjdh tdwkrl tfnjr

prdpnr kmtjvjty khl tfnjr prdpnr nhl.0> \fjs jhmcjhktjdh js ojvnh td nvnrydhn `y hkturn khl

01 Mdcjsf, \fn ]tdjm \rkljtjdh erdg Khtjqujty td tfn Nkrcy Gjllcn Kons9 J. ]tdjmjsg jh MckssjmkcCktjh Cjtnrkturn, p. :?2 Me. k`dut tfn ]tdjm jgkon de tfnskpjnhs, tfn wjsn gkh, Mcng. Jhtrdlumtjdh, >;*.

0; \kycdr, Mjmnrd, ?, h. ;.

0= Gjmfknc ]trkssnr, ]t. \fdgks Kqujhks dh Hkturkc Ckw, jh Mfurmf-]tktn Pncktjdhs jhNmugnhjmkc Qnrspnmtjvn, Nljtnl `y Ncwyh K. ]gjtf (Cduvkjh9 Luqunshn ^hjvnrsjty Qrnss, ;:55), p. ;5=.

0< D`nrgkh, \fn Fkrvnst de Gnljnvkc \fndcdoy, p. :1.0> Pdy _. @kttnhfdusn, \fn Ldmtrjhn de Gkh jh Mkcvjh khl jh Pnhkjsskhmn Qcktdhjsg, Idurhkc

de tfn Fjstdry de Jlnks JV (;:

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jt wdrbs wjtf sdgn bhdwcnlon de tfn ntnrhkc ckw.05 \fn ntnrhkc ckw js hdt ntnrhkccy

jgpdsnl dh mrnkturns `nmkusn tfny krn hdt ntnrhkc.0? Fdwnvnr, ks J gnhtjdhnl, tfn

rktjdhkc mrnkturn pkrtjmjpktns jh tfn ntnrhkc ckw wjtf tfn bhdwcnlon de tfn ntnrhjty de

Odls ckw, j.n., tfn ntnrhkc rnksdh. \fnrnedrn, hkturkc ckw js ljstjhoujsfnl erdg ntnrhkc

rnksdh npjstngdcdojmkccy dr jhtnccnmtukccy.06 Jh mdhmcusjdh, kmmdrljho td Kqujhks, oddl

rnksdh npjstngdcdojmkccy prnmnlns ntnrhkc rnksdh khl fugkh rnksdh.0: \fus, tfn

05

]trkssnr, ]t. \fdgks Kqujhks dh Hkturkc Ckw, ;5=2 Inrngjkf Hnwgkh, Eduhlktjdhs deIustjmn9 K Fjstdrjmd-Mrjtjmkc ]tuly jh \fdgjsg (Mdrb9 Mdrb ^hjvnrsjty Qrnss, ;:>-;16 (tfnkutfdrs ngpfksjs).

0: Cutfnrs sbnptjmjsg k`dut hkturkc ckw js `ksnl dh tfn rncktjdh de ntnrhkc rnksdh khl fugkhrnksdh. Lkvjl M. ]tnjhgntz qujtn rjoftcy jhsjsts tfkt Cutfnrs ckmb de jhtnrnst jh hkturkc ckw fks twd rddts9tdtkc lnprkvjty khl Odls trkhsmnhlnhmn. ]tnjhgntz suoonsts tfrnn rnksdhs wfy Odls trkhsmnhlnhmnldns hdt mdrrnspdhl td hkturkc ckw jh Cutfnr9 ;) Cutfnr strnssns tfn jggkhnhmn de Odl jh tfn wdrcl sdstrdhocy khl jh sumf oukrlnl ckhoukon tfkt fn sduhls kt tjgns kcgdst pkhtfnjstjm2 0) Kcc fugkh `njhos fkvntfn jhnrkljmk`cn pnrmnptjdh tfkt tfnrn js k Odl2 =) @nmkusn Odl js fjllnh dutsjln fjs rnvncktjdh, Cutfnr jsklkgkhtcy dppdsnl td khy kttngpt td uhmdvnr tfn hkbnl `njho de Odl tfrduof spnmucktjvn rnksdh drrncjojdus nmstksy. Cutfnr khl tfn Fjllnh Odl, jh Cutfnr jh Mdhtnxt(Orkhl Pkpjls9 @kbnr, ;::>), 0.Qkuc Kctfkus ngpfksjzns tfkt Cutfnr gkbns hd ljstjhmtjdh `ntwnnh hkturkc khl ljvjhn, dr `ntwnnhhkturkc khl rnvnkcnl ckw, khl nquktns hkturkc ckw wjtf tfn ckw de cdvn, `ut dhcy tfn Mfrjstjkh rnkccy

eucejccs tfn ckw de cdvn `nmkusn tfn ckw de tfn mrdss js `nydhl tfn ckw de rnksdh. Kct fkus suggkrjznsCutfnrs uhlnrstkhljho de hkturkc ckw9 _fnh k Mfrjstjkh nhlurns sueenrjho kmmdrljho td tfjs tfndcdoy detfn mrdss, tfnh Odls ocdry khl bjholdg pkrkldxjmkccy nhtnr jhtd tfjs wdrcl. Khl tfkt js gdrn tfkh tfnhkturkc drlnr de tfn wdrcl. _jtf rnenrnhmn td Odls wjcc dr Odls rnksdh, wn gkh ejhl sdgn rddg edrmdhtjhujty `ntwnnh Kqujhks dr dtfnr gnljnvkc tfndcdojkhs khl Cutfnr, `ut wjtf rnenrnhmn td fugkh rnksdh,tfnrn js hd mdhhnmtjho pdjht `ntwnnh tfng. Jh tfn tfndcdoy de hkturkc ckw jh Kqujhks, tfn mdhmnpt dekutdhdgy js vnry jgpdrtkht jh rncktjdh td tfn wdrb de ntnrhkc khl fugkh rnksdh, `ut tfnrn js hd kutdhdgy

`ut Odls fjllnhhnss jh Cutfnrs tfndcdoy de ckw. Qkuc Kctfkus, \fn Ntfjms de Gkrtjh Cutfnr, tr. Pd`nrt M.]mfuctz (Qfjcklncpfjk9 Edrtrnss, ;:65), =0-=

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;0

pkrtjmjpktjdh de tfn ntnrhkc ckw jh tfn rktjdhkc mrnkturn, tfn jgkon de tfn ntnrhkc ckw, js

mkccnl tfn hkturkc ckw.=1

_fnh Mkcvjh lnkcs wjtf Qcktds uhlnrstkhljho de tfn sduc, fn jgpcjns tfktrnksdh js rncktnl hdt dhcy td pfjcdsdpfjmkc trkhqujcjty `ut kcsd tfndcdojmkc pnkmn

(Mcng. ;1.0

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mdgguhng hkturkg) tfny sfkrn wjtf us (Mcng. ;;.;:-0;). ]nhnmks mdhmnrh edr tfn

mdggdhhnss de fugkh hkturn js tfn mdhhnmtjho pdjht `ntwnnh fjs pfjcdsdpfy khl

Mfrjstjkh khtfrdpdcdoy.=;

=. Mdhsmjnhmn

Jh tfn mdggnhtkry Mkcvjhs ejrst rngkrbs dh mdhsmjnhmn krn eduhl jh rncktjdh td

tfn usn de vjrtun. Jh lnkcjho wjtf uctjgktn fkppjhnss, Mkcvjh jhtrdlumns twd snmts 9 tfn

]tdjms wfd mdhsjlnr tfkt vjrtun uhldu`tnlcy js tfn uctjgktn nhl, td wfjmf kcc kmts, kcc

wdrbs khl mduhsncs de fugkh cjen cddb, khl tfn Krjstdtncjkhs wfd pckmn tfn nhl, hdt jh

vjrtun, `ut jh tfn usn de vjrtun (hdh jh vjrtutn, snl jh vjrtutjs usu) (Mcng.

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;.=:-5.=). Mkcvjh kornns wjtf

[ujhjtjcjkh wfd ljstjhoujsfns prdsdpdpdnjk erdg ntfdpdnk (), `nmkusn tfn

edrgnr jhvnhts pnrsdhs wfd hdwfnrn nxjst, wfnrnks tfn ckttnr ejts tfnsn wdrls td lnejhjtn

pnrsdhs (Mcng. 5.=-?). Mkcvjh ekvdrs tfn ckttnr (ntfdpdnk) khl mdhhnmts tfjs wdrl wjtf

Odls prdvjlnhmn. Mkcvjh fnrn suoonsts tfkt mdhsmjnhmn js k gnljtktjdh dh tfn cjvjho Odl

khl fjs prdvjlnhmn khl tfn rnwkrl de mdhsmjnhmn cjns jh tfn mdgpdsurn de tfn gjhl,

wfjmf kttrj`utnRsW tfn supnrjhtnhlnhmn de fugkh keekjrs td tfn odls (Mcng. 5.6-:).

Jh tfn ;>=5Jhstjtutns, Mkcvjh skys, mdhsmjnhmn, edr us, RjsW tfn wjthnss de wfkt wn

dwn Odl2 jt snts `nedrn us oddl khl nvjc, tfus kmmusjho khl mdhlnghjho us, mdhsmjdus ks

wn krn wjtfjh dursncvns tfkt wn fkvn hdt ljsmfkronl dur luty, ks wks ejttjho.=0 Fnrn

Mkcvjh skys tfkt mdhsmjnhmn js k hdntjm hdtjdh Rtfn wjthnssW,== wfjmf iulons oddl khl nvjc

`nedrn Odl `y usjho gkhy edrnhsjm tnrgs. Mkcvjh `nojhs tfn mfkptnr dh Mfrjstjkh

Ernnldg jh tfn ;>=5 Jhstjtutns `y gnhtjdhjho tfn rnwkrl de mdhsmjnhmn, vjz., tfn

mdgpdsurn de tfn gjhl9 Hd suggkry de odspnc tnkmfjho duoft td dgjt kh nxpckhktjdh de

=0 Idfh Mkcvjh, Jhstjtutns de tfn Mfrjstjkh Pncjojdh ;>=5 Nljtjdh, tr. Edrl Cnwjs @kttcns (OrkhlPkpjls9 Nnrlgkhs, ;:?>), ;.< (;5, MD ;.0:)9 mdhsmjnhtjk, qukn hd`js jhtus tnstjs sjt ndrug qukn Lndln`ngus, hd`jsqun qujl `dhug sjt, qujl gkcug prdpdhkt, ktqun jtk hds kmmusnt rndsqun tnhnkt, lug hd`jsjpsj mdhsmjj sugus, hdh nssn, ut lnmujt, deejmjd hdstrd lneuhmtds.

== Nlwkrl K. Ldwny Ir., \fn Bhdwcnlon de Odl jh Mkcvjhs \fndcdoy (Orkhl Pkpjls9 Nnrlgkhs,;::?2 _jccjkg Bcngpk, Mkcvjh khl Hkturkc Ckw, jh Mkcvjh ]tuljns JU, nl. Idfh F. Cnjtf khl _.]tkmny Idfhsdh (Lkvjlsdh, HM9 Lkvjlsdh Mdccnon Qrns`ytnrjkh Mfurmf, ;:66), ;1. Kcsd qudtnl jh J. IdfhFnssncjhb, Mkcvjhs Mdhmnpt de tfn Ckw (Kccjsdh Qkrb9 Qjmbwjmb Qu`cjmktjdhs, ;::0), ?5, h. 00.

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tfjs tdpjm. Jt js k gkttnr de prjgn hnmnssjty, khl wjtfdut k bhdwcnlon de jt mdhsmjnhmns

lkrn uhlnrtkbn kcgdst hdtfjho wjtfdut ekctnrjho2 detnh fnsjtktn khl lrkw `kmb2 mdhstkhtcy

wkvnr khl krn kerkjl.= khl >: nljtjdh, fks `nnh tfn skgn sjhmn tfn ;>>1 nljtjdh de tfn

Jhstjtutns. Mkcvjh tfnrn lnkcs wjtf Mfrjstjkh ernnldg erdg tfn ckw, mfurmf ckws, khl

trkljtjdhs.

Edr iust ks wfnh tfrduof tfn gjhl khl uhlnrstkhljho gnh orksp k bhdwcnlon detfjhos, khl erdg tfjs krn skjl td bhdw, tfjs js tfn sdurmn de tfn wdrlbhdwcnlon, sd kcsd wfnh tfny R`ncjnvnrsW fkvn k snhsn de ljvjhn iulognht

(snhsug ljvjhj juljmjj), ks k wjthnss `nedrn tfn Iulons trj`uhkc, tfjs snhsn jsmkccnl mdhsmjnhmn. Edr jt js k mnrtkjh gnkh `ntwnnh Odl khl gkh (qujllkgjhtnr Lnug nt fdgjhng gnljug), `nmkusn jt ldns hdt kccdw gkh td supprnsswjtfjh fjgsnce wfkt fn bhdws, `ut pursuns fjg td tfn pdjht de mdhvjmtjho fjg . . . .\fnrnedrn, tfjs kwkrnhnss wfjmf fkcns gkh `nedrn Odls iulognht js k sdrt deoukrljkh kppdjhtnl edr gkh td hdtn khl spy dut kcc fjs snmrnts tfkt hdtfjho gkyrngkjh `urjnl jh lkrbhnss. _fnhmn tfkt khmjnht prdvnr`9 Mdhsmjnhmn js ktfduskhl wjthnssns (Jhst. =.;:.;>, MD 0.50=, Jtkcjms gjhn).

Ejrst, Mkcvjh krouns tfkt mdhsmjnhmn js ljeenrnht erdg bhdwcnlon. Mkcvjh skys,

mdggnhtjho dh Idfh ;.>, tfn ekmt tfkt tfn ljstjhmtjdh `ntwnnh oddl khl nvjc js nhorkvnhjh tfnjr fnkrts js k gkjh pkrt wfjmf ynt rngkjhs jh mdrrupt hkturn kcdho wjtf sdgn snnl

de rncjojdh.=> Kmmdrljho td Nlwkrl K. Ldwny, mdhsmjnhmn rnprnsnhts tfn gdrkc

ncngnht de tfjs su`inmtjvn rnvncktjdh, fkvjho ks jts mdhtnht tfn prdpdsjtjdh tfkt tfn wjcc

de Odl js td `n d`nynl, wfjcn tfn snhsus ljvjhjtktjsrnprnsnhts tfn jhtnccnmtukc mdhmnpt,

fkvjho ks jts mdhtnht tfn prdpdsjtjdh tfkt Dhn Odl js.=5 \fus, mdhsmjnhtjk js uhlnrstddl

`y Mkcvjh ks k snhsus, ks wfnh fn mkccs jt k snhsn de Odls iulognht.=?

\fnrnedrn, edr

=< Mkcvjh,Jhstjtutns de tfn Mfrjstjkh Pncjojdh9 ;>=5 Nljtjdh , 5.; (;?5, MD ;.;:>).=> Idfh Mkcvjh, \fn Odspnc Kmmdrljho td ]t. Idfh9 Qkrt Dhn ;-;1 , tr. \. F. C. Qkrbnr (Orkhl

Pkpjls9 Nnrlgkhs, ;:?:), ;9> (;0, MD

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Mkcvjh, ks hkturn, wfnh jt js kssdmjktnl wjtf dur bhdwcnlon de Odl, js k sdrt de gjrrdr

de tfn drlnr prnsmrj`nl `y Odl, sd mdhsmjnhmn js k mcnkr gjrrdr de Odls wdrbs.(Jhst.

;.>.;, =, >, MD 0., MD 0.).=6

\fn ljstjhmtjdh `ntwnnh bhdwcnlon khl mdhsmjnhmn js kcsd jccugjhktnl jh Mkcvjhs

mdggnhtkry dh Pdgkhs 09;. Mkcvjh mdgpkrns mdhsmjnhmn td k tfduskhl wjthnssns

khl tfn ckronst tfnktnr. \frduof tfn tnstjgdhy de mdhsmjnhmn pndpcn pnrmnjvn tfkt tfn

hkturkc cjoft de rjoftndushnss (hkturkcng justjtjkn eucodrng) `nmdgns k ckw jhtd

tfngsncvns. Fdwnvnr, tfkt Odl jgpckhtnl fugkh fnkrts wjtf tfn mnrtkjh jlnks de

iustjmn khl rnmtjtuln (justjtjkn km rnmtjtuljhjs) ldns hdt gnkh tfnrn js jh gnh k eucc

bhdwcnlon de tfn ckw, `ut dhcy tfkt tfnrn krn sdgn snnls de iustjmn jgpckhtnl jh tfnjr

hkturn.=: Kctfduof wn ld hdt fkvn k eucc bhdwcnlon de tfn ckw, tfn hkturkc cjoft de

rjoftndushnss js sueejmjnhtcy ojvnh `y Odl jh dur fnkrts. \fnrnedrn, wn krn hdt nxmusk`cn

edr dur johdrkhmn `nmkusn wn krn hdt sd `cjhl tfkt wn mkh pcnkl johdrkhmn wjtfdut `njho

mdhvjmtnl de pnrvnrsjty.

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\fn purpdsn de hkturkc ckw, tfnrnedrn, js td rnhlnr gkh jhnxmusk`cn. \fjs wduclhdt `n k `kl lnejhjtjdh9 hkturkc ckw js tfkt kpprnfnhsjdh de tfn mdhsmjnhmn wfjmfljstjhoujsfns sueejmjnhtcy `ntwnnh iust khl uhiust, khl wfjmf lnprjvns gnh de tfnnxmusn de johdrkhmn wfjcn jt prdvns tfng oujcty `y tfnjr dwh tnstjgdhy (Jhst.0.0.00, MD 0.01

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fjg cjbn k wdrg jhsjln. Edr mdhsmjnhmn js k tfduskhl wjthnssns, ks tfn prdvnr` fks jt

(nug fk`nrn tnstng mdhsmjnhtjkg, qukn jhstkr vnrgjs nug jhtus mdrrdljt ks ckmnrkt. Nst

nhjg mdhsmjnhtjk gjccn tnstns, ut prdvnr`jd enrtur)(Mcng. :=.=1-=?). Mkcvjh mdhtjhuns td

qudtn erdg Cktjhus Qkmktus, tfn mdhsmjnhmn js jts vnry dwh tdrgnhtdr, khl erdg Mjmnrd,

k `kl mdhsmjnhmn erjoftnhRsW fjg Rnvjc ldnrW (Mcng. :-;0). Ks J fkvn hdtnl, Mkcvjh

usns gkhy edrnhsjm gntkpfdrs jh drlnr td lnsmrj`n fugkh erkjcty khl lnprkvjty. Jh dhn

pckmn Mkcvjh qudtns erdg ]nhnmk wfd jhljmktns k mfkrkmtnrjstjm de tfn wjthnss9 ornktnr

prkjsn wjcc mdgn td fjg wfd spkrns rktfnr tfkh lnstrdys tfn cjen de fjs mdhqunrnl nhngjns,

`nmkusn ks cdho ks tfny cjvn tfny wjcc `n wjthnssns (tnstns) td ydur mcngnhmy (Mcng.

;0

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tfn wdrg de mdhsmjnhmn, sfkrpnr tfkh khy mkutnrjzjho jrdh, ohkws kwky wjtfjh (Jhst.

;.=.=, MD 0.=?).

Mkcvjh lnsmrj`ns tfn cjgjtktjdh de hkturkc bhdwcnlon de Odl khl pdjhts dut tfktejhkccy jt dhcy rnhlnrs us jhnxmusk`cn. Fdwnvnr, kctfduof, ks _jccjkg Bcngpk hdtns,

tfn bhdwcnlon wfjmf rnksdh dr mdhsmjnhmn fks de tfn ckw de hkturn js hdt k eucc

bhdwcnlon,

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vjrtun khl vjmn (Mcng. < Kcsd jh fjs mdggnhtkry dh Pdgkhs ;>

\fn tncndcdojmkc (edr wnkb pndpcn) khl tfn lndhtdcdojmkc (edr strdho pndpcn) kpprdkmfns

de Mkcvjh rnenr hdt dhcy td Mfrjstjkh ernnldg, `ut kcsd mkh `n klkptnl ks tfn prjhmjpcn de

>; Ykmfgkh, \fn Kssurkhmn de Ekjtf, p. ;10.>0

Me. I. Qntnr Qncbdhnh, \fn \nkmfjhos de Idfh Mkcvjh dh tfn Hkturn khl Euhmtjdh de tfnMdhsmjnhmn,Cutfnrkh [ukrtnrcy 0;/; (;:5:), ?6.

>= Me. Nlwkrl E. Gnyckh, \fn ]tdjm Ldmtrjhn de Jhljeenrnht \fjhos khl tfn Mdhmnptjdh deMfrjstjkh Cj`nrty jh MkcvjhsJhstjtutjd rncjojdhjs mfrjstjkhkn,Pdgkhjm Pnvjnw 06 (;:=?), ;=5, ;< Idfh Mkcvjh, Mdggnhtkry dh tfn Npjstcn td tfn Okcktjkhs, tr. \. F. C. Qkrbnr (Orkhl Pkpjls9Nnrlgkhs, ;:5>), >9;= (;11, MD >1.0>1).

>> Mdggnhtkrjns dh tfn Npjstcns de Qkuc \fn Kpdstcn td tfn Pdgkhs khl td tfn \fnsskcdhjkhs,Pdgkhs ;

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hkturkc ckw td tfn iuljmjkc prdmnnljhos kmmdrljho td mcngnhmy khl td fkrgdhjzjho tfn twd

kspnmts de fugkh hkturngkh ks k jhljvjlukc khl gkh ks k sdmjkc `njho.>5

Mkcvjh ldns hdt kssugn twd bjhls de mdhsmjnhmn9 dhn edr Mfrjstjkhs `ksnl dh Odltfn Pnlnngnr khl khdtfnr edr kcc tfn pndpcn `ksnl dh Odl tfn Mrnktdr. Mkcvjh skys tfkt

mdhsmjnhmn, jh rncktjdh td Mfrjstjkh ernnldg, d`tkjhRsW hdtfjho hnw jh gnhs sjoft `ut

`nedrn Odl (Jhst. =.;:.;1, MD 0.5;:). _fkt Mkcvjh jgpcjns fnrn js tfkt Mfrjstjkh

ernnldg js hdt ernnldg erdgOdls drlnr, `ut ernnldg jhOdls drlnr.>? Mfrjstjkh

ernnldg js eduhlnl dh Odls purpdsn tdwkrl fjs pndpcn. Odls wjcc rnvnkcnl jh fjs

prdvjlnhtjkc drlnrjho `nmdgns tfn drjojh de dur ernnldg je dhcy wn gnljtktn dh jt. _fnh

wn nhtnr jhtd gnljtktjdh dh tfn cjvjho Odl, tfn ]tdjm kxjdg de vjrtun edr vjrtuns skbn

trucy wdrbs tfrduof dur mdhsmjnhmn (Mcng. .=, MD 0.6

Kmmdrljhocy, wfnh wn lnsmnhl jhtd dursncvns khl gnljtktn dh Odl khl fjs prdvjlnhmn,

wn mkh mdhmnjvn Odls nxjstnhmn khl fjs sdvnrnjoh wjcc tdwkrl tfn wdrcl. Jh tfjs snhsn,

wn gky sky tfkt mdhsmjnhmn fks rnspnmt td Odl kcdhn (Jhst. =.;:.;5, MD 0. 505 Me. Ykmfgkh, \fn Kssurkhmn de Ekjtf, pp. 00:-0? Me. Ikhn Lngpsny Lduockss, _dgkh, Ernnldg, khl Mkcvjh (Qfjcklncpfjk9 \fn _nstgjhstnr

Qrnss, ;:6>), 06 Me. J. Idfh Fnssncjhb, Idfh Mkcvjh dh tfn Ckw khl Mfrjstjkh Ernnldg, Nx Kuljtu ;; (;::>),

6: Me. Idfh Mkcvjh, ]nrgdhs dh Okcktjkhs, Pnvjsjdh de Krtfur Odcljhos \rkhscktjdh `y Nrhjn

]prjhonr (Kulu`dh9 Dcl Qktfs Qu`cjmktjdhs, ;::>), >9;-= (51.5>>-5?1). Kmmdrljho td Mkcvjh,

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00

mfdsnh pndpcn jh tfn mdggnhtkry. Fdwnvnr, tfn wky fn lnpjmts tfn pdrtrkjt de k prjhmn js

sjgjckr td tfn wky fn lnkcs wjtf tfn mdhsmjnhmn jh rncktjdh td Mfrjstjkh ernnldg. \fn

gnsskon mdhmnrhjho tfn mcngnhmy de k prjhmn jh tfn Mdggnhtkry mkh `n suggkrjznl jh

twd wkys9 ejrst, tfnrn js k spnmjkc rncktjdhsfjp `ntwnnh Odl khl tfn prjhmn sjgjckr td tfkt

`ntwnnh Odl khl fjs pndpcn2 snmdhl, tfn prjhmn js su`inmt td hdtfjho `ut fjs mdhsmjnhmn

iust ks `ncjnvnrs krn `nedrn Odl. _fnh Mkcvjh jhtrdlumns tfn prjhmn, wfd js tfn cjvjho

ckw (prjhmjpj . . . quj cnx khjgktk nst) (Mcng.;0>..;-;05.?). \fn twd pdjhts krn hdt td `n snpkrktnl

erdg nkmf dtfnr `nmkusn mdhsmjnhmn mkhhdt `n lnkct wjtf wjtfdut tfn prnsuppdsjtjdh de

tfn rncktjdhsfjp `ntwnnh Odl khl gkh. \fjs js tfn rnksdh wfy wn sfducl nxkgjhn tfn

hdtjdh de kmmdggdlktjdh `nedrn lnkcjho wjtf tfn dhtdcdoy de hkturkc ckw.

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kmmdggdlktnl fjgsnce td tfn pdpuckr uhlnrstkhljho, tfn snmdhl fn sprjhbcnl wjtf ]tdjm

pkrkldxns khl smfdckstjm su`tcntjns (Mcng. ;=6.0>-;=:.5). Mkcvjhs rfntdrjmkc

uhlnrstkhljho deLn Mcngnhtjkdwns gumf td Mjmnrd wfd js mkccnl `y Mkcvjh tfn ejrst

pjcckr de Pdgkh pfjcdsdpfy khl cjtnrkturn (Mcng. Qrnekmn, jjj.;?-;6).50 Mjmnrd lnpcdrnl

tfn snpkrktjdh `ntwnnh pfjcdsdpfy khl rfntdrjm jh Ornnb pfjcdsdpfnrs khl kttngptnl td

fdcl tfn jlnkc de idjhjho rfntdrjm khl pfjcdsdpfy.5=

Mkcvjh usns tfn wdrl kttngpnrkrn drkmmdggdlkrn jh tfn Mdggnhtkry jh drlnr td

nxpckjh tfn rncktjdhsfjps `ntwnnh tfn pndpcn khl tfn prjhmn, khl `ntwnnh tfn prjhmn khl

odls9 Ks tfn pndpcn duoft td tngpnr (kttngpnrkrn) tfngsncvns td tfn wjcc de tfn prjhmn,

sd sfducl tfn prjhmn snn td jt tfkt fn bnnps Iupjtnr khl tfn odls prdpjtjdus . . . tfnrnedrn

tfn prjhmn sfducl mdhsjlnr tfkt fn fks rnmnjvnl fjs klgjhjstrktjdh de tfn pndpcn erdg tfn

odls, khl js sdgntjgn td rnhlnr kh kmmduht tfnrnde td tfng (Mcng. ;0.00-01.0?-=;).

Mkcvjhs rfntdrjmkc uskon de kmmdggdlktjdh jh tfn Mdggnhtkry js qujtn ljeenrnht

erdg Odls kmmdggdlktjdh jh fjs cktnr tfndcdojmkc wrjtjhos.5< Kmmdggdlktjdh js usnl

50 Edrl Cnwjs @kttcns, \fn ]durmns de Mkcvjhs ]nhnmk Mdggnhtkry, jh Jhtnrprntjho IdfhMkcvjh, nl Pd`nrt @nhnlnttd (Orkhl Pkpjls9 @kbnr, ;::5), ??.

5= @rnnh, Idfh Mkcvjh9 K ]tuly jh Ernhmf Fugkhjsg, ;

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Kctfduof kmmdggdlktjdh `nojhs ks kh kpdcdontjm tddc, jt `nmdgns kh jgpdrtkht

fnrgnhnutjmkc prjhmjpcn, edr jt nhls ks k pkstdrkc jhstrugnht edr tfn nljejmktjdh de

`ncjnvnrs.55

Edr Mkcvjh, Odls kmmdggdlktjdh js hdt dhcy k prjhmjpcn de jhtnrprntktjdh, `ut jt

js kcsd mcdsncy rncktnl td Odls jhejhjtn khl spjrjtukc nssnhmn (Jhst. ;.;=.;, MD 0.6:).

Dhn de Mkcvjhs gdst wjlncy qudtnl pksskons mdhmnrhjho Odls kmmdggdlktjdh js eduhl

jh tfn snmtjdh dh tfn \rjhjty.

Edr wfd nvnh de scjoft jhtnccjonhmn ldns hdt uhlnrstkhl tfkt, ks hursns mdggdhcyld wjtf jhekhts, Odl js wdht jh k gnksurn td cjsp R`kc`utjdW jh spnkbjho td us4\fus sumf edrgs de spnkbjho ld hdt sd gumf nxprnss mcnkrcy wfkt Odl js cjbn ks

Mfrjstus Gnljktdr Cnojs, Qf. L. ljssnrtktjdh (Nljh`urof9 ^hjvnrsjty de Nljh`urof, 011 kt Qktnrhdstnr Qrnss, ;0;-;06.

5> Me. Edrl Cnwjs @kttcns, Odl _ks Kmmdggdlktjho Fjgsnce td Fugkh Mkpkmjty,Jhtnrprntktjdh =;/; (;:??), 0;2 Lkvjl E. _rjoft Kmmdggdlktjdh khl @kr`krjty, \fn Pnedrgnl Idurhkc=1/< (;:61), < (;::6), ;=;-;/< (0110),,

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kmmdggdlktn tfn bhdwcnlon de fjg td dur scjoft mkpkmjty. \d ld tfjs fn gustlnsmnhl ekr `nhnktf fjs cdetjhnss (Jhst. ;.;=.;, MD 0.:1).

Jh tfjs snmtjdh de tfn Jhstjtutns, Mkcvjh mrjtjmjzns ]tdjm pkhtfnjsg, wfjmf wks prnsnhtnl

wncc `y ]nhnmk ks _fktnvnr wn snn, khl wfktnvnr wn ld hdt snn, js Odl, ks wncc ks

Gkhjmfnns lukcjsg khl Khtfrdpdgdrpfjtns. Mkcvjh suoonsts jh tfn k`dvn pksskon tfkt

tfn prjhmjpcn de Odls kmmdggdlktjdh mdgns erdg tfn ejrg mdhvjmtjdh de tfn dhn

pnrsdhkc Odl khl de tfn sjhocn wjcc de Odl jh fjstdry khl mrnktjdh. Jt js hdt mdgpktj`cn

wjtf ]tdjm pkhtfnjsg khl jts pkhtfnjstjm uhlnrstkhljho de Odls prdvjlnhmn. Edr Odls

kmmdggdlktjdh js hdt dhcy Odls rnvncktjdh `ut kcsd tfn prdmnss `y wfjmf Odl rnlumns

khl kliusts td fugkh mkpkmjtjns wfkt fn wjccs td rnvnkc. 5? \fnrnedrn, ljvjhn

kmmdggdlktjdh tnhls `dtf td rnvnkc khl mdhmnkc. Jts ldu`cn-nlonl edrmn js hjmncy mkuoft

`y tfn vnr` `kc`utjrn.56

\fn rfntdrjmkc usn de kmmdggdlktjdh jh tfn Mdggnhtkry js wncc nxprnssnl jh

Mkcvjhs vkrjdus qudtktjdhs, wfjmf mducl `n cdojmkccy krrkhonl cjbn tfjs9 Pucn js k

gjhjstry de tfn odls (Pnohug nssn lndrug gjhjstnrjug)2 Qrjhmns krn Odls gjhjstnrs

(Qrjhmjpns gjhjstrds nssn lnj)2 tfnrnedrn, Bjhos krn tfn cjbnhnss de Odl wfd sustkjhskcc (Pnons, sjguckmrk lnj dghjk snrukhtjs) (Mcng. 5.0=-0

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]nhnmk js hdt ljeenrnht erdg tfn rfntdrjmkc sbjcc dekrougnhtug k sjgjcj`us (krougnht de

sjgjckrjty). \fn Cktjh rfntdrjmkc kmmdggdlktjdh js k tnmfhjmkc tnrg kgdho tfn

iurjsmdhsucts wjtf rnenrnhmn td cnokc kmtjdhs.5: Iurjsljmtjdh gnkhs edr Mkcvjh kcc sdrts de

mdohjzkhmn (Mcng. :.;;-;0). Mkcvjh ernqunhtcy usns tnrgs rncktnl td tfn mdurt khl

iurjsljmtjdh `nmkusn fn fks k ejrg mdhvjmtjdh tfkt prdpnr iuljmjkc prdmnnljhos krn tfn `nst

wky td trutf (Mcng. 0;.0> ee2

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mdhmnjvn de tfn ljvjhn mfkrkmtnr jh Odls kmmdggdlktjdh.?0 Kmmdrljhocy, kctfduof

]nhnmk usns gkhy rfntdrjmkc tnrgs rncktnl td kmmdggdlktjdh jh fjs tnxt, tfdsn tnrgs

krn mcdsncy rncktnl td tfn gnkhjho de hutus (Mcng. 6.=->) rktfnr tfkh Odls

kmmdggdlktjdh. Hutus gnkhs cjtnrkccy hdl, `ut jt mdhtkjhs jh jt tfn gnkhjho de

mdggkhl, wjcc, khl pcnksurn.?= Jh mdhmcusjdh, kmmdggdlktjdh jh tfn Mdggnhtkry js

usnl pfjcdsdpfjmkccy khl purncy rfntdrjmkccy, khl jt js ljeenrnht erdg tfn ljvjhn

kmmdggdlktjdh tfkt Mkcvjh lnvncdpnl jh fjs cktnr wrjtjhos ks tfn fnrgnhnutjmkc prjhmjpcn

edr fjs `j`cjmkc khl fjstdrjmkc jhtnrprntktjdh.?

>. Mdhmcusjdh

Jh tfn mdggnhtkry dh ]nhnmks Ln mcngnhtjk, tfn prjhmn js lnpjmtnl hdt dhcy ks

tfn jhtnrprntnr khl nxnmutdr de tfn ckw, `ut kcsd tfn ckw fjgsnce. Fjs pdsjtjdh js `ksjmkccy

uhlnrstddl ks tfn rnmdhmjcnr wfd rnsdcvns tfn tnhsjdh `ntwnnh pnrsdhkc vjrtun khl sdmjkc

gdrkcjty. Kcsd, fn js prnsnhtnl ks tfn gnljktdr `ntwnnh Odl khl fjs pndpcn jh vjnw de tfn

?0 Qkrtnn, Mkcvjh khl Mckssjmkc Qfjcdsdpfy,

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ekmt tfkt fn ldns hdt dhcy rucn dvnr fjs pndpcn wjtf kh kutfdrjty wfjmf fks k ljvjhn drjojh,

`ut fks td snrvn fjs pndpcn `nmkusn jt js k ljvjhncy ojvnh luty. Gnkhwfjcn, gkh js

lnsmrj`nl ks dhn wfd cdhos edr tfn mdggdhkcjty de tfn sdmjnty khl kt tfn skgn tjgn

sfducl `n rucnl jh drlnr edr tfn pu`cjm oddl. Qndpcn krn sjhhnrs khl krn td `n rnedrgnl `y

ljsmjpcjhn jtsnce.

Erdg tfjs uhlnrstkhljho de fugkhjty khl sdmjnty, Mkcvjh lnpcdys fjs vjnw de ckw

jh tfn mdggnhtkry. \fn rncktjdhsfjp `ntwnnh ckw khl sdmjnty js mdgpkrnl td tfn sjhnws

khl sduc de tfn `dly. \fn ckw pckys k hnoktjvn rdcn wfnh jt nxpncs pndpcn wfd krn

jhmdrrjoj`cn, `ut gdstcy jt wdrbs edr tfn nlumktjdh khl rnhnwkc de pndpcn. \fn hdrgktjvn

gnkhjho de tfn ckw js hdt kcwkys k ejxnl dhn `ut mkh mfkhon kmmdrljho td tfn fjstdrjmkc

mdhtnxt. @ut tfjs ldns hdt gnkh tfkt tfn hdrg de k spnmjejm ckw lnpnhls dh edrtujtdushnss.

Jh gkhy mksns jh tfn mdggnhtkry, Mkcvjh sfdws fjs Mfrjstjkh vjnw edhtj`us

Mfrjstjkhjs, nspnmjkccy wjtf hdtk`cn mjtktjdhs erdg Kuoustjhn. Mkh wn, tfnh, ejhl khy

tfndcdojmkc vjnw de tfn ckw de tfn yduho Mkcvjh jh tfn mdggnhtkry4 Erdg tfn ejrst

Jhstjtutns, Mkcvjh ngpfksjzns tfn mdhtjhujty `ntwnnh hkturkc ckw khl gdrkc ckw (;>=5

Jhst. ;.>: Jhstjtutns, Mkcvjh ljsmussns tfn jlnhtjtjns de hkturkc ckw

khl ljvjhn ckw jh tfnjr nssnhmn hdt dhcy jh tfn snmtjdh dh tfn jhtnrprntktjdh de tfn ckw `utkcsd jh tfn snmtjdh dh mjvjc ckw (Jhst. 0.6.;, ;2 Gkrjkhhn Mkr`dhhjnr, Cn lrdjt lnpuhjr nt cn snhs ln ck pnjhn mfnz Mkcvjh,Pnvun lfjstdjrn nt ln pfjcdsdpfjn rncjojnusns >

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cktnr wdrbs. Fn kcsd lngdhstrktns fjs strdho prdpnhsjty edr tfn hdrgktjvn usn de tfn ckw.

Fn mckjgs tfkt tfn rnkljho de tnxts sfducl strdhocy tkbn jhtd kmmduht tfn spnmjejm pndpcn

jh tfn spnmjejm mdhtnxt. \fnsn mdhmnrhs de Mkcvjh krn wncc rnecnmtnl jh fjs tfndcdojmkc

wdrbs, nspnmjkccy jh fjs mdggnhtkry dh tfn ckst edur `ddbs de tfn Qnhtktnumf jh rncktjdh

td jts strumturn khl jts ngpfksjs dh Odls kmmdggdlktjdh td tfn fkrlhnss de fnkrt de tfn

khmjnht pndpcn. _jtf kcc tfnsn mdhmnrhs, fdwnvnr, wn sfducl bnnp jh gjhl tfkt tfn ]tdjm

uhlnrstkhljho de tfn ckw js `ksnl dh tfn prdgjhnht ntfjmkc vjrtun de gdlnrktjdh rktfnr

tfkh dh tfn Mfrjstjkh mdhmnpt de snce-lnhjkc, khl dh tfn ]tdjm vjnw de hnmnssjty, rnksdh,

khl cdods rktfnr tfkh dh tfn Mfrjstjkh ldmtrjhn de prnlnstjhktjdh, ekjtf, khl Odl.??

Mkcvjhs mdggnhtkry dh Ln mcngnhtjk ldns hdt ojvn us khy mcun td tfn drjojh de fjs

Mfrjstdcdojmkc uhlnrstkhljho de tfn ckw, fdwnvnr, jt rnvnkcs tfn yduho Mkcvjh s

rnsdcutjdh td `rjho tdontfnrk eusjdh de Odl-ojvnh jhstrumtjdh khl Odl-ljrnmtnl fjstdry

wjtf tfn dghjpdtnht prdvjlnhmn de Odl, nvnh tfduof jt js hdt ks tfndcdojmkc ks jh fjs

mdggnhtkry dh tfn Qnhtktnumfkc ckws.?6

(]dcj Lnd Ocdrjk jh Kntnrhug)!

?? Me. Gdrnku, Cn ]tdjmjsgn kux VUJJ nt VUJJJ sjmcns, ;5, 0;2 Mfkrcns @. Qkrtnn, Mkcvjh khlLntnrgjhjsg, Mfrjstjkh ]mfdckrs Pnvjnw >/0 (;:?>), ;0?-;062 Qntnr I. Cnjtfkrt, ]tdjm Ncngnhts jhMkcvjhs Ldmtrjhn de tfn Mfrjstjkh Cjen9 Qkrt JJ. Gdrtjejmktjdh, _nstgjhstnr \fndcdojmkc Idurhkc>> (;::=),;:=-011.

?6 [udt. _rjoft, Mkcvjhs Qnhtktnumfkc Mrjtjmjsg,