2. Follow the Settlements Andfollow the Fortunes

8/10/2019 2. Follow the Settlements Andfollow the Fortunes

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Ignptmr 2

BE@@E_ \GM YM\\@MDMA\Y NALBE@@E_ \GM BES\]AMY

_GX AE\ IGNSNI\MSHYM \GM EC@HON\HEANYN LMC\SN\GMS \GNAN IEA\SNI\]N@

EC@HON\HEA5Eam etgmr wny eb nttmdpthao te maberim pnydmat bred n rmhasurmr wns nrouml cmberm tgm Yuprmdm Ieurt eb Amw Yeutg _n`ms haElyssmy Sm (Cmrduln) @tlv. Smhasurnaim Nustrn`hn Ierp @tl(>3 Nprh` 3;;>) te tgm mbbmit tgnt na ndeuat pnync`m te ht ualmr nrmhasurnaim pe`hiy p`niml whtg SmNI wns n lmct. \gmrm nrm ieashlmrnc m nlvnatnoms ha gnvhao n i`nhd ignrnitmrhsml ns n lmct. Bhrst, ni`nhdnat ina aerdn` y ectnha julodmat ber n lmct whtg n dhahdud eb supperthao mvhlmaim. Ymieal`y, eaim tgm i`nhdnat prevms tgmmxhstmaim eb tgm lmct, tgm eaus eb preeb sghbts te tgm lmbmalnat, wge dust prevm tgnt tgm lmct gns cmma pnhl er hs aet pnync`m. \ghrl`y,n pmrsea i`nhdhao ber lmct lems aet aerdn` y amml te iedp`y whtg tgm ru`ms rmquhrhao dhthonthea eb èss. \gmsm ru`ms npp`y te n crmnigeb ieatrnit. Bhan``y, tgm i`nhdnat eb n lmct hs nc`m te tnfm nlvnatnom eb tgm stntutery lmdnal preimlurm nvnh`nc`m ha dest jurhslhitheas.

Ha Elyssmy Sm tgm rmhasurml seuogt te tnfm nlvnatnom eb tgm `nst eb tgmsm bniters cy hssuhao n stntutery lmdnal ber pnydmat cySmNI. \gm mbbmit eb suig n lmdnal hs tgnt hb tgm rmihphmat hs uanc`m te prevm tgmrm hs n omauham lhsputm rmonrlhao tgm ndeuat pnync`m,tgm rmihphmat dust mhtgmr pny er bnim tgm prespmit eb cmhao weual up. Aet surprhshao`y, SmNI eppesml tgm stntutery lmdnal ea naudcmr eb oreuals. Eam eb hts nroudmats wns tgnt tgm ndeuat i`nhdml cy tgm rmhasurml wns aet n lmct, se tgm stntutery lmdnalpreimlurm wns aet nvnh`nc`m. SmNI gnl te ieatmal whtg tgm bnit tgnt tgm rmhasurnaim normmdmat ieatnhaml n berd eb be`èw tgm

smtt`mdmats i`nusm wghig prevhlml tgnt tgm rmhasurmls èss smtt`mdmats sgn`` cm chalhao upea tgm rmhasurmrs nal pnync`m cy tgmdupea rmnseanc`m mvhlmaim eb tgm ndeuat pnhl cmhao ohvma cy tgm rmhasurml, wghig niierlhao te Elyssmy rmsu`tml ha SmNIsec`hontheas ualmr tgm normmdmat tnfhao tgm berd eb n lmct. Ht gns èao cmma smtt`ml tgnt n i`nhd ualmr n ieatrnit eb hasurnaim hs aet nlmct, cut hastmnl hs n i`nhd ber lndnoms ber crmnig eb ieatrnit. \gm eam mximpthea te tghs ru`m hs ha tgm insm eb vnùml pe`hihms, wgmrmtgm ndeuat pnync`m hs n spmihbhi `hquhlntml sud. Justhim _halmymr eb tgm Amw Yeutg _n`ms Yuprmdm Ieurt niimptml tghs peshthea, cutaetml tgnt tghs rnhsml tgm qumsthea wgmtgmr tgm sndm prhaihp`m npp`hml te n ieatrnit eb rmhasurnaim. Gm beual tgnt tgm sndm nppreniglhl npp`y te tgm rmhasurnaim ha tghs insm, ghs prhaihpn` rmnsea cmhao tgnt pnydmat cy tgm rmhasurml lems aet trhoomr na nutednthiec`honthea ea tgm rmhasurmr te pny. \gm mxhstmaim eb na normmdmat te nrchtrntm ha tgm rmhasurnaim normmdmat n`se halhintml tgnt tgmrmhasurnaim ec`honthea wns aet n lmct.

MW\SN-IEA\SNI\]N@ @HNCH@H\XHt hs pesshc`m tgnt n rmhasurml ieu`l cm `hnc`m te tgm hasurml ha mximss eb hts spmihbhml `hdht eb ieatrnitun` `hnch`hty. Ber mxndp`m, nrmhasurml dny bnh` te smtt`m tgm èss predpt y ha crmnig eb na mxprmss tmrd te le se, suig ns tgm 2;-lny thdm ber pnydmat whtghaHINv.YIES(smm ncevm). Mqun``y tgmrm dny cm n crmnig eb tgm luty eb utdest oeel bnhtg ewml cy tgm rmhasurml te tgm hasurml, nal tghsweu`l npp`y te tgm peshthea prher te tgm berdnthea eb tgm ieatrnit ns wm`` ns te tgm `hdhtml luty eb oeel bnhtg npp`hinc`m eaim tgm

ieatrnit gns cmma ieaiùlml. \gmrm ieu`l n`se cm `hnch hty ea tgm oreuals eb n wh`bu` bnhùrm te rmnig normmdmat whtg tgm hasurml, er harmspmit eb n veùatnry nssudpthea eb rmspeashch`hty wghig ohvms rhsm te `hnch`hty upea crmnig. Ht hs imrtnha`y tgm insm tgnt ha tgm ncsmaimeb nay spmihbhi i`nusm ievmrhao suig nllhthean` `hnch`hty, tgm rmhasurmr weu`l aet cm `hnc`m. \gus haHINv. YIES(smm ncevm) tgmrm wnsmbbmithvm`y n puahthvm m`mdmat eb ]Y$2;;,;;; pnync`m cy tgm rmhasurml te tgm hasurml, ns omamrn` lndnoms. \ghs sud wns aetpnync`m cy tgm rmhasurmr cminusm ht bm`` ha mximss eb tgm rmhasurnaim pe`hiy `hdht, nal na epma-malml `hnch`hty wns aet wgnt mhtgmr pnrtygnl hatmalml upea matmrhao hate tgm ieatrnit eb rmhasurnaim. \gm Ieurt eb Nppmn` n`se snhl tgnt te hdp`y suig n tmrd weu`l cmhaieashstmat whtg tgm i`nhds ie-epmrnthea i`nusm, n`tgeuog ht hs eb ieursm uaimrtnha ns te wgnt tgm peshthea weu`l cm wgmrm ae suigevmrrhlhao i`nhds ie-epmrnthea i`nusm mxhstml. Burtgmr, HINv. YIESlems aet lmtmrdham wgmtgmr n be`èw tgm smtt`mdmats i`nusmwghig hs uanbbmitml cy nay i`nhds ie-epmrnthea rmquhrmdmat ec`homs tgm rmhasurmr te dnfm suig mximss `hnch`hthms, prevhlml tgnt htstetn` `hnch`hty rmdnhas whtgha tgm `hdhts bhxml cy tgm rmhasurnaim ieatrnit. \gmrm hs ae Mao`hsg nutgerhty ea nay nspmit eb tgmmxtrn-ieatrnitun` ec`hontheas i`nusm, n`tgeuog ht hs tgeuogt tgnt n be`èw tgm bertuams i`nusm dny hdpesm n ghogmr lmormm eb `hnch`htyupea tgm rmhasurmr, pnrthiu`nr`y ha rmspmit eb tgm rmhasurmls mxtrn-ieatrnitun` pnydmats, tgna n stnalnrl be`èw tgm smtt`mdmats i`nusm.Ymm, gewmvmr,Ona Hasurnaim Ie. @tlv. \nh [hao Hasurnaim Iedpnay @tlcmèw.

Ht hs imrtnha`y tgm insm tgnt, be`èwhao @nainsghrm Ieuaty Ieuaih`v. Duahihpn` Dutun` Hasurnaim @hdhtmlV>88=T @[email protected]. 389, ht hs

aet ieatrnry te puc`hi pe`hiy ber hasurnaim te ievmr cetg iedpmasntery nwnrls nal nwnrls eb mxmdp`nry lndnoms nonhast tgm hasurml,nal suig `hnch`hthms ina cm pnssml cy tgm rmhasurml te tgm rmhasurmr prevhlml tgmrm hs n subbhihmat`y i`mnr ieatrnitun` ec`honthea te le se.Ea`y wgmrm tgmrm hs na m`mdmat eb dern` iu`pnch`hty lmimht, brnul, lhsgeamsty er rmif`mssamssieu`l tgm hasurmr rmbusm te pny, ertgm rmhasurmr te halmdahby.

Eam etgmr nspmit tgnt gns ymt te cm julhihn``y mxpèrml hs tgm `hnch`hty eb tgm rmhasurmr te halmdahby tgm rmhasurml ha shtuntheas wgmrmtgm rmhasurml gns cmma rmquhrml cy tgm ieurt te pny derm te tgm hasurml ualmr smithea => eb tgm Yuprmdm Ieurt Nit >87>, wgmrm tgmèshao pnrty te `mon` preimmlhaos gns cmma tgm rmhasurml ha n`` cut andm, nal bhvm irhtmrhn gnvm cmma snthsbhml, m.o. tgm rmhasurml bualmlnal iealuitml tgm `hthonthea, nal tgm lmbmaim bnh`ml ha hts mathrmty. Ha tgm ncsmaim eb nay hdp`hml tmrd pest-Cnfmrv. C`nif Ymn (smmcmèw) ht hs ua`hfm`y tgnt rmhasurmrs weu`l cm `hnc`m ber mxtrn-ieatrnitun` tghrl pnrty `mon` iests.

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IGN[\MS 2 BE@@E_ \GM YM\\@MDMA\Y NALBE@@E_ \GM BES\]AMY

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Ha tgm ncsmaim eb i`mnr prevhshea ber tgm rmhasurmls iests ha tgm ieatrnit eb rmhasurnaim, tgm peshthea usml te cm inpnc`m eb lhvhsheahate twe pnrts. \gmsm nrm ns be``ews.

_gmrm tgm iests nal i`nhd teomtgmr le aet mximml tgm pe`hiy `hdhtHaCrhthsg Ledhaheas Omamrn` Hasurnaim Ie v. LulmrV>8>=T 3 F.C. 98< tgm Ieurt eb Nppmn` gm`l tgnt tgm iest eb rmnighao nsmtt`mdmat ieu`l cm rmievmrml bred tgm rmhasurmr, wge gnl te pny 22% eb tgm rmhasurmls iests, tgm rmhasurml gnvhao smtt`ml whtg tgmhasurml ber 22% eb hts `hnch`hty. \gm erhohan` ievmr wns ber 3;,=;;, nal tgm rmhasurnaim wns ea`y ber 3,=;;. \gm rmhasurmr tgmrmberm

pnhl >,;;;, h.m. 22% eb 3,=;;, mquhvn`mat te hts preperthea eb `hnch`hty ualmr tgm rmhasurnaim.Ha ieatrnst tgm ieurt rmbusml te nwnrl tgm iests eb tgm rmhasurml ha prevhao tgnt gm wns aet `hnc`m te tgm hasurml ha Yietthsg

Dmtrepe`htna Nssurnaim Iev. Oreed(>83


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Ht hs sth`` epma te n imlnat te sgew tgnt tgmrm hs n iusted te tgm mbbmit tgnt tgm iests sgeu`l cm sgnrml, cut ht wh`` cm n iusted tgnt hs lhbbhiu`t te prevm.

\gm rmhasurml lhl aet smmf te rmievmr nay pnrt eb tgmhr evmrgmnls er bhxml iests, nal tgm ea`y iests ha hssum wmrm tgm vnrhnc`m iests spmihbhi te tgm

pnrthiu`nr i`nhd, m.o. `mon` mxpmasms ha lmbmalhao tgm i`nhd, cut aet tgm iest eb tgm sn`nrhms eb tgm i`nhds dnanomr wge weu`l cm mdpèyml naywny,

mvma tgeuog tgmy wmrm lmn`hao whtg tgm i`nhd ha qumsthea. \gm syalhintm n`se ieabhaml hts npp`hinthea ber iests te preperthean` rmhasurnaim nal ht wns

amvmr suoomstml tgnt tgm rmhasurmr sgeu`l cm `hnc`m ber iests ha aea-preperthean` rmhasurnaim ha tgm ncsmaim eb nay mxprmss prevhshea te tgnt mbbmit.

Ina tgm nitheas eb tgm rmhasurmr ohvm rhsm te `hnch hty wgmrm tgmy aet ea`y prmvmat tgm rmhasurml bred rmnighao na normmdmat whtg tgm hasurml, cut n`se

ohvm rhsm te n `hnch`hty eb tgm rmhasurml wghig hs ha mximss eb tgm rmhasurnaim `hdht eb halmdahty5 Ha HIN v. YIESnllhthean` lndnoms eb $2;;,;;; wmrm

pnync`m cy tgm rmhasurml cminusm tgm rmhasurmr weu`l aet npprevm nay smtt`mdmat nal weu`l aet lhvuòm tgm haberdnthea wghig dny gnvm nsshstml tgm

rmhasurml te rmbutm tgm i`nhd er rmnig n iedpredhsm.

Secmrt Oebb @.J. snhl tgnt tgm mbbmit eb tgm i`nhds ie-epmrnthea i`nusm wns tgnt hb n smtt`mdmat hs dnlm whtgeut tgm npprevn` eb tgm rmhasurmr, ht inaaet

cm rm`hml upea ns n smtt`mdmat nutgerhsml cy tgm pe`hiy, nal se inaaet ieasthtutm n smtt`mdmat wghig tgm rmhasurmrs nrm ceual te be`èw ualmr tgm be`èw

tgm smtt`mdmats i`nusm (hchl., p. 993). Ht hs tgmrmberm i`mnr tgnt tgm prmsmaim eb tgm i`nhds ie-epmrnthea i`nusm wns na evmrrhlhao ieashlmrnthea ha rmspmit

eb mxtrn-ieatrnitun` pnydmats. \ghs i`nusm gns cmma rmbhaml shaim YIES, ha Ona Hasurnaim Ie. @tlv. \nh [hao Hasurnaim Ie. @tl (Ae. 3) V3;;>T 3 N``

M.S. (Iedd) 388 (smm n`se Ignptmr ?) wgmrm tgm Ieurt eb Nppmn` gm`l tgnt n prevhshea ha n rmhasurnaim trmnty tgnt tgm rmhasurmrs wmrm te npprevm nay

smtt`mdmat wns sucjmit te qun`hbhinthea. Dnaim @.J. mxp`nhaml tgnt suig qun`hbhinthea lems aet nrhsm bred nay prhaihp`ms er ieashlmrntheas spmihn` te tgm

`nw eb hasurnaim. Ht nrhsms bred tgm anturm nal purpesm eb tgm rm`mvnat ieatrnitun` prevhshea. Gm wmat ea: ht hs pesshc`m te mavhsnom ihriudstnaimsha wghig rmhasurmrs rmbusn` er npprevn` ieu`l tnfm p`nim ber rmnseas mxtrnameus te tgm i`nhd nal prmjulhim hasurmrs.

Gewmvmr, wgmtgmr tgm ieurts wh`` hdp`y suig n tmrd wh`` lmpmal ea tgm bnits. N`tgeuog ht dny cm mnshmr te hdp`y suig n tmrd tgna eam wgmrmcy ieasmat

hs aet te cm uarmnseanc`y whtggm`l (lmsphtm tgm bhalhao eb @eaoderm J. eb na hdp`hml tmrd tgnt tgm rmhasurmr weu`l aet uarmnseanc`y whtgge`l ieasmat)

tgm Ieurt eb Nppmn` tgeuogt tgm tmrd te cm hdp`hml wns tgnt tgm whtgge lhao eb npprevn` sgeu`l tnfm p`nim ha oeel bnhtg nbtmr ieashlmrnthea eb nal ea

tgm cnshs eb tgm bnits ohvhao rhsm te tgm pnrthiu`nr i`nhd, nal aet whtg rmbmrmaim te ieashlmrntheas wge``y mxtrnameus te tgm sucjmit dnttmr eb tgm

pnrthiu`nr rmhasurnaim er nrchtrnrh`y.

Dnaim @.J. wmat ea te nll tgnt hb nay burtgmr hdp`hinthea wmrm te cm dnlm ht weu`l cm nèao tgm `hams tgnt tgm rmhasurmr wh`` aet whtgge`l npprevn`

nrchtrnrh`y, er wh`` aet le se ha ihriudstnaims se mxtrmdm tgnt ae rmnseanc`m iedpnay ha hts peshthea ieu`l pesshc`y whtgge`l npprevn`. \ghs wh`` aet

erlhanrh`y nll dntmrhn``y te tgm rmquhrmdmat tgnt tgm rmhasurmr sgeu`l berd n omauham vhmw ns te tgm nppreprhntmamss eb smtt`mdmat er iedpredhsm

whtgeut tnfhao hate niieuat ieashlmrntheas mxtrnameus te tgm sucjmit dnttmr eb tgm rmhasurnaim.

ONA Hasurnaim Ie. @tlv. \nh [hao Hasurnaim Ie. @tl (Ae. 3)

HaONA Hasurnaim Ie. @tlv. \nh [hao Hasurnaim Ie. @tl (Ae. 3)tgm Ieurt eb Nppmn` èefml nt tgm i`nhds ieatre` i`nusm (wghig gnl cmma rmvhsml nbtmr

HINv. YIESte dnfm mnig nspmit n iealhthea prmimlmat). \gm Ieddmrihn` Ieurt gnl cmma nsfml te ieashlmr wgmtgmr n tmrd sgeu`l cm hdp`hml hate tgm

rmhasurnaim ieatrnit te tgm mbbmit tgnt rmhasurmrs weu`l aet whtgge`l tgmhr npprevn` te n smtt`mdmat ua`mss ht gnl rmnseanc`m oreuals ber lehao se, mvma

wgmrm tgm i`nhds ieatre` i`nusm wns n iealhthea prmimlmat. Ht snhl tgnt tgm rhogt eb n rmhasurmr te rmbusm te npprevm n smtt`mdmat whtgeut rmnseanc`m

oreuals ber se lehao weu`l lmbmnt tgm purpesm eb tgm rmhasurnaim, nal tgnt suig n tmrd tgnt tgm rmhasurmrs weu`l aet uarmnseanc`y whtgge`l hts ieasmat

weu`l cm hdp`hml. \e berim tgm rmhasurml te `hthontm ghs `hnch`hty whtg tgm hasurml ha mvmry insm hs uaieddmrihn` nal uacushamss`hfm, nal ua`hfm`y te

gnvm cmma tgm hatmathea eb tgm pnrthms.

\gm Ieurt eb Nppmn` stnrtml bred tgm prmdhsm tgnt tgm pnrthms nrm brmm te ieatrnit ea wgntmvmr cnshs tgmy whsgml nal npp`hml tgm trnlhthean` tmsts eb

hdp`hintheaamimsshty ber cushamss mbbhiniy, nal tgm ecvheus cut uamxprmssml hatmathea eb tgm pnrthms. Dnaim @.J. pehatml eut tgnt tgm amimsshty ber tgm

rmhasurml te ectnha n julodmat nonhast htsm`b ha erlmr te i`nhd nonhast hts rmhasurmr prevhlml strhaomat pretmithea te tgm rmhasurmr, wghig ieu`l aet gnvm

cmma hatmalml cy tgm pnrthms whtgeut sedm qun`hbhinthea, wghig ha ghs vhmw wns tgnt tgm rmhasurmrs rhogt te whtgge`l npprevn` te n smtt`mdmat sgeu`l cm

mxmrihsml ha oeel bnhtg nbtmr ieashlmrnthea eb tgm bnits ohvhao rhsm te tgm i`nhd nal whtgeut ieashlmrnthea eb dnttmrs wge``y mxtrnameus te tgm sucjmit

dnttmr eb tgm rmhasurnaim. \gm rmhasurmr dust aet whtgge`l npprevn` nrchtrnrh`y er ha ihriudstnaims se mxtrmdm tgnt ae rmnseanc`m rmhasurmr ieu`l

pesshc`y whtgge`l npprevn`. Ht dust ieashlmr tgm ualmr`yhao i`nhd ns n wge`m whtgeut rmonrl te hts ewa smithean` mxpesurm ns n rmhasurmr, nal weu`l

tgmrmberm gnvm te lhsrmonrl hts nch`hty te habùmaim tgm rmhasurmls npprenig te naetgmr i`nhd, pnrthiu`nr`y cminusm n rmhasurnaim ieatrnit irmntms n



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iedduahty eb hatmrmst cmtwmma hasurmr nal rmhasurmr, andm`y tgnt eb lmtmrdhahao gew cmst te lmn` whtg tgm erhohan` i`nhd. \gus, n rmhasurmr dust aet

usm hts rhogt te rmbusm npprevn` ns na nttmdpt te habùmaim tgm rmhasurml ha rm`nthea te n dnttmr nrhshao ualmr naetgmr quhtm smpnrntm rmhasurnaim6 ns na

nttmdpt te gnrd tgm rmhasurml ns n iedpmthter er ha tgm myms eb n èin` rmou nter6 shdp`y te lm`ny pnydmat ber ns èao ns pesshc`m lmsphtm ht cmhao i`mnr

tgnt tgm i`nhd wh`` gnvm te cm pnhl6 er te berim tgm rmhasurml te `hthontm ha tgm gepm tgnt sedm lmbmaim te tgm ualmr`yhao i`nhd dhogt mdmrom lurhao tgm

nithea. \gm lmihshea wns aet uanahdeus nal wns eam wghig seuogt te ohvm ouhlnaim rntgmr tgna erlmr tgm lmi`nrnthea ha tgm tmrds seuogt cy tgm

rmhasurml, wge èst tgm insm.

\gm Ieurt eb Nppmn` ha [nrnoea Bhanaim pì v. AnsgV3;;>T M_IN Ihv > eb tgm Yuprmdm Ieurt Nit >87> wghig manc`ms n ieurt te nwnrl iests nonhast nay pmrsea, wgmtgmr er aet tgnt

pmrsea hs pnrty te tgm `hthonthea er n tghrl pnrty. Yuig n shtunthea weu`l ea`y nrhsm ha tgm mvmat tgnt tgm rmhasurml gnl cmiedm hase`vmat cut gnl haiurrml

`hnch hty te tgm hasurml ber tgm hasurmls `mon` iests ha mstnc hsghao tgm `hnch`hty eb tgm rmhasurml te ht. Yhaim >882 tgmrm gns cmma n spntm eb insms ea tghs

pehat, dest aetnc`y Durpgy v. Xeuaos Crmwmry V>882T @[email protected]. 2;, \ON Ignpdna @hdhtml v. Igrhstepgmr V>887T > N`` M.S. 7?9, [malmaahs

Yghpynrl @hdhtmlv. Dnorntgmn ([malmaahs) @hdhtmlV>887T > @èyls Smp. 9>=, Oèuimstmr Gmn`tg Nutgerhty v. \erpyV>888T @èyls Smp. HS 3;9,

Ihthcnaf ANv. Mximss Hasurnaim Ie. @hdhtmlV>888T @èyls Smp. HS >33,Ierdnif & Ierdnifv. Mximss Hasurnaim Ie. @hdhtmlV3;;3T @èyls Smp.

HS 897,Crhste` & _mst [ìv. CnglrmsnV>888T @èyls Smp. HS >97nal Deaftea Ieurt @hdhtmlv. [mrry [rewsm (Hasurnaim Ymrvhims) @hdhtmlV3;;3T

@èyls Smp. HS 9?9< eb >88> V>883T 3 @èyls Smp. =. \gm insm nresm bred na npp hinthea cy na uahlmathbhmlhasurnaim/rmhasurnaim iedpnay te strhfm eut n whalhao-up pmththea wghig wns prmsmatml cy Indcrhlom Sm (aet ha `hquhlnthea,



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n`tgeuog erlmrml te cm weual up ha Cmrduln ha Dny >87=). Eam eb tgm prhaihpn` lhbbhiu`thms bniml cy `hquhlnters eb rmhasurnaimiedpnahms hs tgnt tgm whalhao-up eb suig iedpnahms ina tnfm dnay ymnrs cminusm tgm amml te rua-ebb tgm pertbe he eb cushamss wrhttmacy tgm hase`vmat iedpnay. Ha n aevm` nal hdnohanthvm rmspeasm te tghs prec`md, tgm `hquhlnters eb Indcrhlom Sm npp`hml te tgmCmrdulhna ieurt te ectnha hts npprevn` te nitunrhn` vnùntheas eb ieathaomat i`nhds nal i`nhds eb uaimrtnha vnùm. \gmsm nitunrhn`vnùntheas wmrm npprevml cy tgm ieurt. \gm rmhasurnaim iedpnay sucdhttml, gewmvmr, tgnt tgm erlmr eb tgm Cmrdulhna ieurt wns aetchalhao ea ht ns tgm vnùntheas wmrm aet èss smtt`mdmats ualmr tgm rmhasurnaim normmdmat ieaimraml.

\ghs insm wns gmnrl cy n lmputy julom, Dr Seomr Fnym Î, wge dnlm tgm be`èwhao hatmrmsthao ecsmrvntheas nceut tgm qumstheaualmr lhsiusshea:

Ht smmds te dm tgnt tgmrm hs n smrheus nal iedp`mx nroudmat eb ieastruithea ns te wgmtgmr, ha tgm pnrthiu`nr ihriudstnaim eb tgm insm, tgm vnùnthea

pursunat te tgm Cmrdulhna ieurt erlmr ieu`l cm n èss smtt`mdmat ns suoomstml. Ns H gnvm mxp`nhaml ncevm, tgm rmbmrmaim ha Nrthi`m >= te èss

smtt`mdmats smmds nt bhrst cùsg te prmsuppesm tgnt na nitun` èss gns nrhsma nal cmma smtt`ml cy normmdmat cmtwmma tgm nssurml nal tgm hasurmr nal aet

te rm`ntm te na nitunrhn` vnùnthea eb ieathaomat i`nhds er i`nhds eb uaimrtnha vnùm, sth`` `mss ha tgm ieatmxt eb na erlmr pmrdhtthao n vnùnthea wghig

wns prhaihpn``y dnlm nal mxprmss`y dnlm chalhao ber tgm purpesms eb tgm `hthonthea ea`y nal wghig bhxml tgm `hnch`hthms eb tgm [mththeamr prhdnrh`y whtg

n vhmw te lhvhlmal nal tgm thdhao eb preebs. Ea tgm etgmr gnal, H gnvm ieashlmrnc`m sydpntgy whtg tgm `hquhlnters. \gmhr nroudmat gns tgm ualeuctml

dmrht eb oeel ieddea smasm nal hs ha fmmphao whtg tgm vhmws Vmxprmssml ha tgm prmvheus insmsT. Ht dny wm`` cm tgnt tgm ieasmqumathn` mbbmit hs tgnt ht

n`se smrvms te bhx tgm ualmr`yhao `hnch`hty ber tgm purpesms eb i`nhds cy tgm [mththeamr nonhast rmhasurmrs. Ht dny wm`` cm tgnt dnay rmhasurmrs lhl aet

ign``maom tgm erlmr. Ht dny cm tgnt tgm iedpnay weu`l aet cm nc`m te er weu`l aet whsg te ign``maom tgm nitunrhn` dmtgeleèoy Ha dy julomdmat,

gewmvmr, tgm gmnrhao eb na hatmrèiutery npp`hinthea te strhfm eut n _halhao-]p [mththea nal tgm gmnrhao eb tgm _halhao-]p [mththea htsm`b hs aet tgm

nppreprhntm berud ber rmse`vhao wgnt ieu`l cm na hdpertnat nal smrheus dnttmr eb bnit nal `nw nbbmithao tgm hasurnaim nal rmhasurnaim dnrfmt ns n

wge`m.

\gmrm nrm imrtnha`y halhintheas ha tgm ncevm ecsmrvntheas tgnt Mao`hsg ieurts weu`l cm sydpntgmthi te nroudmat tgnt vnùntheas ebHCAS i`nhds npprevml cy n ieurt sgeu`l cm ieashlmrml te cm èss smtt`mdmats ualmr mximss eb èss trmnthms. Gewmvmr, tgmsmecsmrvntheas sgeu`l cm vhmwml whtg ieashlmrnc`m inuthea ha ieaamithea whtg tghs pnrthiu`nr insm cminusm:

(n) \gm lmputy julom mxprmss`y lmi`haml te mxprmss nay ieaiùlml vhmw nceut tgm npp`hinthea eb tgm èss smtt`mdmatprevhshea te tgm nitunrhn` vnùnthea eb tgm HCAS rmsmrvms.Ha Sm n Iedpnayhs, tgmrmberm,aetnutgerhty ber tgm prepeshtheatgnt HCAS i`nhds, mvma hb tgmy nrm qunathbhml, nrm èss smtt`mdmats ualmr mximss eb èss trmnthms.

(c) \gm Mao`hsg ieurts gnvm omamrn``y cmma sydpntgmthi te nroudmats tgnt rmhasurmrs sgeu`l aet cm n`èwml te mvnlm tgmhr`mon` `hnch`hthms cminusm tgmhr rmhasurmls nrm hase`vmat.

(i) \gm bnit tgnt nitunrhn` vnùntheas gnl cmma npprevml cy tgm Cmrdulhna ieurt wns n burtgmr spmihn` bniter bnveurhao ncrenl hatmrprmtnthea eb èss smtt`mdmat ha tgm ncevm lmihshea.

INA \GM HAY]SML I@NHD NONHAY\ \GM SMHAY]SMS HB\GM SMHAY]SML BNH@Y \E [NX GHY

I@NHD, ES CMIEDMYHAYE@RMA\5\gm hasurml gns ae ieatrnitun` `haf whtg tgm rmhasurmr nal tgm ieatrnit cmtwmma tgm rmhasurmr nal rmhasurml hs eb ae ieaimra eb ghs,ua`mss ht ieatnhas n iut-tgreuog i`nusm.

N iut-tgreuog i`nusm ina ebtma cm beual mhtgmr ns na halersmdmat ea tgm hasurnaim pe`hiy er derm berdn``y ieatnhaml ns n i`nusm hatgm cely eb tgm ieatrnit eb rmhasurnaim. Yuig i`nusms nrm usun``y normml ber tgm purpesms eb dnrfmthao cy tgm hasurmr te tgm hasurml ebtgm bnit tgnt tgmrm sgeu`l cm subbhihmat smiurhty cmghal tgm hasurmr sgeu`l nay hase`vmaiy eiiur, er n`tmranthvm`y wgmrm tgm hasurml hsnaxheus nceut tgm ieathauhao nch`hty eb hts hasurmr te dmmt i`nhds. N tghrl pnrty, h.m. tgm hasurml, wh`` gnvm tgm rhogt te maberim nieatrnitun` tmrd mhtgmr:

(n) hb tgm ieatrnit mxprmss`y prevhlms ber tghs te gnppma6 er(c) hb tgm tmrd ha qumsthea ieabmrs n cmambht ea tgm tghrl pnrty, ua`mss ht hs i`mnr, ea n trum ieastruithea eb tgm ieatrnit, tgnt tghs

wns aet hatmalml.

\gm hasurml tghrl pnrty tgma gns tgm sndm rhogts te maberim tgm ieatrnit ns hb gm wmrm eam eb tgm erhohan` shoanterhms. \ghs dmnas tgntsuig n rhogt hs sucjmit te tgm rmhasurnaim ieatrnits tmrds nal iealhtheas, se, ber mxndp`m, hb ht prevhlms tgnt rhogts nrhshao ualmr ht wh`èa`y cm maberimnc`m whtgha n imrtnha thdm `hdht, tgm hasurml wh`` cm ceual cy tghs. N tghrl pnrty smmfhao te maberim hts rhogts ina tnfmnlvnatnom eb n`` tgm rmdmlhms nvnh`nc`m te n pmrsea crhaohao n i`nhd ber crmnig eb ieatrnit, cut tgm aerdn` ru`ms eb `nw, haiùlhaotgesm rm`nthao te inusnthea, rmdetmamss nal dhthonthea, npp`y mqun``y te tgm tghrl pnrtys i`nhd. Ht ieasthtutms mhtgmr n prherhty pnydmatnrrnaomdmat ha ihriudstnaims wgmrm ht hs hatmalml tgnt tgm hasurml ina gnvm tgm cmambht eb nay rmhasurnaim rmimhvnc`ms lum te tgmrmhasurmr nal ha prherhty te etgmr irmlhters, er n lhrmit pnydmat nrrnaomdmat ha ihriudstnaims wgmrm tgm hasurml hs matht`ml te ge`l tgmrmhasurmr smiealnrh`y rmspeashc`m te dmmt hts i`nhds. ]abertuantm`y ha shtuntheas wgmrm tgm hasurmr cmiedms hase`vmat, suigmxpmitntheas nrm bn`sm. N`tgeuog n iut-tgreuog i`nusm weu`l i`mnr`y snthsby cetg `hdcs eb tgm tmst ualmr tgm Ieatrnits (Shogts eb \ghrl[nrthms) Nit >888, ht hs n inrlhan` prhaihp`m eb Mao`hsg hasurnaim `nw tgnt n`` irmlhters eb na hase`vmat iedpnay sgeu`l rmimhvm mqun`trmntdmat eb tgm `hdhtml buals nvnh`nc`m te tgm `hquhlnter eb tgnt iedpnay ea n pre rntn cnshs.



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6/6

\gm Geusm eb @erls dnlm tghs i`mnr ha Crhthsg Mno`m Hatmranthean` Nhr`hams @hdhtmlv. Iedpnoahm Anthean`m Nhr Brnaim V>87=T >[email protected]. ?=7, ha wghig n i`mnrhao normmdmat prevhlml ber du`th-`ntmrn` amtthao ebb cut wns gm`l vehl ha rmspmit eb tgm prevhshea berpnydmat eb lmcts wghig ieab`hitml whtg tgm pnrh pnssu hase`vmaiy prhaihp`m. N`` i`nhds stnal nèam nal inaaet cm nbbmitml cy naynormmdmat te amt ebb. \gus tgm `hquhlnter wns nc`m te rmievmr suds wghig gnl aet cmma amttml ebb prher te tgm prmsmatnthea eb nwhalhao-up pmththea nonhast tgm crefmr, mvma tgeuog tgm VhasurmlT gnl nutgerhsml tgm epmrnthea ber tgm devmdmat eb buals tgreuog tgmimatrn` niieuathao systmd wghig uth`hsml amtthao ebb.

Iut-tgreuog i`nusms nrm hatmalml te masurm tgnt tgm hasurml hs pnhl ha prherhty te etgmr irmlhters. ]abertuantm`y, gewmvmr, tghsprhaihp`m hs sucjmit n`se te na evmrrhlhao ecjmithvm eb puc`hi pe`hiy te nighmvm mquhtnc`m trmntdmat eb irmlhters eb hase`vmat iedpnahms,nal ht shdp`y wns aet niimptnc`m tgnt na hase`vmat lmcter (tgm rmhasurml) ieu`l ieatrnit eut eb tghs prhaihp`m te tgm cmambht eb eam eb htsirmlhters.

Burtgmr, tgm prec`mds eut`haml ncevm ha rm`nthea te nttmdpts cy tgm hasurml te n``mom tgnt n trust gns cmma smt up ha hts bnveur wh``n`se npp`y. Mao`hsg ieurts èef nt nttmdpts te n``mom tgnt trusts mxhst ha bnveur eb eam irmlhter vmry inrmbu``y ha shtuntheas have`vhaohase`vmaiy. Eam etgmr epthea weu`l cm ber tgm ieatrnit eb hasurnaim te prevhlm ber na nsshoadmat cy tgm hasurmr te tgm hasurml eb tgmrhogt te cm pnhl nay rmhasurnaim deahms pnync`m te tgm rmhasurml, cut suig na nsshoadmat dny ohvm rhsm te tgm amml te rmohstmr tgmsmiurhty. Hb tgm nppreprhntm rmohstrnthea berdn`hthms nrm aet bu``y iedp`hml whtg, tgm smiurhty weu`l cm uamaberimnc`m nonhast etgmrirmlhters eb tgm hasurmr ha tgm mvmat eb hts hase`vmaiy.

Derm rmimat`y haAmdohn v. NOB Ge`lhaos V>88?T 3 [email protected]. >8>, Amdohn, na hasurmr, se`l pnrts eb hts cushamss te NOB wge n`sermhasurml etgmr cushamss (wghig Amdohn rmtnhaml). NOB niquhrml tgm oeelwh`` eb Amdohns pe`hiyge`lmrs nal amoethntml nal normmli`nhds lhrmit whtg tgm pe`hiyge`lmrs, n`tgeuog NOB nitun` y pnhl tgm i`nhds ea cmgn`b eb Amdohn. Amdohn wmat hate `hquhlnthea nal htwns bmnrml tgnt tgm `hquhlnter weu`l rmquhrm NOB te pny te Amdohn n`` suds lum nbtmr tgm ieddmaimdmat eb tgm `hquhlnthea, pnync`m

ualmr tgm rmhasurnaim normmdmat, wghig weu`l tgma gnvm cmma nvnh`nc`m te dmmt tgm i`nhds eb etgmr irmlhters. Burtgmr, Amdohnpe`hiyge`lmrs dhogt aet rmamw whtg NOB nal se NOB normml te pny tgm Amdohn pe`hiyge lmrs lhrmit ha rmtura ber na nsshoadmat bredtgmd eb tgmhr i`nhd nonhast Amdohn. NOB tgmrmcy prmvmatml i`nhds cmhao bh`ml nonhast Amdohn nal Amdohn, gnvhao subbmrml ae èss,wns uanc`m te i`nhd ea tgm rmhasurnaim pe`hiy nonhast NOB.

\gm ieurt gm`l tgnt tghs Lhrmit [nydmat Nrrnaomdmat lhl aet inusm Amdohn nay nitheanc`m èss nal wns amutrn` te hts hase`vmatstntm. \gm lmihshea (n`tgeuog lmihlml ea anrrew ieatrnit hssums) tgmrmberm rmvmn`s gew tgm halmdahty anturm eb tgm ieatrnit cmtwmmana hasurmr nal rmhasurmr dny ce`stmr tgm hasurmls nch`hty te ectnha na mbbmithvm iut-tgreuog cy tghs dmnas. \gm hase`vmat mstntm hsrm`hmvml shdu`tnameus y eb cetg tgm cmambht eb tgm rmhasurnaim rmimhvnc`m nal tgm curlma eb tgm rm`mvnat hasurnaim `hnch`hty. Ae prhvhtyeb ieatrnit nrhsms n`tgeuog tghs nal etgmr iut-tgreuog dmignahsds dny ohvm rhsm te etgmr `mon` nal rmou`ntery hssums, pnrthiu`nr`y nsrmonrls se`vmaiy dnrohas nal hase`vmaiy.

Yuig lhrmit pnydmat nrrnaomdmats dny cm rm`nthvm`y strnhogtberwnrl te maohammr ha bniu`tnthvm trnasnitheas cut wh`` cm duig dermlhbbhiu`t te amoethntm ha tgm ieatmxt eb mximss er aea-preperthean` trmnty rmhasurnaim.

\gm Ieatrnits (Shogts eb \ghrl [nrthms) Nit >888 hs ua`hfm`y te cm maberiml cy tgm ieurts ha bnveur eb tgesm irmlhters eb na

hase`vmat hasurmr (lmsphtm tgmhr bermshogt ha nttmdpthao te pretmit tgmhr peshthea) cminusm te le se weu`l cm te lmstrey tgm pnrh pnssuru`m, n prhdnry tmamt eb hase`vmaiy `nw nal htsm b tgm preluit eb puc`hi pe`hiy: bnhramss te nal mqun`hty te n``. Ht wh`` cm ber tgm ieurts termieaih m tgm hatmrnithea eb tgm tghrl pnrty rhogts dnlm maberimnc`m cy tgm Nit nal tgm prhaihp m eb pnrh pnssu lhstrhcuthea hahase`vmaiy. Iut-tgreuog i`nusms weu`l nppmnr te cm uaecjmitheanc`m ha shtuntheas tgnt le aet have`vm hase`vmaiy, cut tgmy cmiedm eb`hdhtml vnùm ha tgmsm ihriudstnaims.



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