2. [Geography] Location Factors_ Sugar, Tea, Coffee, Rubber and Cocoa for UPSC General Studies Mains Paper 1 » Print

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9/23/13 Mrunal [Geography] Location Factors: Sugar, Tea, Coffee, Rubber and Cocoa for UPSC General Studies Mains Paper 1 Print

mrunal.org/2013/07/geography-location-factors-sugar-tea-coffee-rubber-and-cocoa-for-upsc-general-studies-mains-paper-1.html/print/

[Geography] Location Factors: Sugar, Tea, Coffee, Rubberand Cocoa for UPSC General Studies Mains Paper 1

1. Prologue

2. Plantations: Why?

1. Types of Plantation crops

2. Factor: Gestation

3. Factor: Price shocks

3. Sugar industry

1. Factor: Nature of Raw material

2. Desi-Sugar3. Cuba the Sugar bowl

4. Sugar beet

5. Tea

1. Black vs Green

2. Factor: break of the bulk (London)

3. Tea: Darjeeling

4. Tea: China

6. Coffee

1. Factor: American Revolution

2. Brazil: Sao Paulo3. Coffee: Kerala

7. Rubber Plantations

1. Processing of Natural Rubber

2. Factor: technology

3. Rubber: Malaysia

4. Rubber: Kerala

5. Factors: Why decline in S.America

8. Cocoa

1. Ghana, Cocoa Triangle

2. Factor: Processing

9. Mock Questions

Prologue

In the last three articles, we saw

1. timber and fish industry

2. Natural fibers: wool, cotton, silk and jute

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mrunal.org/2013/07/geography-location-factors-sugar-tea-coffee-rubber-and-cocoa-for-upsc-general-studies-mains-paper-1.html/print/ 2

3. Wheat, Corn, Milk, Meat, Pig, Poultry, Vegetable and Wine

Now lets examine location factors for a few beverage and

plantation crops viz. tea, coffee, cocoa, sugar and rubber.

Disclaimer as usual: not covering everything.

Plantations: Why?

Factors responsible for development of plantations in Asia and

America:

1. Suez Canal was opened in 1869= this reduce the distance

between Asia and Europe

2. sail based ship were replaced with steam based ship=faster,

more carrying capacity

3. Industrial revolution= demand for rubber as eraser,

waterproofing material+ consumer demand for tea, coffee,

tobacco.4. imperialism:

a. cheap labour = already available in colonies

b. Capital/finance= provided by Europeans.

there is some difference in the origin of Asian vs. American

plantations:

American

plantations Asian plantations

usually owned by rich

families

Setup, Financed and controlled by

commercial companies based in

Europe.

was started with help

of African slave labor.

with help of locals + indentured

laborers from India, China.

Types of Plantation crops

Three types based on relative maturation time and longevity of

production

type character

1. tree crops

lifecycle >2 years

take years to mature

remain productive for long period

oil palm, coconut, cocoa, rubber,

coffee
http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geography-location-factors-wheat-corn-milk-meat-pig-poultry-vegetable-and-wine.html


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2. field crops

Need less maintenance than tree

crops.

sugarcane, banana

3. annualssingle planting, harvested within a year

cotton, jute, tobacco, groundnut

Factor: Gestation

Plantation of rubber, cocoa, coffee= need large scale

investment, you will not see profit for many years, until the

tree matures.

Such crops are unsuitable for small scale planter because he

cant afford to keep land unproductive for more than a year.

Annual crop are better suited for smallholder, they allow

greater flexibility in planting followed by a harvest the same

year. Hence plantation system has almost retreated from

sub-tropics: they instead grow tobacco/cotton.

Factor: Price shocks

Even when the commodity prices fall in the world market,

the plantation owner must continue to operate, he cannot is

rapidly switch to another crop.

On the other hand small scale farmers can grow analternative crop to fetch them higher price. E.g. Many UP

farmers have shifted to other crops.

Sugar industry

Factor: Nature of Raw material

Sugar mills are located near sugar growing areas, because of two

factors

1. Perishable

sugarcane = contains sucrose

Once you cut the sugarcane, the

sucrose content starts to decline.

Hence raw material must be quickly

transported.

sugar accounts for only ~10% of the


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2. Weight-

loss

bulky sugarcane and therefore it is

prohibitively expensive to transport

sugarcane over long-distance in its

original form.

Sugar Mil l and sugar refinery of two separate location

principles

Sugar millSugarrefinery

Input sugarcane

raw Coarse

brown sugar

(from sugar

mill)

Process

Sugarcane iscrushed between

rollers=sugar

juice.

Sugar

juice+lime=boiling

and crystallization.

raw sugar

is refined

output

1. raw coarse brown

sugar= need further

refining

2. bagasse => fodder,

energy, paper-pulp

industry,

3. molasses=>

ethanol

Brown and white

sugars of

various grades.

LocationPrinciple

Must be located near

sugar-farming areas

because sugarcane being

bulky-perishable. e.g. in

Uttar Pradesh,

Maharahstra, South

Gujarat.

Incountries

like Japan

(which

rely on

imports),

the sugar

refineries

are setup

@ports or


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near

market

centers.

Lets examine the factors that led to growthDesi-videsisugar

industries

Desi-Sugar

Limiting factor=proximity to raw material. So sugar mills are

located in 30-50 kms radius of sugar-cultivating areas.

State Location (list non-exhaustive)

Maharahstra

Western Maharashtras river valleys

Sangli, Solapur, Satara

Ahmednagar, Pune, Nasik

Uttar Pradesh

Western UP and Terai region

Meerut, Moradabad, Muzaffarnagar

Sitapur, Gorakhpur, Sharanpur

Tamilnadu Coimbtore, Tiruchirapalli

KarnatakaChitradurg, Shimoga

Bijaipur, Belagaum, Bellary

Andhra Hyderabad, Nizamabad

Sugar mills: Maharashtra

factor impact

climate

For sugar, warmer climate=better yield=>

Maharashtra grows thicker variety of

sugarcane.

Proximity to Ocean=the difference between

minimum and maximum temp. During crop-

maturity months=very low=>increases sugar

yield.

sugar crushing season is longer


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soilBlack lava soil=fertile + retains water=>good

for growth.

energyMills use bagasse as fuel (recall Bagasse

cogeneration) = dont need coal.

transport Mumbai Port = helps in export.

labour available

Sugar: Uttar Pradesh

factor impact

soilpotash-lime in soil=helps in growth.

upper gangetic plain=rich fertile.

water Ganga, Yamuna and their numerous tributaries

energy use bagasse instead of coal for energy.

transport Dense road-network, flat terrain =easy transport.

laborSeasonal and migratory labour available=cost of

production low.

market large population=> high demand for gur, khandsari,sugar.

govt. sugar pricing=covered in a separate article. click me

Factor: North vs South

1. In South India: No loo, no frost+ moderating effect of

ocean=ideal for sugarcane growth.

2. But the sugarcane cultivate/industry in South India is not as

large as UP-Maharashtra belt, Why?

a. During British-raj, North India used to cultivate indigoas cash crop but then invention of synthetic

dyes=>farmers switched to sugarcane.

b. In South India, farmers have better cash-crop

alternatives e.g. cotton, tobacco, coconut, groundnut

etc. so you dont see a large sugarbelt unlike UP.

Ratooning technology

developed by Research insti. @Coimbatore
http://mrunal.org/2013/01/economy-sugar-pricing-decontrol-rangarajan-committee-frp-sap-meaning-issues-explained.html


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ratoon crop= during harvest, you dont uproot sugarcane,

leave the root intact => sugarcane grows again from that

root.

Advantage: time, money saved.

challenge: sugar-yield decreases on every cycle, after 1-2

years, you need to start fresh.

Cuba the Sugar bowlfactor impact

climateHot climate, the north east trade winds=

increase sugar yield.

sugarcaneFertile calcareous soil= Crops are obtained twice a

year.

capital

Large influx of American capital after the

Spanish American war helped sugar industry

of Cuba.

WW1 destroyed the farms in Europe, =

Americans had to rely more on Cuban Sugar=

prices soared, Americans invested more

money in Cuban mills and bought more area

under sugar cultivation.

marketCuba faces the USA (the greatest sugarmarket in the world)

not very far off from the north west European

countries

labor Initially started using slave labor.

govt.

policy

Until Fidel Castro took over in 1959, the

main export market was USA, but afterwards

most of the sugar was exported to USSR and

other communist countries.Castro confiscated the American owned

plantation and Estates, and redistributed land

among workers = smaller landholdings=

economy of scale declined=>unit production

cost got higher.

So, later he organized cooperative and Sugar

collectives. (like we saw in earlier in Rice:

China)


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Now passing references

USA

sugar is grown in Louisiana and Hawaii

but industry is highly mechanized because

lack of labour

Mauritius,

Fiji

sugarcane Grown with help of indentured labour

from India.

Sugar beet

German-climate unsuitable for sugar-cultivation.

They had to rely on imports=sugar-shortage during wartime.

Therefore, Germans developed a method to extract Sugar

from sugar beet, and encouraged the cultivation of sugarbeet for the strategic reasons of self reliance during war-

time.

Later industry spread in Belgium and France as well.

In European countries, cool autumn retains the sugar content

in root= higher yields.

Sugar juice makes up to 20% of the root= significant

weightloss. Therefore, just like sugarcane, sugar beet must

be processed quickly at nearby factories

But sugarbeet Factories cannot be fed consistently and only

operate during the harvest season= increases cost of

running.

Tea

Factors impact

raw

material

Tea leaves => tea involves considerable

weight loss. Hence tea processing is done

in the estate/plantation itself.

further blending/repacking could be done

break of the bulk location (e.g. port cities

like London)

Climate

frost=injures the leaves=>tea not grown

beyond Northern China / Honshu

very long winter=retards plant growth,

decreases yield


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Topography

doesnt like stagnant water=> has to be grown on

highland or hill slopese.g. hills of Darjiling,

Jalpaiguri or Nilgiri

Labor

Weeding, manure, pruning and plucking=

tedious job: need skill+ patience=>cheap

female labour force is essential. (recall the

same factor forsericulture developmentinIndia, China)

Since tea has to be grown in hill slopes,

mechanization =not possible (like in case

of wheat in Canada/corn in US)

Even while drying, rolling, fermentation,

grading and packaging of tea, skilled

manpower needed.

Therefore, tea plantation is done near areas

with high population density.

Black vs Green

black tea green tea

leave sun dried=>steam

rolled

=>fermented=>roasted.

result=considerable

weighloss henceprocessing done @the

estate itself before

exporting.

leaves heated immediately

with steam, not allowed to

ferment

Result=tannin content ishigher, gives a peculiar

taste and kick.

Indians and Europeans

like black tea

People in far east and Japan like

green tea more. They consume it

without adding sugar/milk

(obviously because this region

doesnt a have well developed

dairy industry.)

Factor: break of the bulk (London)

Break of the bulk=place where mode of transportation

changes e.g. waterway to railways.

The rise of London Tea Biz
http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geography-location-factors-wheat-corn-milk-meat-pig-poultry-vegetable-and-wine.html#19http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geography-location-factors-cotton-textile-wool-silk-jute-why-china-1-in-silk-why-textile-industry-in-osaka-manchester-lancashire-mumbai.html#575


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In the era of Colonization, British controlled Indian and Sri-

Lankan tea estates and had sphere of influencein China.

Therefore, lot of tea went to London port and from London

the large consignments were broken, various blends were

mixed and tea was re-exported to other European countries

+ USA (which was a colony of Britain at that time) + local

consumption.

The fall of London Tea Biz

In world history, we saw that Americans revolted against the

tea-tax imposed by Britain= Boston Tea Party, and then

American war of independence= Thus tea export to USA

declined, product became expensive, Americans shifted to

Coffee drinking.

Later Both Indian and Sri-Lanka gained independence,

Communist rule in China=now tea was exported directly to

the recipient country in Europe, rather than via middlemanLondon.

Tea: Darjeeling

Factors effect

Capital

Britain had accumulated truckload of wealth

from its Asian-African colonies + industrial

revolution.

By 1830s, monopoly over Chinese tea-tradewas lost with the entry of other European

players exercising sphere of influence over

China.

The indigo cropping in Bihar was not giving

good returns.

Suez Canal opened=distance reduced.

All ^these factors led to British FDI going

in the Indian tea-plantation activity.

Climate morning fog, low temperature=high grade leaf

water

Tista, Rangreej, Mahananda, Balason+ many

streams.

Gradual melting of Himalayan snow=feeds

water to rivers/streams even in dry season.

+south-west monsoon provided sufficient

water
http://mrunal.org/2013/07/old-ncert-world-history-ch8-american-revolution-causes-boston-tea-party-declaration-of-independence-part-1-of-4.html#148http://mrunal.org/2013/06/world-history-imperialism-colonization-china-japan-asia-boxer-rebellion-open-door-policy-sphere-of-influence.html#147


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soil soil has good quantity of

phosphorous+potash=>gives special flavor to

Darjeeling Tea.

Topography Grown in hills=no stagnant water.

Labour

Large estates have residential, school, hospital

facilities=>permanent labor force working for

generations.

marketYes, local + foreign demand.

Proximity to Kolkata port=good for export.

Tea: China

Mostly grown on Yangtze-Kiang and Sikiang valleys

Factors effect

Climate summer monsoon keeps the temp good for teaTopography hills

Labour

grown and used since ancient times= people

are skilled @growing tea.

Famers grow tea on the nearby hills as

secondary crop for additional income,

otherwise primary crop is rice.

Compared to Indian Estates, Chinese tea

Farms are smaller, usually less than 1 acre.

market

Yes local + foreign demand. Yangtze-Kiang

leads to Shanghai port. And Location

advantages of Shanghai port alreadydiscussed

in Textile article.

Although most Europeans prefer Indian

black tea because it is stronger than Chinese

variety.

Some passing reference to other countries and factors

country factors

Japanmountain slopes

red volcanic soil containing a lot of iron
http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geography-location-factors-cotton-textile-wool-silk-jute-why-china-1-in-silk-why-textile-industry-in-osaka-manchester-lancashire-mumbai.html#367


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Sri

Lanka

Cheap labour, good climate, hills

British tried coffee, but a blight in 1870s

wiped out coffee plantation => shifted to tea.

Indonesia Ocean breeze and cheap supply of female labour

Coffee

factor impact

Temperature

Coffee needs to be protected from direct

sunlight, especially when plant is young.

in Yemen / Ethiopia annual rainfall is less

than 20 inches but still coffee grows well

because thick sea mist=provides moisture

and protects from excessive heat.

Topography

Coffee likes abundant moisture but hates

waterlogging=>hilly slopes receiving

orographic rainfall are best suited for

coffee.

Hill slops facing the sea=even better,

because they benefit from the mist and sea

breezes=cooler. (and coffee hates direct

sunlight/heat)

Labor

Berry has to be picked by hand, sorting the

ripe berries from leaves, twigs etc. also

needs patience and skill.

Since coffee has to be grown in hillslopes,

large scale mechanization =not possible

(unlike wheat in Canada or Corn/Cotton in

US)

Market

Coffee loses flavour quickly after beingroasted. Therefore, only preliminary

processing done in exporting country, and

roasting done in the importing country.

Factor: American Revolution

Initially the Europeans that had settled in USA, consumed

tea imported from Britain.


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But then King George imposed heavy tax on tea exported to

USA => Boston tea party revolt + American war of

independence=> tea supply halted= Americans switched to

Coffee and thus USA became major market for Brazil and

Columbian coffee cultivators.

Lets check some important coffee growing regions and factor

responsible.

Brazil: Sao Paulo

Coffee grown in the North-Eastern region of Brazil. Brazilian

Coffee plantations are called fazendas (because in Portuguese,

Fazenda=farm)

Factor Impact

Soil

volcanic soil known as terra roxa (red

soil)= rich in minerals, potash and humus

soil remains productive for many years of

coffee cultivation without requiring

additional fertilizers.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/97816112@N02/9382690945/


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Temp

in Brazil tall leguminous plants are used to

provide shade + enrich the soil with

nitrogen fixing bacteria

Brazilian current=mist=keeps temperature

moderate.

moderate temp= not much shade needed +

lower occurrence of diseases

Transport

Special railways passing through hills and

tunnels to connect plantations to port

cities of Rio De Janeiro etc.

Labor

they move from one estate to another

Their wages are low, but they are allowed

to grow maize, vegetables, rear poultry for

personal use in thefazendas.

MarketUniversal demand, except where tea is the main

beverage.

Competition

in 1870s, a blight disease destroyed Sri

Lankan Coffee plantation, hence Brazil

took the opportunity to fillup the vaccum

in world market.

They cleared the virgin forest and started

coffee plantations. When soil startedlosing fertility theyd simply destroy more

forest and move interior to make another

plantation => low unit production cost

because no fertilizer used.

Coffee: Kerala

Kerala=> Western Ghats + Nilgiri Hills region = suited for bothTea+coffee.

Factor impact

Soil

red soil=best suited

Hill areas of Kozhikode, Palakkad,

Malappuram, Kottayam=no stagnant water


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Temp

Coffee grown on Northern and Eastern slopes

of the ghat (Because coffee hates direct

sunlight)

Moderating effect of Lakshadweep sea= temp

stays ~25 throughout the year.

Transport Kochi port

Market Kochi port to (mostly) Italy+local demand in SouthIndia

Rubber Plantations

factor impact

Raw

Material

Natural Rubber is obtained from latex of

rubber trees.

Latex=white milky liquid, collected by making

cut on rubber tree bark.Latex=contains 30-40% rubber, rest material

lost during processing => preliminary

processing is done near Raw material site.

climatehates cold + likes abundant moisture=both

condition met near tropics

labour

Tapper need to make cuts deep enough to chopthe latex tube but without damaging

cambium=need skill.

Latex is collected by affixing artificial cups on

the tree bark.

but latex will coagulate in cup, if kept for

long=> tapper needs to collect latex regularly

Hence rubber collection=need lot of laborers.

Processing of Natural Rubber

Latex from tree=>diluted with water & strained to remove

dirt.

Diluted latex + acid =rubber coagulates and forms slabs on

top.

these slabs removed ,pressed in mill to squeeze out liquid

slabs=dried=become thin sheets= easy to pack & export


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Factor: technology

Rise of Naturalrubber demand

1830s: Charles

Goodyear of the USA

invented vulcanizationprocess= increased the

industrial applications

of Natural rubber.

1890s: automobile

industry= pneumatic

cars=needed rubber.

Fall of Natural rubber demand

In the 1920s, USA began to develop synthetic rubber.Although natural rubber was still preferred because new

technology was costly.

But WW2= Japan occupied Southeast Asia=natural rubber

export to USA was cutoff.

In response, US government developed a huge synthetic

rubber industry in a very short time and after WW2, sold it

to private companies.

Rubber: MalaysiaFactor impact

Climatehot moist equatorial climate=suitable for Rubber

trees.

Labour immigrants from China + Tamils from India

Technology

Rubber research Institute in Kuala Lumpur

new selective breeding methods

new tapping methods to cut the labour cost

Replanting:

A new rubber tree yields 3-4 times more

latex than an old tree.

Hence replanting of rubber tree=increases

the yield.

Malaysian government, provided active

support for replanting.


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Government

Policy

Quality control

Government regulates the export quality by

standard Malaysian rubber (SMR) system

e.g. SMR5 grade rubbber, SMR50 grade

rubber.

Thus, Malaysian rubber comments respect

and good prices in international market forits uniform quality.

Rubber: Kerala

In Kerala, Rubber grown on hill slops of W.Ghats in Travancore,

Kozikode, Malabar, Kottayam distrcits.

factor impact

climate

Rubber hates cold + likes abundant moisture

Kerala being coastal state + hills=both condition

met.

tapping done in morning to avoid afternoon

rains.

soil laterite soil=good growth.

labourAvailable and skiled. One tapper can go through almost

250-300 trees per day.

Kerala= lot of coconuts=their shell is used as cup to collect

latex. Other than that, not much wisdom is given in books

regarding location factor.

Factors: Why decline in S.America

Rubber is originally from Brazil, their government had banned

export of rubber plant to maintain monopoly However, an

Englishman smuggled the seeds out of Brazil, spread Rubber

plantation in Sri Lanka and other S.E.Asian countries. But today

S.American countries dont figure in top Rubber producers, why?

1. South American Countries= prolonged struggles for

independence, coups, countercoups =instability=no

attention to infra/research necessary for Rubber.

2. Their governments did not understand the importance of

replantinglike Malaysians =yields kept decline after every


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year.

3. Rubber estates confiscated with change of regimes, land

redistributed among peasants= small scale rubber

production =cannot maintain uniform quality for exported

rubber + no more economies of scale= unit cost of

production increased.

Cocoa

Originally from Central and South America, associated with

Aztec civilization.

Spanish brought it to Europe, but only after Europeans

learned the art of chocolate making, cocoa demand

increased.

Then Europeans introduced cocoa in West African

countries.

Ghana, Cocoa Triangle

In Ghana, the triangular area between Takoradi, Kumasi and Accra

towns has max. Concentration of cocoa cultivation= famous as

Cocoa Triangle.

soil , climate

cocoa tree need warm wet climate, forest

protection.Ghana being in the equatorial

belt. So all conditions met.

labour

need lot of cheap laborers because

1. cocoa fruits have to be manually cut

with a machete.

2. Since cocoa trees grown in jungle

areas= have to manually carry it near

the mainroad/railway line.

Ghana has abundant supply of cocoa-

labourers known as Tumbadors.

transport/market

Port of Takoradi and Tema.Mainly grown

for export to US and dairy countries of

Europe (Swiz, Den, Neth).

Factor: Processing

(just for information)

cocoa fruitpod=> pulp removed= you get 20-30 seeds from


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each pod

Seeds covered in banana leaves and allowed to ferment for a

week=> sun dried.

Tropical damp climate = cocoa beans quickly lose flavor

after roasting. Therefore, further processing done in the

importing country (e.g. USA)

they roast the bean=>grind=> you get two products

1. Powder: mix with sugar, milk & make chocolate.2. Cocoa-butter: used in cosmetics, cream-lipstick,

pharmaceuticals etc.

So why does Ghana export cocoa-beans, why not finished

products?

1. Unlike USA, Ghana doesnt have abundant supply of other

ingredients of chocolate/confectionary items viz. milk and

sugar. Even if Ghana imported milk/sugar from elsewhere to

make chocolates, the final market is in US/Europe=>transport cost makes the industry @disadvantage.

2. Ghana doesnt have drug/cosmetic industry that can

efficiently utilize by-product: cocoa-butter. (because

drug/cosmetic industry require skilled labour)

Ecuador used to be a major cocoa exporter but trees were plagued

by fungal disease=> farmer switched to banana, coffee and sugar

cane.

Bananas

Just passing reference

fruit ripens very quickly.

without refrigerated boats, impossible to ship product from

tropics to US/EU market.

banana producing regions nearest to major markets have

trade advantage. e.g. Caribbean islands

In the next article, well see the location factors for Iron-steel-heavy industries.

Mock Questions

5 marks/50 words

Explain the reason(s) for each of the following:


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1. Sugarcane is more economical to produce cane sugar beet.

2. more cane sugar enters the world trader then beet sugar

3. The invention of chocolate making was the greatest single

factor in rapid expansion of cocoa cultivation

4. chocolate making factories are located in importing

countries rather than in cocoa-producing countries

12 marks /120 words

1. Explain the geographical factors responsible for large-scale

commercial cultivation of any one of the following pairs:

a. Tea and Coffee

b. sugarcane and sugar beet

2. consider the basis of regional specialization in tropical

beverages with special reference to any one major beverage

crop.

3. for any selected area, examine the relationship between

development of coffee or tea because of following factorsa. climate

b. relief and drainage

c. labour Supply

d. government policy

25 marks/ 250 words

1. Tropical and Sub-tropical regions are the chief suppliers of

beverages to the temperate markets. Comment

2. Plantation agriculture is essentially limited to the tropical

and subtropical areas. What are the factors responsible for

this particular concentration?

3. Analyze the factor responsible for underdevelopment of

Plantation economy near tropical regions.

4. Examine the factors influencing commercial production of

rubber in Malaysia or Tobacco in USA.

URL to article: http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geography-location-

factors-sugar-tea-coffee-rubber-and-cocoa-for-upsc-general-

studies-mains-paper-1.html

Posted By Mrunal On 28/07/2013 @ 20:17 In the category

Geography

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2. [Geography] Location Factors_ Sugar, Tea, Coffee, Rubber and Cocoa for UPSC General Studies Mains Paper 1 » Print