2

Learning a Foreign Language

Keys to Successful Online Learning

3

4

5

Words you need to know: curriculum (课程 ) enhance (提高 )

dramatically ( 显著地 ) message (信息 )

Directions: Listen to the passage and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). [ ] 1. Using the Internet has been popular for many years.[ ] 2. The Internet offers valuable chances for students’ education, especially language learning.[ ] 3. Being able to communicate with others is an important aspect of language learning.[ ] 4. E-mail, reading online discussion articles and chat rooms are the three communication forms mentioned in the passage.[ ] 5. Chatting online can mainly improve students’ spoken language.

F

T

T

F

F

6

Directions: Listen to the passage again and try to tell your partners your own online learning experiences.

7

Online Language Learning — the Internet and Teaching Language

Five years ago very few people had heard about the Internet. Its use was limited to only a selected few. Now, the Internet is available to nearly everyone. It has become an important medium for information, and also offers untold opportunities for education, especially for language education. Schools and their teachers have tried to find ways in which the Internet, with all its possibilities, can be used within the curriculum to enhance the learning process.

8

One of the most important aspects of learning a language is to be able to communicate with other people. Normally, spoken communication takes place “face to face” or through the telephone. The Internet offers different ways of communication, and the possibilities in the future will dramatically increase. At the moment, the Internet has the following communication forms:

1. E-mail 2. Discussion groups 3. Chat room It is possible to have a more immediate and

direct form of discussion by way of a chat room. These discussion groups have to be online at the

9

same time. A chat room can be compared to telephone chat. The difference is that it is not spoken but written communication, in the form of messages. And most participants try to write in the spoken form, which aids informal, friendly communication. In language learning, chatting can improve the expressive language skills of student. In order to get his message over, he needs to try all the vocabulary immediately. His reading skills will be put to the test because he needs to react quickly to arriving messages. Of course, there are rules to be observed. The subject to be discussed must be clear and everyone should be friendly.

10

11

Online learning, a form of distance education, Online learning, a form of distance education,

refers to learning and other supportive resources refers to learning and other supportive resources

that are available through a networked computer.that are available through a networked computer.

With the development of the Internet, online With the development of the Internet, online

learning often takes place on the Internet. In an learning often takes place on the Internet. In an

online lesson, the computer displays material in online lesson, the computer displays material in

response to a learner’s request. The computer response to a learner’s request. The computer

asks the learner for more information and presentsasks the learner for more information and presents

appropriate material based on the learner’s input.appropriate material based on the learner’s input.

Background Background KnowledgeKnowledge

12

Language is a bridge for Language is a bridge for communication communication between human beings.between human beings.

Perfection is always a good goal Perfection is always a good goal in any in any aspect of language-learning.aspect of language-learning.

13

What made the author’s English What made the author’s English learninglearning in junior middle school very in junior middle school very successful? successful?

The kind and patient teacher and her positive method of praising all students often.

What is basic to online English What is basic to online English learning? learning?

Much time, commitment and discipline to keep up with the flow of the course.

What interested the author most What interested the author most about English? about English?

He could communicate with many more people than before.

17

18

The author’s 4 stages of language learning experiences (Paras. 2-7)

Introduction (Para. 1)

Conclusion (Para. 8)

Learning a foreign language was one of the most difficult yet most rewarding experiences of my life.

1. Junior middle school2. Senior middle school3. College4. Online learning

Learning a foreign language has been a most trying experience for me, but one that I wouldn’t trade for anything.

19

20

1. Although at times, learning a language was frustrating, it was well worth the effort. (Line 2)

be well worth sth./ doing sth. : be rewarding enough for the time or effort 值得（做） ······ ( 后接动名词时

用主动语态表示被动含义 )

21

1) 大多数学生认为考试作弊是不值得冒险的事。Most students consider cheating on an exam something not worth their risk.（ + n.）

2) 这份有关现代化对人性影响的报告很值得一读。This report on the effect of modernizationon human nature is well worth reading. （ + doing）

22

well: adv. 在此起强调作用 , 意为 : 相当；很

1. Although at times, learning a language was frustrating, it was well worth the effort. (Line 2)

e.g. I should be well content to do the job together with you. 我很愿意和你一起干这件工作。

类似的句式还有：类似的句式还有：

1) be worthy of doing / to do

sth.

2) it is worthwhile doing sth.

3) it is worth one’s while to do

sth.

23

1. Although at times, learning a language was frustrating, it was well worth the effort. (Line 2)

　学习外语虽然时常遭遇挫折，但付出的努力却非常值得。

24

2. “I eagerly answered all the questions I could, never worrying much about making mistakes.” (Line 6)

句中 “ never worrying” 为现在分词短语作状语表示伴随。

Whenever we answered incorrectly, she pointed a long stick at us and, shaking it up and down, shouted… (Line 11, 伴随 状 语 ).

本课的许多句子中出现了现在分词作状语的例子，如：

…I needed to think out my ideas and wrote a reply before posting it on the screen. (Line 39, 时间状语 )

25

现在分词是动词和形容词或动词和副词的结合体，在句子中可以作多种成分。

现在分词或分词短语作状语是重要考点，必须特别注意。1. 伴随状语 They stood there for an hour watching the game.2. 原因状语 Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.3. 时间状语 Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. （作状语时，前面还可以加上 when, while 等，表示动作和谓语动词动作几乎同时发生。有时也可以加 before, whether 等共同作状语。本单元中有许多这样的例子。）

26

1.When I caught him ________, I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop. A) cheating B) cheat C) to cheat D) to be cheating (1997 ， 1 － 44)

2.As early as 1647, Ohio made a decision that free, tax supportedschools must be established in every town ________ 50 householdsor more.A) having B) to haveC) to have had D) having had (1998 ， 1 － 36)

3.After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid

on expanding education, with girls as well as boys ________.A) to be encouraged B) been encouragedC) being encouraged D) be encouraged (1997, 1 － 26)

27

2. “I eagerly answered all the questions I could, never worrying much about making mistakes.” (Line 6)

我踊跃回答各种问题，从不怕答错。

28

3. While my former teacher had been patient with all the students, my new teacher quickly punished those who gave incorrect answers. (Line 9)

此句中 while 含有对比之意，意为：而；却（ whereas ）

It often happens that while food was rotting in the warehouses, the poor were suffering from slow starvation.

1) 粮食在仓库里腐烂，而穷人却在挨饿，这种事情经常发生。

2) 这个工作对专家来说很容易，而对一个没有经 验的人来说就难了。The work is easy for an expert, while it is challenging for an inexperienced person.

29

由“ while” 引导的句型还有以下意义：由“ while” 引导的句型还有以下意义：

趁热打铁。 (during the time that 当 ······的时候，引导时间状语从句 )

1) Strike while the iron is hot.

2) While there is life there is hope.

只要有生命就有希望。（ as long as 只要，引导条件从句）

3) While he loves his students, he is very strict with them.

虽然他爱他的学生 , 可是他对他们很严格。 (although 尽管，引导让步从句 )

30

　我以前的老师对所有的学生都很有耐心， 而新老师却总是惩罚那些答错问题的学生。

3. While my former teacher had been patient with all the students, my new teacher quickly punished those who gave incorrect answers. (Line 9)

31

4. It didn’t take me long to lose my eagerness to answer questions. (Line 12)

① ① It takes/ took sb. sth. to do sth. 花某人 ······ （如时间）做某事

Sometimes it takes a lifetime to achieve one’s career objective.

1) 有时实现事业的目标需要一生时间。

2) 对于一个盲人来说，走出内心的黑暗世界需要不寻常的勇气和决心。It takes unusual courage and determination for a blind person to step out of the darkness of his own heart.

32

4. It didn’t take me long to lose my eagerness to answer questions. (Line 12)

1) 在任何情况下我们都不能失去与病 魔做斗争的勇气。 Under no circumstances _________ _______________________________________________.

should we

lose our courage to struggle against the serious disease

②② lose one’s eagerness/ interest to do … 失去做某事的渴望 /兴趣 ······

2) 尽管我们的环境还远不尽人意，我们并没有 失去使其改善的意愿。 Although our environment is ________ _______, we _________________________________________.

far from

haven’t lost the desire to change it for the better perfect

33

没有多久，我便不再渴望回答问题了。

4. It didn’t take me long to lose my eagerness to answer questions. (Line 12)

34

not only… but (also) 不仅······ 而且 为了强调，将 not only 或 only 放在句首的时候 , 句子应该部分倒 装，即助动词或情态动词放在主语之前。

5. Not only did I lose my joy in answering questions, but also I totally lost my desire to say anything at all in English. (Line 13)

With the help of online learning, not only did she speak English more correctly, but also more fluently.

1)在网上学习的帮助下，她不仅英语说的更正确了，也更流利了。

2)有坚强的意志，我们不仅能够克服这些困难，还能实现我们的抱负。With strong will, not only can we expect to get over these 　difficulties, but we can also achieve our ambition.

35

我不仅失去了回答问题的乐趣，而且压根就不想再用英语说半个字 。

5. Not only did I lose my joy in answering questions, but also I totally lost my desire to say anything at all in English. (Line 13)

36

平行结构是写作中常用的一种修辞技巧。此句中，为了加强语气，步步递增，起到强有力的效果，作者连续运用了“ got access to”, “learned” 和 “ participated” 三个动词短语。

6. I soon got access to the necessary equipment, learned the technology from a friend and participated in the virtual classroom 5 to 7 days a week. (Line 30)

课文中类似的还有 :

…① it requires much time, commitment and discipline to keep up with the flow of the course. （并列宾语） (Line 32)

…② so being able to speak a new language lets me meet new people, participate in conversations, and form new, unforgettable friendships. （并列补语） (Line 49)

37

　　我很快配齐了必要的设备并跟一个朋友学会了电脑操作技术，于是我每周用 5至 7天在网上的虚拟课堂里学习英语。

6. I soon got access to the necessary equipment, learned the technology from a friend and participated in the virtual classroom 5 to 7 days a week. (Line 30)

38

7. Now that I speak a foreign language, instead of staring into space when English is being spoken, I can participate and make friends. (Line 50)

① now that: conj. because (something has happened)… 它引导的句型表示某事发生的结果，意为：既然，由于

② instead of 相当于 in place of ， 意为：代替······ , 而不

是 ······

39

1) Now that we have an online English courses, instead of complaining of the weaknesses, we should make full use of the benefits.

既然我们有网络英语课，我们就应该充分利用它的益处，而不要抱怨它的弱点。

用 now that…/ instead of… 完成下列句子翻译：

2) Now that we live in a society full of competition, instead of fearing it, everyone of us should bravely face it and accept the challenge.

既然我们生活在一个充满竞争的社会，我们就应该勇敢面对，接受挑战，而不是惧怕它。

40

　因为现在我已能够说外语，所以，当别人讲英语时，我就能够参与其中并与他们交朋友，而不会再茫然不解了。

7. Now that I speak a foreign language, instead of staring into space when English is being spoken, I can participate and make friends. (Line 50)

41

42

1. Learning a foreign language was one of the most difficult yet most rewarding experiences of my life. (Line 1)

reward according to sb.’s deserts 论功行赏

an Oscar Award for 2003 2003年奥斯卡金像奖 award sb. a special scholarship 向某人颁发专项奖学金 award a bachelor’s degree of science 授予理学学士学位

43

1) The peace mission to the Middle East is challenging but rewarding.

(a. be well worth)

2) As a reward for his passing the national unified college entrance exams, he got a computer from his parents. (n. return for work)

3) Success at the Olympic Games rewarded his efforts. (v. repay)

此次中东和平使命具有挑战性，但很有价值。

作为对他通过全国统一高考的奖赏，父母送他一台新电脑。

在奥运会上的成功使他的努力得到了报偿。

44

2. Because of this positive method, I eagerly answered all the questions I could, never worrying much about making mistakes. (Line 6)

positive / negative attitude 积极 / 消极的态度 positive / negative answer 肯定 / 否定的答案 positive / negative terminal (of a battery) （电池的）正 / 负极

(test result) positive / negative （检测结果）阳性 / 阴性

45

What does “positive” mean in each of the following sentences?

1) Positive suggestions are always welcome.

2) The police have the positive proof.

(constructive, effective, helpful)

(convincing, hard)

欢迎提出建设性的建议。

警方已获得确凿的证据。

46

3. However, the situation was far from perfect. (Line 18)

far from + a./n./ v-ing: 很不；决非；非但 ······反而

1) My parents are far from satisfied with my academic performance. (not…at all )

父母对我的学业很不满意。2) Far from turning down the stereo, he turned it up. (rather than)

他非但不将音响的音量关小，反而调高了音量。

47

1) 黄金度假周是旅游的好时机。

2) 抓住每一个练习英语的机会。

3) 机不可失，失不再来。

Golden Holiday Weeks offer wonderful opportunities to go traveling. (possibilities)

Take every opportunity of (for) practicing English. (chance)

Opportunity knocks (at the door) but once. (Lady Luck)

4. That was the situation until a couple of years later, when I was offered an opportunity to study English through an online course. (Line 28)

48

5. I soon got access to the necessary equipment, learned the technology from a friend and participated in the virtual classroom 5 to 7 days a week. (Line 30 )

access: n. way of entering, right of using / reaching/ entering e.g. gain / get / have / keep access to

1) With broad-band technology, netizens may have a quicker access to the Internet.

有了宽带网技术，网民能更快地连上互联网。

2) That hi-tech company provides Internet access service.

那家高科技公司提供网络接入服务。

49

5. I soon got access to the necessary equipment, learned the technology from a friend and participated in the virtual classroom 5 to 7 days a week. (Line 30 )

participate in: take part in, join in participation: involvement

1) All the participants participated in the games. 所有的选手都参加了比赛。

2) Participation is more important than winning. 重在参与。

50

6. Online learning is not easier than regular classroom study; it requires much time, commitment, and discipline to keep up with the flow of the course. (Line 32)

commitment: n. 专一，委托，承诺，罪行，义务 commit suicide 自杀 commit anti-human crime 犯下反人类罪 commit theft 犯有偷窃罪

1) Acquiring knowledge requires much commitment. (attention)

学习知识需要专心致志。2) P.R. China honors the treaty commitments. ( promise to follow certain beliefs or certain course of

actions) 中国政府履行条约规定的义务。

51

6. Online learning is not easier than regular classroom study; it requires much time, commitment, and discipline to keep up with the flow of the course. (Line 33)

keep up with: satisfy/ meet /keep step with

1)校方开放了五个全天自习教室，但仍无法满足需要。The school authorities opened five 24-hour classrooms for self-learning, but this still could not keep up with the need.

2) 许多年轻女性爱赶时髦。A lot of young women like to keep up with the latest fashions.

52

7. I worked hard to meet the minimum standards set by the course and to complete assignments on time (Line 33)

minimum a. 最低的

1) She could not be a fashion model, _________________________

__________________________. （因为她身高未达到最低 规定标准）

because she did not meet theminimum height requirement

2) 85 out of 100 is ____________________________ _____________. （进入快班的最低分数线 ）

the minimum passing mark for afast-track class

53

7. I worked hard to meet the minimum standards set by the course and to complete assignment on time (Line 33)

（反义词） maximum a. 最多的；最高的 n. 最大量；最大值

1) Drivers must not exceed a maximum of 60 miles an hour.司机不得超过每小时 60英里的最高车速。

2) Cut your shopping down to twice a week maximum.

把你的购物次数减少到每周最多两次。

54

8. I made many, sometimes embarrassing, mistakes. (Line 36)

Please figure out the part of speech, and explain the exact meaning of the italicized words below.

1) Have you been in that sort of embarrassing situation?

2) A good teacher should always avoid embarrassing students.

你是否遇到过那种令人尴尬的处境？(a. uncomfortable)

一位好老师应当尽量避免使学生感到难堪。 (v. make sb. feel uneasy)

55

8. I made many, sometimes embarrassing, mistakes. (Line 36)

Please figure out the part of speech, explain the exact meaning of the italicized words below.

3) They were financially embarrassed.

4) Embarrassment can be avoided by forgiving oneself.

他们经济拮据。 (a. hard up)

尴尬的情绪可以用自我宽恕的方法来避免。(n. shame; uneasiness)

56

9. Although I still made many mistakes and was continually learning, I had finally reaped the benefits of all that hard work. (Line 41)

1) 和平共处有利于世界各国人民。

2) 在做出最后决策之前，我们要权衡利弊。

Peaceful coexistence benefits peoples all over the world. (vt. be beneficial to)

Before the final decision is made, we have to weigh the costs and benefits. (a. advantages)

57

trade for exchange…for… trade with exchange…with…

10. Learning a foreign language has been a most trying experience for me, but one that I wouldn’t trade for anything. (Line 44)

1) 农民用新鲜的农产品交换日用品。 The farmers traded fresh produce for daily necessities. 或 The farmers traded daily necessities with fresh produce.

2 ）歌迷用五张光盘换到一张演唱会的入场券。The fan traded five CDs for a concert ticket. 或The fan traded a concert ticket with five CDs.

58

11. Not only did learning another language teach me the value of hard work, but it also gave me insights into another culture, and my mind was opened to new ways of seeing things. (Line 45)

insight: n. a clear understanding of something e.g. gain/give/show/an insight into

a brilliant insight 卓越的见解 a keen military insight 敏锐的军事眼光

59

1) Tolstoy had great insight into the human heart.

2) The highest insight dawned on him.

托尔斯泰对人的内心世界有着深遂的洞察力。

他大彻大悟了。

60

12. I am able to reach out to others and bridge the gap between my language and culture and theirs. （ Line 52 ）

reach out to: communicate with; contact bridge the gap: narrow the gap; shorten the gap

reach after fame and fortune 追名逐利 reach out for opportunity 努力争取机会 reach for the phone 伸手拿起电话

61

1) As mobile phones are increasingly popular, students can reach out to parents and friends easily.

2)对不同国情的进一步了解，能使人们更自如地 弥和文化鸿沟。

随着手机越来越流行，学生可以容易地与父母和朋友联系。

With a further understanding of the differentstate situations, people may bridge the culturalgaps gracefully.

3) 政府必须采取有效措施，来缩短贫富差距。The government must take effective measuresto narrow the gap between the rich and the poor.

62

63

Cause & Effect Cause & Effect RelationRelation

Para. 2 Topic: My learning experience in junior middle school

Cause I had a kind and patient teacher who often praised all of the students.

Effect

Because of this positive method, I eagerly answered all the questions I could, never worrying much about making mistakes. I was at the top of my class for two years.

64

Cause & Effect Cause & Effect RelationRelation

Which words or phrases could show cause-and-effect relations?

Cause because of, due to, owing to, as, since, because, now that, on account of, for, etc.

Effect so, therefore, as a result, consequently,in consequence, accordingly, hence, thus, etc.

65

Cause & Effect Cause & Effect RelationRelation

Topic: peer pressure

Cause

used to be a top student in senior high school, praised by teachers, envied by peers; a lot of talented peers in college, poor in academic performance

Effect from a hero to a zero

66

Peer Pressure

Since I attend college, I feel more and more peer pressure. While I used to be a top student in senior high school, and was always praised by teachers and envied by peers, now I find there are a lot of talented peers in college and I am temporarily and relatively poor in academic performance. Therefore, I feel that I have changed from a hero to a zero.

67

68

Online students are allowed more time to think Online students are allowed more time to think about the information before replying. about the information before replying.

Why is the online environment open and friendly? Why is the online environment open and friendly?

They should tell the instructors and other students They should tell the instructors and other students what problems they have. what problems they have.

What should online students do when problems What should online students do when problems arise? arise?

Online learning is useful and suited to receiving Online learning is useful and suited to receiving education. education.

What do successful online students think about What do successful online students think about online study? online study?

They must finish all the course work on time. They must finish all the course work on time.

What should online students do if they want to be What should online students do if they want to be successful? successful?

73

74

7 keys to successful online learning (Paras.2-15)

Introduction (Para. 1)

Conclusion (Para. 16)

Online students, however, require unique qualities to be successful.

1. Be open-minded about sharing life, work, and learning experiences as part of online learning.2. Be able to communicate through writing.3. Be willing to “speak up” if problems arise.4. Take the program seriously.5. Accept critical thinking and decision making as part of online learning.6. Be able to think ideas through before replying.7. Keep up with the progress of the course.

If you have these qualities, learning online may be one of the best discoveries you will ever make.

75

76

1. In the virtual classroom nearly all communication is written, so it is critical that students feel comfortable expressing themselves in writing. (Line 14)

“ It is / was critical that …” 句型属于虚拟语气应用于主语从句中的一种特殊句式。句中 that 从句里的谓语动词用 should+ 动词原型或省略 should 直接用动词原型。

77

2) 跟上网络课程的进度十分重要。

1) 关键是那位老师不应该惩罚回答错误的学生。

It was critical that the teacher (should) not punish the students who gave incorrect answers.

It is critical that you (should) keep up with the progress of an online course.

类似于 “ critical” 用法的词还有： It is necessary/essential/imperative/proper/best/crucial/ important/ vital/urgent/natural/incredible/advisable that…

78

　虚拟课堂的交流几乎都是书面形式。因而很重要的一点是要让学生感到书面交流并不别扭。

1. In the virtual classroom nearly all communication is written, so it is critical that students feel comfortable expressing themselves in writing. (Line 14)

79

2) Achieving success in this job is no less challenging than my previous one.

1) No one can be here more than a few hours without sensing an enormous optimism.

任何人在这里只要呆上几个小时都会感觉到一种强烈的乐观主义精神。

这项工作的成功不比我以前的工作缺少挑战性。

2. Requirements for online courses are not less than those of any quality program. (Line 31)

no 和 less, without 等否定形式构成双重否定，加强语气。

80

远程课程的要求不比任何一种优秀课程低。

2. Requirements for online courses are not less than those of any quality program. (Line 31)

81

3. In a positive online environment, students feel valued by the instructor, by their classmates and by their own work. (Line 41)

句中作者连续用了三个“ by” 构成了平行的三个状语结构。显示了网络学习中学生可以从不同侧面证明自己的价值。

82

　在积极的网络环境中，学生从老师、同学那里以及他们自己的学习中感受到自己的价值。

3. In a positive online environment, students feel valued by the instructor, by their classmates and by their own work. (Line 41)

83

4. Just as many excellent instructors may not be effective online 　facilitators, not all students have the necessary qualities to 　　　 perform well online. (Line 54 )

①① just as 引导的状语从句表示：正像， 就像······ 一样

1) Just as you don’t like sports, Tom dislikes music.

就像你不喜欢体育，汤姆不喜欢音乐。 2) Just as Mary, not all excellent learners can be good instructors. 就像玛丽一样，不是所有出色的学者都是好的教师。

84

4. Just as many excellent instructors may not be effective online facilitators, not all students have the necessary qualities to

perform well online. (Line 54 )

②② not all 表示部分否定。一般来说 “ not” 与含有总括 意义的词 意义的词 （ all, every,both, everybody, everything 等 ）一起时可表部

分 否定。 not all = all…not…

1) Not all the answers are right. =

不是所有的答案都正确。

2) Both the children are not clever. = 这俩孩子不是都聪明。

All the answers areAll the answers are

not right.not right.

One is cleverOne is clever

while the other is not. while the other is not.

85

正如许多优秀教师不能有效地用网络辅助教学一样，并不是所有学生都具备在网上学习中取得成功所需的素质。

4. Just as many excellent instructors may not be effective online facilitators, not all students have the necessary qualities to perform well online. (Line 54 )

86

87

1. While regular schools still exist, the virtual classroom plays an important role in today’s learning community.

(Line 1)

1) The international community condemned the attack on civilians.

2) The discovery is hailed as “a new revolution” by the academic community.

国际社会谴责对平民的袭击。

这一发现被学术界誉为“一场新的革命”。

community n. a group of people living together and/ or united by shared interests

88

2. Job opportunities for students are expanding rapidly and more people of all ages are becoming aware of online learning that allows them to study at home. (Line 2 )

expand v. enlarge, develop

1) To learn English well, one must expand his or her vocabulary.

要学好英语，一定要扩大词汇量。 (build; enlarge)

2) Microsoft has been expanding its business operations all over the world.

微软一直在扩大全球经营业务。 (develop)

89

2. Job opportunities for students are expanding rapidly and more people of all ages are becoming aware of online learning that allows them to study at home. (Line 3 )

become aware of: have knowledge or understanding of

1) Every one becomes aware of the importance of environmental protection.

人人都明白环境保护的重要性。

2) The tomb-robbers were aware of their fate. 盗墓贼知道他们的命运。

3) They are unaware of the truth. 他们不明真相。

90

1) The university is very unique in its quality education. (unusual; being the only one of itself)

2) The student’s composition is full of unique expressions.

该校的素质教育颇具特色。

该生的作文中充满了独特的表达方式。

3. Online students, however, require unique qualities to be successful. (Line 4 )

unique ideas, unique environment, unique scenery

91

1) Diffidence is one barrier to one’s success.

2) The position of Jerusalem is a barrier to the Middle East peace process.

自卑是成功的一大障碍。

耶路撒冷地位问题是中东和平进程中的一大障碍。

4. This forum for communication removes the visual barriers that hinder some students from expressing themselves. (Line 9 )

barrier n. something placed in the way in order to prevent or control the movement of people or things

92

1) Freshmen have to reflect on the differences between senior school life and college life.

2) Government had reflected on all the likely responses before putting the policy into practice.

大一学生必须考虑高中生活与大学生活的种种差异。

在实施该政策之前，政府已经考虑到了所有可能出现的反应。

5. In addition, students are given time to reflect on the information before replying. (Line 10 )

93

e.g. The phenomenon arose as prices soared. (appear; come into being) 这一现象随着物价飙升而出现。

6. Be willing to “speak up” if problems arise. (Line 21 )

1) As prices rose, the retirees’ lives were greatly affected. (go up)

随着物价上涨，退休人员的生活受到极大的影响。2) As prices were raised, the retirees’ lives were greatly affected. (lift)

随着物价被抬高，退休人员的生活受到极大的影响。 3) The rocketing prices aroused the retirees’ concerns. (catch)

持续攀升的物价引起了退休人员的关注。

94

1) They reinforced the dam before flood season. (strengthen)

2) In a debate, debaters should reinforce an argument with facts. (support)

他们在洪水期之前加固大坝。

在辩论赛中，辩手应当用事实支持论点。

reinforce v. reinforcement: n.

7. While explaining something to others, students reinforce their own knowledge about the subject. (Line 27 )

95

e.g. In working with silk, the tailor must allow for shrinkage. (take into consideration) 在用真丝裁制衣物时，裁缝必须考虑到缩水的可能。

8. Time is given to allow for careful development of answers. (Line 45 )

学生的经济状况不允许有不必要的开支。

Students’ financial situation allows for no 　　 unnecessary expenditures. (permit)

The End

Go to Unit 2