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War of 1812
One of America’s worst fought wars Lesson: It is a folly to lead a divided nation
and apathetic people in war Americans, however, came out of the War
of 1812 with a renewed sense of nationalism
Led to building of roads, more authority of federal govt., and protection of manufacturing
War of 1812
Regular Army was ill-trained, ill-disciplined, and widely scattered
Supplemented by a poorly trained militia
US attempts to attack Canada
3 pronged attempt to invade Canada in 1812
+ Detroit + Niagara + Lake Champlain
ALL BEATEN BACK SHORTLY BY BRITISH
British and Canadians were energetic from the beginning
US Navy Skillfully handled
ships, better gunners than the British, manned by non-pressed crews
US ships had thicker sides, heavier firepower, and larger crews
1 in 6 were free blacks
Treaty of Ghent
Tsar Alexander I of Russia proposed peace between US and Britain
5 American peacemakers sent to Ghent, Belgium in 1814
Led by John Quincy Adams News of US victories @ Upper New York
and Baltimore made Britain willing to make peace
Treaty Of Ghent
Dec. 24, 1814 – Treaty of Ghent signed ending the War of 1812
Essentially an armistice, both sides just agreed to quit fighting
US did not defeat British, but war was over.
Hartford Convention
New England made money during the war trading with Canada
New England states (MA, CT, RI) met in secrecy Dec. 1814 – Jan. 1815 to discuss secession or at least a separate peace with Britain.
Demands never presented because the news of the Treaty of Ghent and the Battle of New Orleans reached Washington at the same time as the delegation.
War of 1812
US showed it would resist what it felt were grievous wrongs against the Republic
War heroes emerged: Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison (both would be elected president)
Manufacturing - prospered during the War of 1812 while under British blockade
Industry had been stimulated because of war
Rush – Bagot Agreement (1817)
Agreement between US and Britain – limited naval armament on The Great Lakes
1870s – the border of US/Canada is finally solved giving the US and Canada joint possession of The Great Lakes
5,527 mile long border between US and Canada is the longest unfortified border in the world between two countries
Nationalism
An intense feeling of pride for one’s nation; a spirit of national consciousness or national oneness
American Nationalism School textbooks – written by Americans for
Americans for the 1st time North American Review – 1815 – and intellectual
magazine published in America First writers of importance emerged James
Fenimore Cooper and Washington Irving Bank of United States received an extension on
charter (1816) Handsome US Capital rebuilt on ashes Army – 10,000 men Strong US Navy defeats Barbary Pirates
The American System
Nationalism in Manufacturing 1815 – British manufacturers tried to make
up lost ground from the war and began to dump goods on the US market, at time, under cost.
This hurt American manufacturers who could not compete
Tariff of 1816
Nationalist Congress passed the first tariff that was designed to protect American manufacturers (protective tariff)
20-25% on value of imports Bold beginning to a history of protection in
US industry
Henry Clay
The American System 1824 Henry Clay was the
leader behind a plan to protect American manufacturing and fund internal improvements in US
The American System
1. Strong Banking System – easy and abundant credit
2. Protective Tariff – eastern manufacturing would flourish
3. Construction of roads and canals, especially in Ohio, paid for by tariff
West Demands Transportation
Roads were demanded in the West by nationalists after the War of 1812
1817 – Congress voted $1.5 million to states for internal improvements
President James Madison sternly vetoed the bill b/c he felt it was unconstitutional
New England opposed federally constructed projects b/c it would drain their population and create competing states in the West.
Era of Good Feelings Monroe was not as intelligent as the first 4
presidents, but very experienced, level-headed, and had a talent for interpreting popular rumblings
Era of Good Feelings – used to describe the administrations of Monroe
Period was actually a troubled one with debates over tariffs, internal improvements, sale of public land, sectionalism, and slavery.
Panic of 1819
Paralyzing economic panic Depression, deflation, bankruptcies, bank
failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and debtors’ prisons
Began by over speculation on frontier – Bank of US got involved in western land speculation, which was much like gambling
Western US was most hard hit…
The West
9 frontier states had been added to the Union (1791-1819)
Most were admitted alternately: slave, free “Ohio Fever” cheap land had a special appeal to
European immigrants looking for their own land, which was drained in Europe
Defeat of Indians by Harrison and Jackson made it easier to live on frontier
Building of highways improved Ohio River Valley
Cumberland Road
Began in 1811 Ran from western
Maryland to Illinois Picture is of Little
Crossing in Grantsville, MD
Slavery and Sectional Balance
1819 – Territory of Missouri asked Congress for admission into the Union as a slave state; contained sufficient population but House of Representatives passed:
Tallmadge Amendment – no more slaves could be brought into Missouri and provided for gradual emancipation of slaves’ children born in the territory
Missouri and Slavery
Roar of anger from slave holding South
Pioneers favored unhampered expansion
Tallmadge Amendment eventually defeated in the Senate
Signs of Civil Unrest
North getting richer and more thickly populated
North had a majority in the House of Representatives
South maintained equality by means of equal representation in the Senate
MO – 1st state west of Mississippi River 1st state carved out of LA Purchase
Missouri Compromise (1820)
Bundle of three compromises led by Henry Clay of Kentucky
1 – MO admitted as a slave state2 – free soil Maine (part of Mass.) admitted as
free state3 – All future bondage prohibited North of
36-30 (southern tip of MO) Some viewed it as “dirty bargain” but it
lasted for 34 years
John Marshall
Marshall continued to influence the Supreme Court of the United States and shape American law
Marshall bolstered the power of the federal government at the expense of the states.
Supreme Court Cases Under Marshall
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) – Maryland attempted to destroy a branch of the Bank of the US by taxing its notes
Marshall declared the bank constitutional by invoking the Hamilton doctrine of implied powers
This strengthened federal authority and slapped at the states; created doctrine of “loose construction”
Supreme Court Cases
Cohens v Virginia (1821) – Cohens found guilty of selling lottery tickets and he appealed to the Supreme Court – VA won the appeal
BUT – Marshall set the precedent that the SC could review decisions made in state supreme courts in questions involving powers of the federal government
Gibbons vs. Ogden Fletcher vs. Peck Dartmouth vs. Woodward
Oregon and Florida
Nationalist President James Monroe Nationalist Sec. of State John Quincy
Adams Treaty of 1818 – with Great Britain –
permitted Americans to share the coveted Newfoundland fisheries with Canada
ALSO fixed the northern limits of the LA Purchase along the 49th parallel
ALSO 10 year joint occupation of Oregon
Semitropical Spanish Florida Americans claimed
West Florida – American settlers tore down Spanish flag in 1810 (ratified in 1812)
During War of 1812 – small army seized Mobile region
Rest of Florida under Spanish control
South America
Spain forced to leave Florida to defend against Revolutions in South America
1816 –Argentina 1817 – Venezuela 1818 – Chile
Andrew Jackson
Gen. Jackson enters Florida on pretext of hostile Seminole Indians and fugitive slaves
Jackson got commission to enter Spanish territory to punish Indians and recapture slaves
1818 – Jackson sweeps through Florida hanging two Indian chiefs, executed two British subjects for assisting Indians
Seized St. Marks and Pensacola
Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)/Adams Onis Treaty
John Quincy Adams gets Spain to cede all Florida to the U.S. as well as claims to Oregon Country in exchange for America’s abandonment of claims to Texas
Texas would become part of independent Mexico in 1821