2. pob review flashcards

POB REVIEW QUIZ FLASHCARDS

1

Concept:Reinforcer

(positive reinforcer)

2

Concept:reinforcement contingency

1

Concept:Behavior

3

Concept:Escape contingency

1

Concept:Behavior analysis

3Concept:

Differential reinforcementof alternative behavior (DRA)

1

Concept:Baseline

4

Concept:Punishment Contingency

1


o The immediate,o response-contingent,o presentationo of a reinforcero resulting in an increased frequency

of that response.

o Any stimulus, event, or conditiono whose presentation immediately

follows a responseo and increases the frequency of that

response.

o The response-contingent,o removal of ano aversive conditiono resulting in an increased frequency

of that response.

o A muscular, glandular, oro electrical activity.

o Stopping reinforcement for an inappropriate response

o while shifting that reinforcement to an appropriate response.

o The study of the principles of behavior.

o The response-contingento presentation ofo an aversive conditiono resulting in a decreased frequency

of that response.

o The phase of an experiment or intervention

o where the behavior is measuredo in the absence of an intervention.

2


4

Concept:Social validity

6

Principle:Extinction

5

Concept:Penalty Contingency

7

Concept:Response Class

5

Principle:Law of Effect

7

Concept:Task Analysis

6

Principle:Recovery From Punishment

7

Concept:Single-Subject

Research Design

3


o Stopping the reinforcement oro escape contingencyo for a previously reinforcedo response causes itso response frequency too decrease.

o The goals,o procedures, ando results of an interventiono are socially acceptable too the client,o the behavior analyst, ando society.

o A set of responses that eithero a) are similar on at least one

response dimension, oro b) share the effects of

reinforcement and punishment, oro c) serve the same function (produce

the same outcome).

o The response-contingento removal ofo a reinforcero resulting in a decreased frequency

of that response.

o An analysis of complex behavioro and sequences of behavioro into their component responses.

o The effects of our actionso determine whether we will repeat

them.

o The entire experiment is conducted with a single subject,

o though it may be replicated with several other subjects.

o Stopping the punishment or penalty contingency

o for a previously punished responseo may cause the response frequency

to increaseo to its frequency before the

punishment or penalty contingency.

4


7

Procedure:The Differential-Reinforcement

Procedure

9

Concept:Unlearned Reinforcer

8

Concept:Terminal Behavior

9

Concept:Unlearned Aversive

Condition

8

Concept:The Procedure of

ShapingWith Reinforcement

9

Principle:Deprivation Principle

8

Concept:The Procedure ofVariable-Outcome

Shaping

9

Principle:Satiation Principle

5


o A stimulus, event, or condition that is a reinforcer,

o though not as a result of pairing with another reinforcer.

o Reinforcing one set of responseso and extinguishing another set of

responses.

o A stimulus, event, or condition that is aversive,

o though not as a result of pairing with other aversive conditions.

o Behavior not in the repertoireo or not occurring at the desired

frequency;o the goal of the intervention

o Withholding a reinforcero to increase relevant learning and

performance.

o The differential reinforcement of only that behavior

o that more and more closely resembles the terminal behavior.

o Consuming a substantial amount of a reinforcer

o temporarily decreases relevant learning and performance.

o Shaping that involveso an increase in the magnitude of a

reinforcer or o a decrease in the magnitude of an

aversive outcomeo as performance more and more

closely resembles the terminal behavior.

6


9

Procedure:Motivating Operation

11

Concept:Learned Reinforcer

(secondary or conditioned reinforcer)

9

Principle:Premack Principle

11

Concept:Generalized Learned Reinforcer

(generalized secondary reinforcer or generalized conditioned reinforcer)

10

Concept:Aggression Reinforcer

12

Concept:Discriminative Stimulus (Sd)

10

Concept:Addictive Reinforcer

12

Concept:S-delta (S^)

7


o A stimulus, event, or condition that is a reinforcer

o because it has been paired with another reinforcer.

o A procedure or condition that affects learning and performance

o with respect to a particular reinforcer or aversive condition.

o A learned reinforcer that is a reinforcer

o because it was paired with a variety of other reinforcers.

o If one activity occurs more often than another,

o the opportunity to do the most frequent activity

o will reinforce the less frequent activity.

o A stimulus in the presence of whicho a particular response will be

reinforced or punished.

o Stimuli resulting from acts of aggression.

o A stimulus in the presence of which a particular response will not be reinforced or punished.

o A reinforcer for which o repeated exposureo is a motivating operation.

8


12

Concept:Prompt

13

Concept:Concept Training

12

Concept:Operandum

13

Concept:Conceptual Stimulus Control

13

Concept:Stimulus Class

14

Concept:Imitation

13

Concept:Stimulus Generalization

14

Concept:Imitative Reinforcers

9


o Reinforcing or punishing a responseo in the presence of one stimulus

classo and extinguishing ito or allowing it to recovero in the presence of another stimulus

class.

o A supplemental stimuluso that raises the probability of a

correct response.

o Responding occurs more often in the presence of one stimulus class

o and less often in the presence of another stimulus class

o because of concept training.

o The part of the environmento the organism operates.

(manipulates)

o The behavior of the imitator is under stimulus control

o of the behavior of the modelo and matches the behavior of the

model.

o A set of stimuli,o all of which have some common

physical property.

o Stimuli arising from the match between

o the behavior of the imitatoro and the behavior of the modelo ;they function as reinforcers.

o The behavioral contingencieso in the presence of one stimuluso affect the frequency of the responseo in the presence of another stimulus.

10


15

Concept:Avoidance-of-Loss Contingency

16

Concept:Punishment-by-Prevention-

of-a-ReinforcerContingency

15

Concept:Warning Stimulus

17

Concept:Intermittent Reinforcement

15

Concept:Avoidance Contingency

17

Concept:Schedule of Reinforcement

16

Concept:Punishment-by-Prevention-of-

Removal Contingency

17

Concept:Fixed-Ratio (FR)

Schedule of Reinforcement

11


o The response-contingento prevention ofo a reinforcero resulting in a decreased frequency

of that response.

o The response-contingento prevention ofo loss of a reinforcero resulting in an increased frequency

of that response.

o A reinforcer follows the responseo only once in awhile.

o A stimulus that precedes o an aversive conditiono and thus becomes a learned

aversive stimulus.

o The way reinforcement occurso because of the number of responses,o time since reinforcement,o time between responses, and o stimulus conditions.

o The response-contingento prevention ofo an aversive conditiono resulting in an increased frequency

of that response.

o A reinforcer followso a fixed number of responses.

o The response-contingento prevention of removal ofo an aversive conditiono resulting in an decreased frequency

of that response.

12


18

Concept:Fixed-Interval Scallop

18

Principle:Resistance to Extinction

and IntermittentReinforcement

18

Concept:Fixed-Time Schedule

of Reinforcement

19

Concept:Concurrent Contingencies

18

Concept:Superstitious Behavior

19

Concept:Differential Reinforcement

of Incompatible Behavior (DRI)

18

Concept:Variable-Interval (VI)

Schedule ofReinforcement

20

Concept:Behavioral

Chain

13


o Intermittent reinforcemento makes the responseo more resistant to extinctiono than does continuous

reinforcement.

o A fixed-interval schedule often produces a scallop--

o a gradual increase in the rate of responding,

o with responding occurring at a high rate,

o just before reinforcement is available.o No responding occurs for some time

after reinforcement.

o More than one contingency of reinforcement of punishment

o is available at the same time.

o A reinforcer is delivered,o after the passage of a fixed period

of time,o independently of the response.

o Reinforcement is contingent on a behavior that is

o incompatible with another behavior.

o Behaving as if the response causeso some specific outcome,o when it really does not.

o A sequence of stimuli and responses.

o Each response produces a change in the environment that

o acts as a discriminative stimuluso or operandumo for the next response.

o A reinforcer is contingent on o the first response,o after a variable interval of time,o since the last opportunity for

reinforcement.

14


20

Concept:Differential Punishment

of High Rates

22

Concept:Rule-Governed Behavior

21

Concept:Unconditioned Response

(UR)

22

Concept:Rule

21

Concept:Conditioned Stimulus

(CS)

22

Concept:Contingency Control

(intuitive control)

21

Concept:Respondent Conditioning

22

Concept:Indirect-Acting

Contingency

15


o Behavior under the control of a rule.

o The presentation of an aversive condition

o or the loss or prevention of a reinforcer occurs

o for each response that follows the preceding response

o by less than some minimum delay.

o A description of a behavioral contingency.

o An unlearned responseo elicited by the presentationo of an unconditioned stimulus.

o Direct controlo of behavioro by a contingency,o without the involvement of rules.

o A stimulus that acquires its eliciting properties

o through previous pairing with another stimulus.

o A contingency that controls the response,

o but not because the outcomeo reinforces or punishes that

response.

o A neutral stimuluso acquires the eliciting propertieso of an unconditioned stimuluso through pairing the unconditioned

stimuluso with a neutral stimulus.

16


22

Concept:Rule-Governed Analog toa Behavioral Contingency

24

Principle:Rules That are Hard to Follow

23

Concept:Covert Behavior

25

Concept:Pay For Performance

23

Concept:Feedback

26

Concept:Values

24

Principle:Rules That are Easy to Follow

26

Concept:Legal Rule Control

17


o Describe outcomes that are eithero too small (though often of

cumulative significance)o or too improbable.o The delay isn’t crucial.

o An change in the frequency of a response

o because of a rule describing o the contingency.

o Pay is contingent on specific o achievements.

o Private behavior (not visible to the outside observer).

o Learned and unlearned reinforcerso and aversive conditions.

o Response-contingent stimuli that are SDs (or analogs) for the response that produced those stimuli.

o Control by rules specifying added analogs to behavioral contingencies

o and added direct-acting behavioral contingencies

o based on material outcomes.

o Describe outcomes that areo both sizableo and probable.o The delay isn’t crucial.

18


28

Concept:Transfer of Training

29

Review Concept:Functional Assessment

29

Concept:Unobtrusive Assessment

29

Concept:Social Validity

29

Concept:Interobserver Agreement

29

Concept:Experimental Interaction

29

Concept:Internal Validity

29

Concept:External Validity

19


o An analysiso of the contingencies responsible foro behavioral problems.

o Performance establishedo at one timeo in one placeo now occurs in a different time and

place.

o The goals, procedures, and resultso of an interventiono are socially acceptable to theo client, the behavior analyst,o and society.

o Measuring performanceo when the clients or subjectso are not awareo of the ongoing observation.

o One experimental conditiono affects the results of another.

o Agreement between o observation ofo two or more independent observers.

o The extent to which the conclusions of an experiment

o apply to a wide variety of conditions.

o The extent to which a research design

o eliminates confounding variables.

20

Documents

2. pob review flashcards