2 Political Culture Ideas in Conflict Learning Objectives Define the concept of political culture Outline the main principles of classic liberalism 2.1

2Political CultureIdeas in Conflict

Learning Objectives

Define the concept of political culture

Outline the main principles of classic liberalism

2.1

2.2

2

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Differentiate among the various kinds of equality

Characterize the trends affecting the current distribution of wealth and income and analyze the relationships among social mobility, inequality, and class conflict

2.3

2.4

2Learning Objectives


Describe the current immigration trends and ethnic composition of the United States

Assess the roles of religion and secularism in U.S. politics

2.5

2.6



Compare and contrast the main principles of conservatism and liberalism

Differentiate among various political ideologies that depart from conservatism and liberalism

2.7

2.8



Political Culture

Contradictions Inconsistent Applications Conflict

2.1


Contradictions, Inconsistent Applications, and Conflict Between values and conditions

Slavery, segregation, discrimination Value motivates change

Agreement with principles versus specific situations

Within shared political culture, values can diverge

2.1


2.1 What does political culture refer to?

a. The division of values and beliefs

b. Shared ideas about what is good

c. The various subcultures in society

d. Widely shared ideas as to who should govern, for what ends, and by what means

2.1


a. The division of values and beliefs

b. Shared ideas about what is good

c. The various subcultures in society

d. Widely shared ideas as to who should govern, for what ends, and by what means

2.12.1 What does political culture refer to?


Individual Liberty

Political Liberty Economic Freedom

2.2


Political Liberty

Most widely held value Shaped by classical liberalism Individualism Enlightenment

Natural law

2.2


Economic Freedom

Most widely held value Shaped by classical liberalism Linked to capitalism Individualism Enlightenment

2.2


2.2 What is America’s most widely held political value?

a. Equality

b. Capitalism

c. Liberty

d. Democracy

2.2


a. Equality

b. Capitalism

c. Liberty

d. Democracy

2.22.2 What is America’s most widely held political value?


Dilemma of Equality

Political Equality Equality of Opportunity Equality of Results Fairness Tax Code Encourages Values

2.3


Political Equality

Legal equality not the same thing States could decide voter qualifications Value nudged reality along

2.3


Equality of Opportunity 2.3

Level playing field Equal chance of success regardless of demographics Americans do not resent success

Is it a reality today?

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Equality of Results

Equality in outcomes Government transfers wealth from rich

to poor Not an American value

Where is incentive to work hard?

Tax progressivity

2.3


Fairness

An American value, sort of Americans cannot agree on what is fair

Income floors and ceilings Soak the rich? Care for the poor, elderly, disabled

2.3


Tax Code Encourages Values

Tax deductions Home mortgage interest Dependents

Encourage investment in some areas, discourage it in others

Tax credits for the poor and the rich

2.3


2.3 Those who would like to see everyone enjoying equal conditions in life regardless of talent or work would most likely support the principles of:

a. Political equality

b. Equality of opportunity

c. Equality of results

d. Elitism

2.3


a. Political equality

b. Equality of opportunity

c. Equality of results

d. Elitism

2.32.3 Those who would like to see everyone enjoying equal conditions in life regardless of talent or work would most likely support the principles of:


Income Inequality and Social Mobility

How Much Inequality? Explaining Increases in Inequality Social Mobility How Much Mobility?

2.4


How Much Inequality?

Increased in recent decades Reversal of previous trends Why has it increased?

2.4


FIGURE 2.1: Shares of total household income received by highest and lowest income groups

2.4


Explaining Increases in Inequality

Social and economic trends: Decline of manufacturing Rise in two-income families More older and female-only households Global competition

2.4


Social Mobility

Reduces conflict over inequality Equality of opportunity ensures social

mobility Do increases in inequality show that it is

declining?

2.4


How Much Mobility?

Class conflict Class consciousness U.S. viewed as land of opportunity Everyone thinks they are middle class

2.4


Two Americas 2.4


2.4 Recent rises in income inequality may be the result of:

a. Decline in the manufacturing sector

b. Demographic trends

c. Global competition

d. All of the above

2.4


a. Decline in the manufacturing sector

b. Demographic trends

c. Global competition

d. All of the above

2.42.4 Recent rises in income inequality may be the result of:


Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration

African Americans Hispanic Americans Nation of Immigrants Illegal Immigration Immigration Reform Citizenship

2.5


African Americans

All immigrants expected to assimilate Largest minority historically

Now 13% of population

Internal migration to North Historic struggles against slavery,

segregation, discrimination

2.5


Hispanic Americans

Largest minority 50 million/16% of population

Mexicans in Southwest Puerto Ricans in New York Cubans in Miami

2.5


Nation of Immigrants

Immigrants looking for a better life Brought beliefs and values 12% of population foreign-born 1 million admitted legally each year Immigration policy

Major political conflict Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965

2.5


FIGURE 2.2: Racial and ethnic composition of the United States in 2010, 2020, 2050

2.5


Controversy over immigration

2.5


FIGURE 2.3: Hispanic populations 2.5


FIGURE 2.4: Legal immigration to the United States by decades

2.5


Illegal Immigration, Immigration Reform, and Citizenship Secure borders hard to maintain Estimates of illegals vary widely Due process Illegals lower labor costs Reform proposals vary in cost and feasibility Citizenship test Passports

2.5


Undocumented entry 2.5

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Illegal Immigration, Immigration Reform, and Citizenship Secure borders hard to maintain Estimates of illegals vary widely Due process Illegals lower labor costs Reform proposals vary in cost and feasibility Citizenship test Passports

2.5


Refugees from tyranny 2.5


2.5 It would be accurate to say that:

a. Hispanics are the largest minority group in America

b. Puerto Ricans are the largest subgroup of Hispanics in the United States

c. Most illegals are coming from Asia

d. Most illegals are coming from Haiti and the Caribbean

2.5


a. Hispanics are the largest minority group in America

b. Puerto Ricans are the largest subgroup of Hispanics in the United States

c. Most illegals are coming from Asia

d. Most illegals are coming from Haiti and the Caribbean

2.52.5 It would be accurate to say that:


Religion and Secularism in Politics

Challenging Religion in Public Life Religious/Political Alignments

2.6


FIGURE 2.5: Religious affiliation of Americans

2.6


Challenging Religion in Public Life

Religious society 90% claim belief in a god Clash of religion and politics

First Amendment challenges

2.6

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Religious/Political Alignments

Intensity, not creed determines views on public policy

Born-again/Evangelical oppose separation of church and state

Religious/conservative and secular/liberal divide solidifying

2.6


2.6Churches build civic ability


2.6 What percentage of Americans claim to believe in a god?

a. 80%

b. 64%

c. 90%

d. 45%

2.6


a. 80%

b. 64%

c. 90%

d. 45%

2.62.6 What percentage of Americans claim to believe in a god?


Ideologies: Liberalism and Conservatism

Modern Conservatism: Individualism plus Traditional Values

Modern Liberalism: Government Power to “Do Good”

Ideological Battlefield Youth and Ideology

2.7


FIGURE 2.6: Americans: Liberal, Moderate, Conservative

2.7


Modern Conservatism: Individualism Plus Traditional Values Conservative beliefs:

Free markets Limited government in economic sphere Morality in social affairs

Claim to be inheritors of classical liberalism

Economic versus social views on government intervention

2.7


Modern Liberalism: Governmental Power to “Do Good” Classical liberal commitment to

individual dignity Government as a force for good Opposite view from conservatives on

economic versus social regulations

2.7


Ideological Battlefield and Youth and Ideology

Both favor strong government, just in different areas Conservatives = social regulation Liberals = economic regulation

Populist Libertarian Young more likely to be liberal

2.7


FIGURE 2.7: Ideology among professors

2.7


FIGURE 2.8: Mapping the Ideological Battlefield

2.7


2.7 The belief in limited government intervention in both economic and social affairs would be associated with what political ideology?a. Conservatism

b. Liberalism

c. Libertarianism

d. Populism

2.7


a. Conservatism

b. Liberalism

c. Libertarianism

d. Populism

2.72.7 The belief in limited government intervention in both economic and social affairs would be associated with what political ideology?


Dissent in the United States Fascism Marxism Communism Socialism The End of History? Academic Radicalism Clash of Cultures? Moralism to Relativism? Culture Wars

2.8


Table 2.1: Ideology and age 2.8


Ideologies in action 2.8


Fascism, Marxism, Communism, and Socialism Fascism

Far-right Supremacy of state or race

Marxism Industrial Revolution Leninism

Communism Socialism

2.8


The End of History?

Democratic capitalism versus totalitarian communism Collapse of USSR Tearing down of Berlin Wall (1989) Global move toward free-market capitalism Capitalism does not ensure democracy

China

2.8


Academic Radicalism

Marxism remains as critique People oppressed and victimized by

capitalism Political correctness (PC)

2.8


A Clash of Cultures? Moralism to Relativism? Culture Wars?

Is American political culture intact? Religion and patriotism Melting pot or mosaic? Do culture wars define American politics

today?

2.8


Extremism, Left and Right

2.8


a. Workers were exploited.

b. Government was too strong.

c. Workers could strike too easily.

d. The need for workers led to illegal immigration.

2.8 What was Marxism’s main critique of capitalism?

2.8


a. Workers were exploited.

b. Government was too strong.

c. Workers could strike too easily.

d. The need for workers led to illegal immigration.

2.82.8 What was Marxism’s main critique of capitalism?


What are the main differences between liberals and conservatives? Which viewpoint is more prevalent today?

Discussion Question 2


Documents

2 Political Culture Ideas in Conflict Learning Objectives Define the concept of political culture Outline the main principles of classic liberalism 2.1