2. Prelude to World War II

7/28/2019 2. Prelude to World War II

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Unit 6 Part II

Prelude to World War

Mr. Klein

Spring 2013

Hillel Academy


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The Rise of Dictators

Totalitarianism:

Theory of government in which asingle party or leader controls theeconomic, social, and cultural lives ofits people.


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Education and the media(newspapers, radio, film

etc) are strictly controlledby the Government

One person - theDictator

-

holds all of thepower in the country

No elections are held - Dictator doesnot allow people to

choose who they want to

run their country

Persecution of anyone opposedto the Dictator

Only one political partyis allowed to exist.

Dictator is the leader of thisparty, and party helps

run the country

Rely upon a strong and loyalarmy to maintain power

TotalitarianRegime


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I. Lead up to War in EUROPE


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Economic Hardship Increases Appeal

For Dictators


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In Germany, depression = increase in votes forNazi Party.

Election date Votes inmillions

Share

May 20, 1928 0.81 2.6%

September 14, 1930 6.41 18.3%

July 31, 1932 13.75 37.3%

November 6, 1932 11.74 33.1%

March 5, 1933 17.28 43.9%

Voting for Nazi party increased asunemployment rates rose


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We already know of one dictator

Came to powerin 1933

NOT the firsttotalitarian ruler

leading up toWWII


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First Totalitarian Regime: Italy

Italy is economic mess afterWWI huge war debts

Fascist Party forms in 1919

Made up of dissatisfiedveterans

Appointed Prime Minister in1922 after threatening to march

on Rome

Creates dictatorship (suspendelections, outlaw other parties)

to create order and efficiencyBenito Mussolini (Il Duce)


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Fascist Ideology

State over individual.

Government does not own business, but usespower to control property owners.

Citizens are expected to support thegovernment.

Everything serves the government:businesses, schools, the media.

War is GLORIOUS

The Country is Nothing Without Conquest

Restore Glory of Roman Empire


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First Conquest: Ethiopia Mussolini invades in 1935

Italian colonies of Eritreaand Somalia being raided

Mussolini believesEthiopian govt

responsible.

Both Italy and Ethiopia inL.O.N.!!

No response by L.O.N.

Signifies the end of L.O.N.having any meaningfulinfluence


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Germany and Italy Join Forces

Sign Pact of Steel in 1936:

Germany and Italy form an axis around whichall European states animated by the desire for

peace may collaborate

Become known as Axis Powers

Later joined by Japan


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Germany Re-arms

Began even before Hitler Weimar govt begins secretly building military

Felt conditions of Versailles unfair no one else

disarmed

Hitlerdrastically expands effort to re-arm

Military production = relief from depression (jobs)

Prepare for coming war to implement plans forGerman racial state


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Germany Re-arms 1933Army secretly expands to 300,000

Luftwaffe secretly builds 1,000 planesBuilds tanks

1935 Germany goes public about rearming

Conscripts army to 550,000

Luftwaffe to 2,400 planes

NO ONE INTERVENES

GB implicitly approves violations by makingnaval treaty allowing GER to have more shipsthan treaty allows


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Early German Expansion

Germany reoccupies Rhineland in March 1936


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Early German Expansion

Germany reoccupies Rhineland in March 1936

Germany annexesAustria in March 1938 Big gamble

Why???

Direct Violations of Treaty of Versailles!!

Hitler is betting no European powers will oppose himto avoid another war his army not ready to fight

Consistent with Ethnic Self-Determination

Hitler is CORRECT


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Munich Conference (Sept 1938)

Germany next demands Sudetenland (area ofCZ with large Germanic pop.)


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Munich Conference (Sept 1938)


World leaders (GB, FR, IT and GER) meet inMunich

Neville Chamberlin GB Prime Minister

douard Daladier FR Prime Minister

Hitler

Mussolini

M i h C f


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Munich Conference

Mussolini, Hitler, Daladier (FR), Chamberlin (GB)


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Munich Conference


World leaders (GB, FR, IT and GER) meet inMunich

Who is missing??

NO REPRESENTATIVE FROM

CZECHOSLOVAKIA!!

M i h A t


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Munich Agreement

GB and FR agree to let Hitler haveSudetenland IF he agrees to stop expanding

Called policy of Appeasement

Hitler agrees

Appeasement is a complete failure

Hitler takes rest of CZ in March 1939

R ti t A t


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Reaction to Appeasement

Britain and France hadto choose between warand dishonor.

They chose dishonor.

They will have war.

Winston ChurchillMember of Parliament (future PM)


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G D d P li h C id


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Germany Demands Polish Corridor

After taking CZ, Hitler demands annexation of

Polish Corridor including city ofDanzig


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German Expansion Through 1939


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Italian Expansion Through 1939

G D d P li h C id


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Germany Demands Polish Corridor

After taking CZ, Hitler demands annexation of

Polish Corridor including city ofDanzig GB and FRmake war guarantee to defend

Poland if GER attacks

Hitler responds by entering Non-AggressionPact with USSR to divide Poland Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

Guarantees Hitler NO 2 Front War (like WWI was)

Odd alliance GER extremely Anti-Communist

Hitler: USSR leaders are an International Guild of

Criminals

S i t U i


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Soviet Union

Stalin succeeds Lenin as

leader of Soviet Union

Ruthless leader in quest

to industrialize USSR

Starves rural populationto feed cities

Imprisons all politicalopponents

Joseph Stalin


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Uneasy Allies


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Uneasy Allies


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Uneasy Allies

Germany Invades Poland


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With no fear of USSR intervening, GER

attacks POL on September 1,1939

Unleashes blitzkrieg

Lightning War

Move fast and get behind enemy lines

Use tanks, planes and motorized transportsrather than marching troops in slowly

AVOID TRENCH WARFARE!!!

GB and FR declare war on Sept 3, 1939



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Poland Surrenders


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Poland Surrenders

PerMolotov-Ribbentrop Pact, USSR invadesWestern Poland on September 17, 1939

Campaign ends October 6, 1939 (just over amonth)

GER and USSR divide up Poland

Poland Surrenders


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Poland Surrenders

Sitzkrieg


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Sitzkrieg

After Poland falls, Germans mobilize near

French border After WWI, France builds HUGE defensive

fortifications along German Border

Called Maginot Line

Large investment of money and resources meant toprevent GER attack

Nothing happens for 6 months Phony War

23 GER Divisions occupy 114 GB and FR Divisions

Maginot Line


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Maginot Line

Ardennes Forest

Maginot Line


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Maginot Line

Maginot Line


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Maginot Line

Phony War Ends


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Phony War Ends

After Winter, GER renews attacks

April 9, 1940 GER attacks Denmark andNorway

May 10, 1940 GER attacks Netherlandsand Belgium on way to France

Maginot Line ineffective (attack through Ardennes)All three countries overwhelmed quickly

Germany takes Paris on June 14, 1940

France then surrenders


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Vichy France


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Vichy France

After FR surrenders, country divided

North controlled by Germany South sovereign French land

Southern Govt known as Vichy govt Not same French govt

New constitution and new leaders

Collaborate with Nazis, but LARGEresistance movement exists (civil war)

DISBANDED Once Allies liberate Paris in

1944 Battle of Britain


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Battle of Britain

July 1940 - After taking FR GER begins

aerial bombing of GB Need to control skies to launch invasion of

island

Massive destruction to England via bombing

British RAF mounts strong opposition toLuftwaffe

Luftwaffe cannot win air superiority

Hitler abandons invasion of GBfor now.


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Hitler Breaks Non-Aggression Pact


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Hitler Breaks Non Aggression Pact

Withinvasion of GB on hold, Hitler looks East

Launches Operation Barbarossa in June 1941

Invasion of USSR

No fear of 2 fronts since Fortress Europa gained


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Invasion of USSR


Successful at first


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Invasion ofUSSR


Successful at first

Held up by USSR just shy of Moscow Winter sets in

Nazis fail to take Stalingrad next summer

BLOODY combat huge loss of troops by both


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II. Lead up to War in Pacific

Modernization of Japan


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1850s Japan begins to modernize

Ironic that US action begins this process

Japan does not want to be dominated by Europe

(like China and other East Asian nations). Wants to become imperial

Creates modern (Western) military

US Isolationism


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US Isolationism

Japanese Military BEFORE 1850


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Japanese Military in 1930s



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1850s Japan begins to modernize

Ironic that US action begins this process

Japan does not want to be dominated by Europe(like China and other East Asian nations).

Creates modern (Western) military

Also modernizes ECONOMICALLY Introduce Capitalism and begin Industrialization

Modernization Leads to Imperialism


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Modernization Leads to Imperialism

Japan faces two challenges

Both caused by limited sizeof islands:

1. Lack of natural resources forindustry (especially fuel).

2. Lack of space for expandingpopulation

Japan thus believes itNEEDS new lands

Wants to be IMPERIAL


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Japanese Leadership


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Japanese Leadership

Japan technically ruled

by Emperor

Emperor Hirohito

In reality, Japan largelycontrolled by the militaryin 1930s and 1940s

General Hideki Tojo

Prime Minister during

WWII

Japan Expands


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Japan Expands

Sino-Japanese War (1885) Japan takes colony of Koreafrom China (coal, iron, location)

Russo-Japanese War (1905) Japan gains SouthernManchuria (open land, minerals)

Invasion of Manchuria (1931) - Japan takes all of Manchuria

Violates Open Door Policy

Condemned by LON But LON has no ability to stop them

Second Sino-Japanese War (1937) Japan seizes Mongolia

Japan Expands


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Japan Expands

Japan Expands (Cont.)


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Japan Expands (Cont.)

Once FR and HOL defeated, Japan sees opportunity

to expand more

Negotiate treaty with Vichy govt forFrench Indochina(Vietnam, Thailand, Burma)

Move in to seize Dutch East Indies

US Objects: Imposes harsh economic sanctions

Stops US Oil Exports/ Freezes JP assets/ closes PanamaCanal to JP

Japan NEEDS this fuel for economy


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III. US Isolationism

US Isolationism


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US committed to stayingout of war:

European Problem Depression Fatigue from WWI

Pass Neutrality Acts

Neutrality Act of 1937

No loans to warringnations No war supplies sold cash and carry for

two years for non-

war supplies

Roosevelt and Isolationism


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Roosevelt disagrees withisolationism

If all allies fall, we are aloneto fight GER, IT, JP

Cash and carry expanded

in 1939 war supplies OK

Destroyers for Bases Deal(Sept 1940)

Trade 50 old destroyersfor 8 GB military bases

Frees up modern ships,men and resources for

GB - Gives buffer to US

Small Moves to Prepare for War


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pIn 1940, US begins to slowlyprepare in case of war:

Authorize doubling size ofNavy

Increase production ofweapons (tanks, guns,planes, etc.)

Institute first peace-timedraft

Great Arsenal of Democracy


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y Speech in Dec 1940

FDR declares the US willsupport GB while it still ispossible to do so

Must ramp up production ofmilitary supplies

BUT REMEMBERNeutrality Laws still mean

cash and carry.

Govt begins to direct

economy for war production

Lend Lease and Shoot on Sight


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Lend Lease Act (March 1941)

US can lend or lease materials to any country FDR deemsvital to our own defense

We deliver $54 billion of materials

Have to escort with navy (Neutrality Patrols)

Shoot on Sight Order (Sept 1941)

USS Greer(escorting supplies) fired upon by German sub

Roosevelt gives order that naval escorts may shootGerman subs that threaten them or the supply ships

US enters the War!


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Damage at Pearl Harbor


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g

2,300 die 1,300 wounded

Pacific Fleet DECIMATED 18 ships sunk (5 battleships) many more

damaged

75% of US planes destroyed or damaged

Japan loses only 25 airplanes

BUT

Aircraft Carriers NOT in Harbor


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2. Prelude to World War II