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7/28/2019 (2) San Basics
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Storage Basics
Ripunjaya Rawat
StorageTechnical Manager - Storage
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At the end of this course, you will be able to:
Have overview of a Storage network. Differentiate between Storage Network Technologies such as
DAS, SAN & NAS Identify features and benefits of each Storage Network Technology Have overview of Fiber Channel protocol List SAN components Define different SAN topologies such as point-to-point, arbitrated loop,
and switched fabric topologies
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In order to ensure productivity of training, we need to be….
- Punctual……………..
- Put mobile on vibration and do not receive calls within the training
room……………..
- Not dropout from the training without permission……………..
- Be more interactive…………….
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LESSON 1 Introduction to SANs
Basic terms and concepts
Advantages of SAN and NAS
LESSON 2 SAN Connectivity
A Fibre Channel Primer
LESSON 3 SAN Components
Products and features
LESSON 4 SAN Topology
Point-to-point, arbitrated loop,switched fabric
LESSON 5 ZONING
Hard and soft zoning
LESSON 6 RAID
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INTRODUCTION TO SAN
LESSON 1
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A dedicated network forservers and storage systems
LAN
SAN
What is a Storage Area Network?
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Storage Basics
Disk Storage Subsystem
Hard Disk
Controller
Bus
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SAN STORAGE
• RAID: ―Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks‖
Fault-tolerant grouping of disks that server sees as a single diskvolume
Combination of parity-checking, mirroring, striping
Self-contained, manageable unit of storage
• JBOD: ―Just a Bunch of Disks‖
Drives independently attached to the I/O channel
Scaleable, but requires server to manage multiple volumes
Do not provide protection in case of drive failure
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SAN Components
Servers with host busadaptersStorage systems
RAIDJBOD
Tape
Optical
Hubs and switches
Bridges and extendersSAN management software
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Storage Basics
Traditional host to storage communication usedParallel Transport like SCSI & ESCON.
High performance
Low protocol overhead
Static configuration
Short distances
Connectivity is limited to a single host
Channels
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Storage Basics
Use Serial Transport
More flexible
Provide greater distance capabilities
Provide shared connectivity between hostsystems
Networks
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DAS - Direct attached storage
DAS, SAN , NAS
The most familiar form of storage.
This offers high performance. Runs on various versions of SCSI and SATA Access Devices like Hard disks, tape drives
& Robotic controls in a Tape library
Now expanding to USB based connections
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SAN – What’s different
Contd..
Uses a network to create a shared pool of storagedevices.
Allows sharing data between different networkservers.
Provides a fast connection medium for data
backup, restoration, archiving and retrieval.
Network allows the devices to be connected over long distances.
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SAN – Storage Area Networks
Contd…
SAN is a collection of computers and storage devices,connected over a high-speed optical network and dedicated tothe task of storing and protecting data.
SAN devices use optical fiber or bus based access topologiesfor very fast disks connected directly through special networksand special network cards.
The disks used are typically SCSI or Fiber Channel
disks. These solutions are required for critical response
solutions.
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(Network Attached Storage) NAS
Attacheddirectly to
network
Dedicated,multi-protocol
filer
File I/O File I/O
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SAN and NAS
Good for simple,
scalable file sharing
Good for hosting
large databases
SAN
• Remote storage access
• Private net for storage
• Storage protocols
• Centralized management
NAS
• Remote file access
• Shares user net
• Network protocols
• Distributed management
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Summary
• SAN Benefits
• SANs fully exploit high-performance, high-connectivity
network technologies• SANs expand easily to keep pace with fast growing
storage needs
• SANs allow any server to access any data
• SANs help centralize management of storage resources• SANs reduce total cost of ownership
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SAN CONNECTIVITY
LESSON 2
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Storage Basics
Increase in the number of servers and storage devices. Network like flexibility, channel-like reliability and performance. The SCSI driver is well implemented in all operating system.
SCSI commands are mapped to Fibre Channel constructs,then encapsulated and transported within Fibre Channel frames.This allows the SCSI protocol to be used over a Fibre Channelnetwork.
Fibre Channel - why and how?
bandwidth -- availability -- reliability -- integrity -- scalability
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Open, unstructured
Error-free secondary
Peer to peer
Data, voice, video
Software intensive
Closed, structured
High performance
Error-free
Large data transfer
Hardware intensive
Network Channel Traditional Connectivity
Disk
Processor
Memory
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Open, unstructured
Error-free secondary
Peer to peer
Data, voice, video
Software intensive
Closed, structured
High performance
Error-free
Large data transfer
Hardware intensive
Network Channel Traditional Connectivity
Disk
Processor
Memory
Fibre Channel
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Storage Basics
Initiator arbitrates for access before transmitting, thisensures channel-like access to target.
All SCSI commands and user data is sent over 2112byte Fibre Channel payload frames.
Low latency: Less than 2 micro second latency inputport to output port of FC
Fibre Channel features
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Storage Basics
Connectivity: Thousands of devices per fabric
(network) Performance: Current speeds: 1 and 2 Gbit/sec (100and 200 MBytes/sec), 4 Gbit/sec & 10 Gbit/sec(400MBytes/sec and 1 GBytes/sec) just released.
Long distance: Up to 10KM distance, even longer with extenders. Heterogeneous systems support - UNIX, Windowsetc.
Fibre Channel features
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ATM
FC - ATM
IP
FC Link
Encapsulation
FC - LE
ULP (Upper Level Protocol) SCSI-3
SCSI - 3 Command
Set Mapping FC - 4
IPI - 3 Command
Set Mapping
(IPI-3 STD)
FC - 3 Common Services
FC - 0
FC - 1
FC - 2 Fibre Channel Physical
& Signaling Interface( FC- PH, FC-PH2,
FC-PH3 ) Physical Variant
Encode / Decode
Framing ProtocolFC - AL
8B/10B Encoding
Copper, Optical
FC - AL -2
FC Protocol Architecture
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• Class 1
Acknowledged Connection Service Dedicated path between ports
• Class 2
Acknowledged Connectionless Service
Independently switched frames
Non-dedicated path between ports• Class 3
Unacknowledged Connectionless Service
Same as Class 2 without acknowledgements
Invalid frames are discarded.
provides error correction/handling
FC Frame Classes
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• Speed Xfer rate: 1.062 Gbit/sec
(2x, 4x also defined) Maximum User Payload: 2112 bytes Bit Error Rate: 1x10-12
• Distance Copper: 10’s m
Shortwave Laser (MMF): ~500 m (850 nm) Longwave Laser (SMF): ~10 km (1300 nm)
• Connections Point to Point: 2 Arbitrated Loop: 126 Switched Fabric: 16 Million (224)
Fibre Channel by the Numbers
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Fibre
Channel
Fibre
Channel AL
Parallel
SCSI
Connections 16 Million 126 15
Distance 10km 10km 25m
Bandwidth 200 MB/secPer connection
200 MB/secShared Bandwidth
160 MB/secShared Bandwidth
Hot Plug Yes Yes No
MultipleProtocols
Yes Yes No
How Does FC Compare to SCSI?
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LESSON 3
SAN COMPONENTS
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Storage Basics
Host Bus Adapter (HBA)
Fiber/Copper Cabling
Hub Fibre Channel or IP Switch
Multi-protocol Gateway or Router
Storage Array
Management System
SAN components
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Storage Basics
FC Connectors
SC (Seimens Connector)
LC (Lucent Connector)
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Storage Basics
Provides an Interface between the Servers or Workstations Internal Bus (e.g.PCI or SBUS) andFibre Channel network.
HBA software driver provides the storageinformation required by the Operating System.
Handles I/O and Control requests.
Copper/Optical media support.
May be dual port cards.
FC (HBAs) Host Bus Adapters
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• PCI to FC Adapter 32/64-bit, 33/66-MHz, PCI 2.1 compliant Other buses - HSC, SBus 100 MB/sec FC performance
• Features
GBIC support SNMP and MIB compliance AL and Fabric login support (vendor-specific) Copper/optical media support (vendor-specific) Operating system support (vendor-specific)
Host Bus Adapters & Interfaces
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• Multi-Port Fibre Channel Hub
6 -16 ports, copper or optical GBIC’s Network management software
Supports FC-AL
Hubs
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Hub
Node Node Node Node Node
Fibre Channel Hub
• Features
Zoning
Integrated SNMP and MIB-compliant management
Configuration management tools and utilization monitoring
Automated port isolation and device failover
N+1 hot-swappable components for fault-tolerance
Fabric upgradeability/integration
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• Multi-Port Fibre Channel Switch 8 -16 ports (or more)
Copper or optical GBIC’s Fast, non-blocking, dedicated bandwidth
Special services (time, name, etc.)
Fibre Channel Switch
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Switch
Node Node Node Node Node
• Features Zoning
Integrated SNMP and MIB-compliant management
Configuration management tools with utilizationmonitoring
Automated port and device fail-over
N+1 hot-swappable components for fault-tolerance
Fibre Channel Switch
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• Features
FC-attached to the SAN
High RPM, fibre drives
Support for multiple RAID levels
SNMP and MIB-compliant Multiple storage processors for load-balancing
N+1 hot-swappable components
GUI configuration management tools withutilization monitoring
Storage Systems
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Storage Basics
A device e.g.server or storage with a Fibre ChannelInterface is called a Node.
The Fibre Channel ports on that Device are calledPorts. Each Port has a Transmit Fibre and a Receive Fibre In other words SAN is a collection of ―nodes‖
attached to each other using a device called as a―switch‖. Nodes can be an Initiator (HBA) or a Target (Storage)
Nodes
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SAN Components
• Cables
• Interfaces/Adapters• Hubs
• Switches
• Storage Systems
Summary and Questions
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LESSON 4
SAN TOPOLOGY
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100MB >
< 100MB
Arbitrated Loop100MB
100MB
100MB
100MB
Point-to-Point
Switched Fabric
SAN Topologies
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100 MB/sec
100 MB/sec
Point-to-Point Topology
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• TX of each node is connected to the RX of the next nodeuntil a loop is formed
• Operational sequence:
Arbitrate for control of the loop
Open channel to target
Transfer data
Close• Maximum bandwidth - currently 100 MB/sec
Arbitrated Loop
Node 1 Node 2
Tx
Tx
Tx
Rx
Rx
RxNode 3
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Arbitrated Loop Topology
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Node
Fabric
N-Port
F-PortF-Port N-Port
Node TX
RX RX
TX
• Maximum number of nodes = 16 million
• Maximum bandwidth = 200MB/sec x nodes
• Nodes (N-ports) log into the Fabric (F-ports)
Internal routing and addressing managed by fabric
End to end connection managed by the N-Ports
Switched Fabric
Switched Fabric Topology
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10 Km
Switched Fabric Topology
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Lesson 5
ZONING
Z i
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Switch
Node Node Node Node Node
Zone X Zone Y
Zoning arranges FC connected devices
into logical groups
Zoning
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Storage Basics
Zoning
Soft zoning: Zone by World Wide Name – Flexibility
– Reconfiguration
– Troubleshooting
Hard zoning: Zone by Domain/physical
switch port –More Secure
– Simplified HBA replacement
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Port Zoning - Hard Zoning
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WWN Zoning – Soft Zoning
Z i
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• Operation
Zone members “see” only other members of the zone Zones are configured dynamically
Devices can be members of more than one zone
FC-AL zoning allows the creation of private loops on asingle hub
Switched fabric zoning can take place at the port or device level
• Benefits
Secured device access
Allows operating system co-existence
Zoning
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Lesson 6
RAID
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Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
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RAID0
Data Block A
A2 A3 A4 A1
LDEV
4 Data
A1 A2 A3 A4
RAID1
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RAID1
Data Block A
A2 A3 A4 A1
Mirrored Block A
A2 A3 A4 A1
1 Data +
A2 A3 A4 A1 A2 A3 A4 A1
1 Mirror 1 Data 1 Mirror
Data Block B
B2 B3 B4B1
Mirrored Block B
B2 B3 B4B1
B2 B3 B4B1 B2 B3 B4B1LDEV0 LDEV1
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RAID0/1
2D + 2D Array Group
RAID 0/1 is a striped and mirrored copy within a
ACP pair
LDEV0
LDEV1
LDEVn
Data
Data
Data
Data
Mirror
Mirror
Mirror
Mirror
• RAID 0/1
—Striped and mirrored
(aka. ―dual read‖ RAID 1)
—50% storage overhead
—Best for performancesensitiveapplications
—Better read & writeperformance
RAID5
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P(10-12) D11D10 D12
P(7-9) D7D9 D8
P(4-6)D6D5 D4
* Shows logical not physical view
3D + 1P Array Group *
P(1-3)D1 D2 D3
•RAID 5
—Stripes parity acrossdisks
—25% storage overhead
—More cost effective$/usable MB
—Excellent performance
RAID5
R i SAN T d C t
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NAS multi-protocol network filer
RAID redundant array of inexpensive disks
JBOD “just a bunch of disks”
Point-to-Point
Arbitrated Loop a shared-bandwidth SAN that uses
hubs to chain servers and storagenodes in a serial ring topology
Fibre Channel protocol and architecture for SANs
SAN network for servers and storage systems
Review: SAN Terms and Concepts
Re ie SAN Terms and Concepts
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Switched Fabric a dedicated-bandwidth SAN that uses switches to provide parallel paths that connect servers and storage nodes into
a “fabric”
Zoning
GBIC
Segregation of ports on a switch or hub to produce separate SANs
Giga-Bit Interface Converter
Review: SAN Terms and ConceptsContinued
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Seat No:FA28Ext. no. 703065
Mobile no. 91 9958696627Short Id:rrawat3