2: Scholarly Communications System

Pre-modern academy

• Shangyang “Higher School” – Yu period ~2250 BCE• Imperial Central School – Zhou dynasty ~1050-249• Plato’s Academy (founded 428 BCE)• Aristotle’s Lyceum 335 BCE• Library of Alexandria 300-30 BCE

• Reverence for “scholarly knowledge” universal-local

Nalanda, Bihar, India ~427 to 1197

Nanking University

Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt, 988

Timbuktu

Modern university

Late medieval->Early Enlightenment->Late EnlightenmentUniversity of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, 1088University of Paris, Paris, France, founded c. 1150University of Oxford, Oxford, England, before 1167University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, c. 1209University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain, 1218Ruprecht Karls University of Heidelberg, Germany, 1386University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, 1409University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey, 1453

(1660)

Académie des Sciences (1666)