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Making our world more productive
Solutions for the LH2 Supply Chain.
Linde LH2 Distribution Equipment.
Peter Gerstl
PyeongChang, 9th May 2019
2
Agenda.
1. Linde plc – Group Profile
2. Product & Service Portfolios of Linde Gas & Linde Manufacturing
3. Reasons for Liquid Hydrogen Usage, Supply chain
4. Stationary LH2 Solutions
5. Mobile LH2 Solutions
6. Conclusion & Outlook
3
Linde plc – Group Profile.
Organization Structure
9th May 2019
Manufacturing
Engineering Division Gases Division
EMEA
Asia/Pacific
Americas
Linde plc
H2 Fueltech
GmbH
International Hydrogen Forum 2019 (PyeongChang, Republic of Korea) – Linde / Peter Gerstl, “Solutions for the LH2 Supply Chain”
4
Linde plc
Adjusted Pro Forma Financials (1)
9th May 2019
▪ Adjusted for comparability
- Merger, PPA(3) & other effects removed
- Estimated divestures removed
- Sales growth consistent with trends
▪ Operating Profit +7%
- +30bps margin expansion
- Pricing and volume contribution
▪ EPS +8%
- Lower net interest expense1 Non-GAAP measures 2 Income is from continuing operations3 PPA = Purchase Price accounting
Pro Forma Financials 2018 2017 Change
Sales in $ Billion 28.1 26.9 5%
Gross Profit in $ Billion 11.2 10.5 6%
Operating Profit in $ Billion 4.8 4.5 7%
Income (2) in $ Billion 3.4 3.2 8%
Diluted EPS in $ 6.2 5.7 8%
Number of employees 80,000
International Hydrogen Forum 2019 (PyeongChang, Republic of Korea) – Linde / Peter Gerstl, “Solutions for the LH2 Supply Chain”
5
Agenda.
1. Linde plc – Group Profile
2. Product & Service Portfolios of Linde Gas & Linde Manufacturing
3. Reasons for Liquid Hydrogen Usage, Supply chain
4. Stationary LH2 Solutions
5. Mobile LH2 Solutions
6. Conclusion & Outlook
6
Linde Engineering, Schalchen Plant in Germany
The Manufacturing Facility for Cryogenic Equipment!
9th May 2019
— Location: about 100 km
east of Munich
— 25 workshops, large
indoor manufacturing
area (65,000m2)
— All necessary disciplines
available: engineering,
sales & production, etc.
— High-quality materials
only: Aluminum &
Stainless Steel
International Hydrogen Forum 2019 (PyeongChang, Republic of Korea) – Linde / Peter Gerstl, “Solutions for the LH2 Supply Chain”
7
Linde Manufacturing – Product Portfolio
Vast experience in the field of cryogenic plant equipment!
9th May 2019
HELICS™ & HYLICS™Spirally-welded
Aluminum Pipes
Cryogenic Storage TanksVaporizersCoil-wound HXBrazed Aluminum HX
& Cold boxes
Custom engineered Products Standardized Products
International Hydrogen Forum 2019 (PyeongChang, Republic of Korea) – Linde / Peter Gerstl, “Solutions for the LH2 Supply Chain”
8
Hydrogen solutions | Production, Distribution, Fueling.
Linde covers the full value chain!
9th May 2019
Production &
StorageDistribution
H2 Fueling
Stations
Infrastructure &
vehicles
Conventional
(e.g. SMR)
Renewable
(e.g. Electrolysis)
Onsite Electrolysis
Ionic compressor
Cryopump
LH2
Liquid Hydrogen
CGH2
Compressed Gaseous
Hydrogen
Liquefaction
International Hydrogen Forum 2019 (PyeongChang, Republic of Korea) – Linde / Peter Gerstl, “Solutions for the LH2 Supply Chain”
Boil-off mgmt.
system
Dispenser
9
Agenda.
1. Linde plc – Group Profile
2. Product & Service Portfolios of Linde Gas & Linde Manufacturing
3. Reasons for Liquid Hydrogen Usage, Supply chain
4. Stationary LH2 Solutions
5. Mobile LH2 Solutions
6. Conclusion & Outlook
10
Cost of Energy Transport.
9th May 2019
Source: Study as published by Strategic Analysis Inc. (June 2018)
Remarks:
• High Voltage DC: “electrical transmission faces high cost for sending electricity.”
• Pipelines:
- Investment costs for H2 pipelines (e.g. 36’’) require sufficient consumption.
- Today, initial H2 consumption is too low to justify the CAPEX.
Transmission Method Electrical Gas Pipeline Liquid Pipeline
Energy Carrier HVDC Hydrogen Nat.Gas Methanol Ethanol Crude Oil
Flow (amps, kg/s) 6'000 69.54 368.9 1'863 1'859 1'969
Rated Capacity (MW) 2'656 8'360 17'391 37'435 50'116 91'941
Capital Cost ($M/mile) $3.9M $1.38M $1.69M $1.92M $1.92M $1.47M
Operating Power: Rated Capacity 12.9% 1.94% 2.67% 2.02% 1.51% 0.78%
Capital Cost ($/(mile x MW)) $1'467 $166 $97 $51 $38 $16
Transmission Cost ($/(MWh x 1000mile)) $41.50 $5.0 $3.7 $2.2 $1.7 $0.77
International Hydrogen Forum 2019 (PyeongChang, Republic of Korea) – Linde / Peter Gerstl, “Solutions for the LH2 Supply Chain”
11
How to supply Hydrogen?
Four distribution options available …
9th May 2019
H2 Quantity
Dis
tan
ce f
rom
H2
sou
rce
CGH2 Trailer
LH2 Trailer/
Container
On-site production
Pipeline
?
International Hydrogen Forum 2019 (PyeongChang, Republic of Korea) – Linde / Peter Gerstl, “Solutions for the LH2 Supply Chain”
12
How to supply Hydrogen?
LH2 versus CGH2.
9th May 2019
consumer close <250 km far >250 km
small CGH2 CGH2 / LH2
large CGH2 / LH2 LH2
Distance from H2 source
LH2
CGH2
Large tanks with high pressure
CGH2 get overly expensive!
Cost
of
H2
dis
trib
uti
on
© Norled, ferry boat
“Small consumer” means:
100-200 kg/day
International Hydrogen Forum 2019 (PyeongChang, Republic of Korea) – Linde / Peter Gerstl, “Solutions for the LH2 Supply Chain”
13
Liquid and gaseous hydrogen.
Comparison of mass density.
9th May 2019
Only comparing CGH2 vs. LH2 density (at 1 bar):
300 bar: 1/3 LH2 density
500 bar: 1/2 LH2 density
Source of Chart: Eichlseder, H. & Klell, M. (p.86, 2008) “Wasserstoff in der Fahrzeugtechnik”, Wiesbaden, Vieweg+Teubner Verlag
Compression work
Liquefaction work
Wo
rk [
%H
u]
Density LH2
Density CGH2
De
nsi
ty [
kg
/m
3]
En
erg
y d
en
sity
[k
Wh
/ li
ter]
Pressure [bar]
Critical
Point
Density @ 300bar
Density @ 500bar
International Hydrogen Forum 2019 (PyeongChang, Republic of Korea) – Linde / Peter Gerstl, “Solutions for the LH2 Supply Chain”
14
Liquid and gaseous hydrogen.
Comparison of energy density.
9th May 2019
▪ Hydrogen in its liquid form allows a significant reduction of the storage footprint!
▪ Total weight of the equipment and supporting structures are equally reduced.
▪ Rule of thumb: gaseous hydrogen requires 4 time more footprint than liquid
➔Where size & weight matter, liquid Hydrogen offers benefits.
300 bar /
4.4 tons
2 bar /
4.7 tons
Installation at DLR, Cologne, Germany
International Hydrogen Forum 2019 (PyeongChang, Republic of Korea) – Linde / Peter Gerstl, “Solutions for the LH2 Supply Chain”
15
Liquid and gaseous Hydrogen.
Comparison of logistical aspects.Lo
rem
Ip
sum
9th May 2019
Method Facts + Pros - Cons
CGH2 Trailer - Transport at 20MPa & above
- Capacity: 900kg
- Time to fill: 4 hours
- Time to off-load: 45 minutes
(tube trailer swap!)
- Economical transport for
short to medium distances
- Comparatively low capacity (high
delivery frequency)
- Comparatively large on-site
footprint
- Residual gas in trailer (=waste)
the higher the pressure in the
supply chain, the higher the
amount/tonnage of CGH2 in
circulation!
LH2 Trailer - Transport at -253°C
- Capacity: 4,000kg
- Time to fill: 4 hours
- Time to off-load: 1.0 hours
- Economical transport for
medium to long distances
- Comparatively small
footprint
- Comparatively high energy demand
(10kWh/kg for liquefaction)
- Some liquid needs to remain in the
distribution equipment to keep it
cryogenic cold during return to the
LH2 source!
➔ usable volume: 90%
LH2 Container - Transport at -253°C
- Capacity: 3,000kg
- Time to fill: 3 hours
- Time to off-load: 0.5 hours
(container swap!)
- Economical transport for
medium to long distances
- Comparatively small
footprint,
- By remaining at customer
site,1x LH2 transfer can be
avoided ➔ less boil-off!
- Overseas transport possible
- Longer holding times
possible (LIN shield)
International Hydrogen Forum 2019 (PyeongChang, Republic of Korea) – Linde / Peter Gerstl, “Solutions for the LH2 Supply Chain”
16
The LH2 Supply Chain.
Example: from Liquefier to Compressor.
9th May 2019
LH2 – storage down-
stream of H2 liquefier
2-2.5 bar(a)
LH2 distribution
• Trailer filling requires
Dp of 1 bar
• Purging & cooling of
filling hose necessary
• Purging (He & H2 consumption)
& cooling of filling hose
• Dp for offloading 1-2 bar
• Mass flow 4.0t/h
• LH2 pressure in LH2
trailer 1.5 bar(a)
• Filling level: 95%
Pressure level
LH2 offloading:
7 bara
Pressure level:
6 bar(a)
Pressure loss:
1 bar
Vaporizer Pre
compressor
Main
compressor
Pressure level
suction side:
5 bar(a)
Pressure level
suction side:
25 bar(a)
Intermediate LH2 tanks:
• Different designs available,
based on boil-off/holding time
requirements!
International Hydrogen Forum 2019 (PyeongChang, Republic of Korea) – Linde / Peter Gerstl, “Solutions for the LH2 Supply Chain”
17
Agenda.
1. Linde plc – Group Profile
2. Product & Service Portfolios of Linde Gas & Linde Manufacturing
3. Reasons for Liquid Hydrogen Usage, Supply chain
4. Stationary LH2 Solutions
5. Mobile LH2 Solutions
6. Conclusion & Outlook
18
Liquid Hydrogen Tanks – Examples.
Design for Industrial Applications.
9th May 2019
Key Data
— Inner volume: 71 m3 (references up to 270m3)
— Design pressure: 12 bar(g)
— Storage capacity: 4,600 kg LH2 (1bar, 5% ullage)
— Vacuum-perlite insulation
— Integrated cryogenic valves
— Designed for industrial applications with high
demand (electronics, chemical, etc.)
— Horizontal & vertical design
Performance
— Boil-off ratio: <44 kg/day (<0.95%/d)
Applications
— Typical industrial applications with high Hydrogen
demandInternational Hydrogen Forum 2019 (PyeongChang, Republic of Korea) – Linde / Peter Gerstl, “Solutions for the LH2 Supply Chain”
19
Liquid Hydrogen Tanks – Examples.
Optimized Design for Fueling Stations.
9th May 2019
Key Data
— Inner volume: 11.5 m3
— Design pressure: 6 bar(g)
— Storage capacity: 900 kg LH2 (1bar, 5% ullage)
— Special integrated cryogenic valves
— Multi-layer insulation inside vacuum space
— Especially designed to fit into a 40ft container, and
for fueling stations
Performance
— Boil-off ratio: <5.5 kg/day (<0.6%/d)
Applications
— Fueling stations, with low to medium Hydrogen
demand
International Hydrogen Forum 2019 (PyeongChang, Republic of Korea) – Linde / Peter Gerstl, “Solutions for the LH2 Supply Chain”
20
Liquid Hydrogen Tanks – Examples.
Special Design for extremely low Boil-off!
9th May 2019
Key Data
— Inner volume: 6,000 liters
— Design pressure: 12 barg
— Storage capacity: 400 kg LH2 (1bar, 5% ullage)
— Special integrated cryogenic valves
— Special insulation material inside vacuum space
— All necessary connections for LH2 pump
Performance
— Boil-off ratio: <2 kg/day (<0.5%/d)
Applications
— Fueling stations, with low Hydrogen demand
(tank for the early market phase)
International Hydrogen Forum 2019 (PyeongChang, Republic of Korea) – Linde / Peter Gerstl, “Solutions for the LH2 Supply Chain”
21
Agenda.
1. Linde plc – Group Profile
2. Product & Service Portfolios of Linde Gas & Linde Manufacturing
3. Reasons for Liquid Hydrogen Usage, Supply chain
4. Stationary LH2 Solutions
5. Mobile LH2 Solutions
6. Conclusion & Outlook
22
Linde Liquid Hydrogen Container.
HYLICS™.
9th May 2019
Key Technical Data
Frame Size 40ft Container
Design UN Portable Tank
Design Pressure 12 bar(g)
LH2 capacity 3,000 kg (5% ullage)
Option LIN-Shield
International Hydrogen Forum 2019 (PyeongChang, Republic of Korea) – Linde / Peter Gerstl, “Solutions for the LH2 Supply Chain”
23
Linde Liquid Hydrogen Trailer.
More Tons of LH2 on the Road!
9th May 2019
Key Technical Data
Vessel length 13.7 m
Approvals TPED / ADR 6.8
Design Pressure 12 bar(g)
LH2 capacity 4,000 kg (5% ullage)
No LIN-Shield
International Hydrogen Forum 2019 (PyeongChang, Republic of Korea) – Linde / Peter Gerstl, “Solutions for the LH2 Supply Chain”
24
Agenda.
1. Linde plc – Group Profile
2. Product & Service Portfolios of Linde Gas & Linde Manufacturing
3. Reasons for Liquid Hydrogen Usage, Supply chain
4. Stationary LH2 Solutions
5. Mobile LH2 Solutions
6. Conclusion & Outlook
25
Conclusion & Outlook.
9th May 2019
Next steps and key success factors
— Our innovations will focus on:
— High-performing mobile & stationary LH2 distribution equipment to make
transportation and loading/unloading as simple as possible
— Minimization of boil-off losses over the complete supply chain, incl.
CAPEX/OPEX considerations
Drivers
— Regulations and policies will continue to change the energy mix and will require a
reduction of emissions in the various modes of transportation.
— Hydrogen & Fuel cell technology has a set of advantages over other zero emission
technologies.
Liquid Hydrogen
— LH2 is not a “one-size-fits-all” solution, but is most efficient especially for larger
FC power units, typically required for ships, energy storage systems, trains, etc.
— Supply chains for LH2 have to be well thought-through, in order to reach an
optimum between CAPEX and OPEX.
International Hydrogen Forum 2019 (PyeongChang, Republic of Korea) – Linde / Peter Gerstl, “Solutions for the LH2 Supply Chain”
Making our world more productive
Thank you for your attention.
Linde Aktiengesellschaft, Engineering Division
Peter Gerstl
Tel +49 8621 85 6281
www.linde.com