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Biomaterials Topic #2: Surface Properties Name: 1. Aquaman has very durable skin and is able to swim at 150 mph in part due to his superhuman strength but also the surface properties of his skin. (a) What skin ‘surface’ properties might contribute to this super swimming ability? (b) From the diagram below, which of the following two skin samples (shown with a drop of water on top) is likely Aquaman’s? Justify your answer. (c) Why does water ‘bead up’ on surface B? (d) If we were to base a new biomaterial for artificial skin on Aquaman’s skin, what surface properties of the material would we be interested in (in addition to hydrophobicity)?

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Biomaterials  Topic  #2:  Surface  Properties  Name:              1.  Aquaman  has  very  durable  skin  and  is  able  to  swim  at  150  mph  in  part  due  to  his  superhuman  strength  but  also  the  surface  properties  of  his  skin.    

(a)  What  skin  ‘surface’  properties  might  contribute  to  this  super  swimming  ability?      

         (b)  From  the  diagram  below,  which  of  the  following  two  skin  samples  (shown  with  a  

drop  of  water  on  top)  is  likely  Aquaman’s?  Justify  your  answer.      

               

(c)  Why  does  water  ‘bead  up’  on  surface  B?              (d)  If  we  were  to  base  a  new  biomaterial  for  artificial  skin  on  Aquaman’s  skin,  what  

surface  properties  of  the  material  would  we  be  interested  in  (in  addition  to  hydrophobicity)?  

                 

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(e)  Now  consider  a  material  designed  to  interact  with  the  tissues  inside  the  body  (i.e.  muscle,  blood  vessels,  blood,  organs,  etc.)?    Between  A  and  B,  hypothesize  which  type  of  surface  would  be  more  biocompatible  when  interacting  with  these  tissues.    

               

  (f)  In  fact,  oftentimes  scientists  base  new  material  designs  on  the  amazing  adaptations  that  nature  has  made  for  survival.    For  example,  from  http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/uc/2013/06/how_the_university_of_california_is_creating_real_life_superheroes.html:  

“You  might  think  twice  about  poking  a  toe  in  the  Amazon  River,  but  there’s  one  hefty  fish  that  has  no  need  to  fear  its  predators.  The  Brazilian  arapaima  has  evolved  an  impenetrable  layer  of  armored  scales  that  protect  it  from  the  piranha’s  bite.  When   UC   San   Diego   researchers   took   a   closer   look   at   this   remarkable   fish,   they   saw   potential   for   an  entirely  new  kind  of  military  grade  body  armor.  Professor  Marc  Meyers  of  UC  San  Diego’s   Jacobs  School  of  Engineering   leads  the  team  that,   inspired  by  arapaima,  is  developing  a  class  of  high-­‐tech  ceramic  materials  that  are  hard,  light  and  flexible.  “I  was  fishing  for  arapaima  and  realized  that  they  live  in  lakes  infested  with  piranha,”  said  Meyers.  Meyers  began  to  wonder  about  the  properties  of  this  special  fish.  As  he  reviewed  the  existing  literature,  he  was  surprised  to  discover  that  no  one  had  studied  the  arapaima’s  resistance  to  the  piranha’s  deadly  bite.  “The  arapaima  has  unique  armor.  It  has  a  surface  layer  that  is  highly  mineralized  and  therefore  hard.  This  rides  on  a  foundation  made  of  collagen  organized  in  cross-­‐plied  layers.  Thus,  the  scales  are  both  hard  and  flexible.”  Soon,  the  arapaima’s  superpower  will  be  more  widely  applied  –  as  Meyer’s  new,  flexible  ceramics  make  possible  a  range  of  products,  from  bullet-­‐proof  body  armor  to  puncture-­‐resistant  packaging.”  

What  techniques  did  Dr.  Meyers  likely  use  to  analyze  this  unique  material  before  trying  to  replicate  it?            2.  Biomaterials  are  ‘seen’  via  their  surface  properties.    Surface  properties  can  be  modified  by  changing  the  chemical  or  physical  nature  of  the  surface.    If  a  certain  biomaterial  has  an  unfavorable  reaction  in  the  body  (scar  tissue  formation,  immune  response,  encapsulation,  etc.),  hypothesize  what  specifically  might  be  done  to  change  the  material.        

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3.  Match  the  desired  experimental  outcome  with  the  appropriate  technique  (select  the  one  best  answer  for  each):  If  you  want  to…     …then  you  use  which  

technique?  Examine  the  topological  patterning  present  on  a  surface  

  AFM  

Identify  the  surface  chemistry  via  the  vibrational  nature  of  the  bonds  

  STM  

Measure  the  electron  cloud  density  of  the  surface  

  FTIR  

Pretend  to  be  Superman  and  use  X-­‐rays  to  identify  atoms  at  the  surface  of  a  material  

  SIMS  

Measure  the  mass  to  charge  ratio  to  identify  the  chemical  nature  of  the  surface  

  Electron  microscopy  

Measure  the  force  of  interaction  between  a  surface  and  a  probe  tip  

  ESCA/XPS  

 4.  Read  the  attached  article  from  The  Telegraph.    

(a)  What  inspired  the  design  of  the  device  developed  by  Dr.  Steen?                 (b)  Describe  the  importance  of  surface  tension  in  the  device  design.                

(c)  Can  you  come  up  with  any  biomedical  uses  for  this  type  of  technology?