ISSN 0036-8075

20 May 1983Volume 220, No. 4599

LETTERS Pulsar Clock: D. W. Allan and G. M. R. Winkler; Paying for Research:A. L. Demain and N. A. Solomon; Antiviral Effects Without Interferon:C. Baglioni...........................................................

EDITORIAL High Technology and the Social Sciences: J. J. Zuiches........................

ARTICLES Norwegian Remote Sensing Experiment in a Marginal Ice Zone: NORSEX Group

Van der Waals Picture of Liquids, Solids, and Phase Transformations:D. Chandler, J. D. Weeks, H. C. Andersen ...............................

DNA Rearrangement and Altered RNA Expression of the c-myb Oncogene inMouse Plasmacytoid Lymphosarcomas: J. F. Mushinski et al. .............

NEWS AND COMMENT

RESEARCH NEWS

Britain Rises to Japan's Computer Challenge................................The U.S. Studies Its Options...............................................DOE's Mixed Forecast .....................................................

Ruckelshaus Promises EPA Cleanup .........................................

Congress Questions Binary Weapons Plan ....................................

Briefing: New Biology Foundation Off to a Good Start; End of an Era at SLAC;Satellite Troubles Curtail Spacelab Data..................................

Wide World of Reports .....................................................

Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Linked to AIDS ...............................

Early Climate Data Questioned ............................................

The Uses of a Large Array..................................................

High Energy Physics Looks to the Future ....................................

Invasion by Alien Genes....................................................

776

779

781

787

795

799

799

800

801

802

803

804

806

807

808

809

811

BOOK REVIEWS The Aftermath of Nuclear War: C. Paine .....................................

Higher Education: The Past Reappraised: C. F. Kaestle........................

A Power Source in Its Context: P. M. Malone; other reviews by T. Weiss,S. Hochheiser, B. R. Wheaton, H. K. Forsen .............................

Physics: A View of the Japanese Milieu: J. R. Bartholomew; other reviewby P. Forman .........................................................

Jerzy Neyman: B. Efron ....................................................

The Attack on Mead: R. I. Levy; other review by R. H. Tuttle..................

Human Prehistory Legitimated: B. G. Trigger; other reviews byG. P. Rightmire, J. P. White, I. A. Todd .................................

Affliction in the Workplace: R. E. Rosenwein; other reviews by B. Danet,G. E. Vaillant .........................................................

Tensions in Psycholinguistics: L. Bloom; other review by R. S. Siegler ..........

Life in the Universe: H. J. Smith; other reviews by D. Pieri,R. T. Holcomb, E. B. Kraus ............................................

Coastal Dynamics: C. Garrett; other review by 0. M. Phillips ..................

Responses to Creationism: R. K. Bambach ...................................

Sex Ratios and Reversals: M. Andersson .....................................

Chronobiology and Neuroscience: I. Zucker; other reviews by H. Gainer,W. H. Massover......................................................

Books Received ...........................................................

Books Reviewed in Science .................................................

REPORTS Suppression of the Humoral Antibody Response in Natural Retrovirus Infections:Z. Trainin et al........................................................

Antibodies to Cell Membrane Antigens Associated with Human T-Cell LeukemiaVirus in Patients with AIDS: M. Essex et al. .............................

Proviral DNA of a Retrovirus, Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus, in Two Patientswith AIDS: E. P. Gelmann et al. .......................................

Isolation of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus in Acquired Immune DeficiencySyndrome (AIDS): R. C. Gallo et al. .......................... .

Isolation of a T-Lymphotropic Retrovirus from a Patient at Risk for AcquiredImmune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS): F. Barre6-Sinoussi et al. ............

Heinz-Body Hemolytic Anemia from the Ingestion of Crude Oil: A Primary ToxicEffect in Marine Birds: F. A. Leighton, D. B. Peakall, R. G. Butler .........

Technical Comments: Climatic Effects of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide:M. C. MacCracken; S. B. Idso; J. Hansen et al. .........................

812

814

816

822

827

829

834

838

843

846

849

851

853

854

857

876

858

859

862

865

868

871

873

COVER

A shop at the Colt armory in Hartford,Connecticut, around 1880, with slottingmachines (foreground), lathes (front,left), and jigging or profiling machines(rear). [From C. H. Fitch, "Report onthe Manufactures of InterchangeableMechanism," in Report on the Manu-factures of the United States at theTenth Census 1880, vol. 2 (U.S. CensusOffice, Washington, D.C., 1883).Smithsonian Institution Negative No.81-205, reproduced in D. Nelson's con-tribution to Yankee Enterprise, re-viewed on page 817]

20 May 1983, Volume 220, Number 4599

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR HigTHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Science serves its readers as a forum for the presenta- Th(tion and discussion of important issues related to the nomicadvancement of science, including the presentation ofminority or conflicting points of view, rather than by Admipublishing only material on which a consensus has been and rreached. Accordingly, all articles published in Sci-ence-including editorials, news and comment, and fyingbook reviews-are signed and reflect the individual lndiiviews of the authors and not official points of viewadopted by the AAAS or the institutions with which the by thauthors are affiliated. techn

Editorial Board1983: FREDERICK R. BLATTNER, BERNARD F. BURKE, Ine

CHARLES L. DRAKE, ARTHUR F. FINDEIS, E. PETER quest:GEIDUSCHEK, GLYNN ISAAC, MILTON RUSSELL, WIL- probiLIAM P. SLICHTER, JOHN WOOD

1984: ARNOLD DEMAIN, NEAL E. MILLER, FREDER- knowICK MOSTELLER, ALLEN NEWELL, RUTH PATRICK,BRYANT W. ROssITER, VERA C. RUBIN, SOLOMON H. technSNYDER, PAUL E. WAGGONER techn

Publisher: WILLIAM D. CAREY by relAssociate Publisher: ROBERT V. ORMES ManaEditor: PHILIP H. ABELSON doma

Editorial StaffAssistant Managing Editor: JOHN E. RINGLE agendProduction Editor: ELLEN E. MURPHY collocBusiness Manager: HANS NUSSBAUMNews Editor: BARBARA J. CULLITON theseNews and Comment: COLIN NORMAN (deputy editor), tions

CONSTANCE HOLDEN, ELIOT MARSHALL, R. JEFFREYSMITH, MARJORIE SUN, JOHN WALSH suchEuropean Correspondent: DAVID DICKSON Th4Contributing Writer: LUTHER J. CARTERResearch News: ROGER LEWIN (deputy editor), RICH- answ4

ARD A. KERR, GINA KOLATA, JEAN L. MARX, THOMAS econH. MAUGH II, ARTHUR L. ROBINSON, M. MITCHELLWALDROP tonesAdministrative Assistant, News: SCHERRAINE MACK; produEditorial Assistant, News: FANNIE GROOMSenior Editors: ELEANORE BUTZ, MARY DORFMAN, agrict

RUTH KULSTADAssociate Editors: SYLVIA EBERHART, CAITILIN GOR- A k

DON, Lois SCHMITT t bAssistant Editors: MARTHA COLLINS, STEPHEN ity bi

KEPPLE, EDITH MEYERS and iIBook Reviews: KATHERINE LIVINGSTON, Editor; LIN- fi

DA HEISERMAN, JANET KEGGLetters: CHRISTINE GILBERT and piCopy Editor: ISABELLA BOULDINProduction: JOHN BAKER, SUSANNAH BORG; HOLLY it the

BISHOP, ELEANOR WARNER; BEVERLY DURHAM, JEAN SilicoROCKWOOD, SHARON RYAN

Covers, Reprints, and Permissions: GRAYCE FINGER, mentEditor; GERALDINE CRUMP, CORRINE HARRIS

Guide to Scientific Instruments: RICHARD G. SOMMER definiAssistant to the Editor: SUSAN ELLIOTT firm sAssistant to the Associate Publisher: ROSE LOWERY WAssistant to the Managing Editor: NANCY HARTNAGEL eMembership Recruitment: GWENDOLYN HUDDLE and sMember and Subscription Records: ANN RAGLAND

EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE: 1515 Massachu- costssetts Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20005. Area code cal ot202. General Editorial Office, 467-4350; Book Reviews,467-4367; Guide to Scientific Instruments, 467-4480; the d4News and Comment, 467-4430; Reprints and Permis- Thsions, 467-4483; Research News, 467-4321. Cable: Ad-vancesci, Washington. For "Information for Contribu- scien4tors," write to the editorial office or see page xi, hampScience, 25 March 1983.BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE: Area Code 202. econcMembership and Subscriptions: 4674417. impor

Advertising RepresentativesDirector: EARL J. SCHERAGOProduction Manager: GINA REILLY canceAdvertising Sales Manager: RICHARD L. CHARLES conciMarketing Manager: HERBERT L. BURKLUND

Sales: NEW YORK, N.Y. 10036: Steve Hamburger, 1515 contiIBroadway (212-730-1050); SCOTCH PLAINS, N.J. 07076:c. Richard Callis, 12 Unami Lane-(201-889-4873) CHI- physiCAGO, ILL. 60611: Jack Ryan, Room 2107, 919 N.Michigan Ave. (312-3374973); BEVERLY HILLS, CALIF. P90211: Winn Nance, 111 N. La Cienega Blvd. (213-657- ZUICI2772); DORSET, VT. 05251: Fred W. Dieffenbach, Kent AgricHill Rd. (802-867-5581).ADVERTISING CORRESPONDENCE: Tenth floor,1515 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10036. Phone: 212- *Comn730-1050. Science

SCIENCE 1I

rh Technology and the Social Sciencese recent AAAS colloquium on "R & D, High Technology, and Eco-c Recovery" provided multiple analyses of and justifications for theinistration's 1984 budget for research and development. The scientificesearch management communities heard numerous assessments justi-defense priorities. They were also assured that substantial increases inIng of basic research in the physical sciences and engineering, primarilyie National Science Foundation, would lead to innovations in highology and contribute to economic expansion and employment growth.vitably, these analyses also raised a series of fundamental researchLions about the training and supply of scientists and engineers, the[ems of organizing research groups for innovation, the diffusion ofiledge and transfer of basic research from the laboratory to marketableologies, and about the process of job creation associated with high-ology development. Each of these questions, posed at the colloquiumpresentatives of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, Office ofigement and the Budget, and by other speakers, is central to thetin of social science. These questions, taken together, outline an

la for basic social science research. Not all the participants in thequium, however, seemed to recognize the social scientific nature ofquestions and the research efforts needed to understand the condi-conducive to technological innovation and the likely consequences ofchange.e challenge to the research community lies in providing research-baseders to these kinds of questions. Psychologists, sociologists, andDmists have addressed these questions in studies of national labora-s, careers of scientists including Nobel Laureates, and the rise andictivity of specific industries, such as the semiconductor industry andulture.Key question concerns the impact that organizational size and complex-ureaucratic structure, and regulatory procedures have on productivitynnovation. Some analyses suggest support for small, high-technologywill lead to higher rates of innovation and increases in employment;)olicies have been proposed to support the individual small firm. But, iscritical mass of many small firms on Route 128 in Massachusetts or inn Valley that provides a creative environment? In such an environ-ideas diffuse rapidly and spin-offgrowth of new firms is accelerated. Aitive answer concerning the relation between job creation and size ofstill remains elusive.need to understand the impacts of technological change in economic

;ocial terms. Typically, economic benefits are estimated but potentialignored. Technological innovation in one area often means technoldgi-bsolescence in others. This can affect community tax bases as well as

emand for products of some firms and for skills of some workers.ese research questions represent only a few dimensions of the socialce research agenda, yet research in such areas remains severelyered by the reductions (despite partial restorations) offunds for social,Dmic, and behavioral science research in NSF and other agencies. Thertance of the research questions and needed answers should justify)rt. The record of performance also warrants it. The value, signifi-, and yield of basic research in the social and behavioral sciences,luded a 1982 report of the National Academy of Sciences*, justifiesnued public investment as a national resource. Like basic research inics and engineering, basic social science research is an indispensableof the effort to achieve and sustain economic growth.-JAMES J.HES, Associate Director, Agricultural Experiment Station, College ofulture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853

nittee on Basic Research in the Behavioral and Social Science6, Behavioral and Sociale Research: A National Resource (National Academy Press, Washington, At., 19S2).