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Body build (shorter females at greater risk) Weight (adipose produces estrone) Smoking (decreases estrogen levels) Calcium deficiency or malabsorption Vitamin D deficiency Exercise (sedentary more at risk) Certain drugs (alcohol, diuretics, cortisone, tetracycline) Premature menopause Family history
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• 20 million people suffer from it (250,000 hip fractures a year)
• Decreased bone mass• Increased susceptibility to fracture• Hormones effect osteoblast production• Afflicts entire skeletal system
• Body build (shorter females at greater risk)• Weight (adipose produces estrone)• Smoking (decreases estrogen levels)• Calcium deficiency or malabsorption• Vitamin D deficiency• Exercise (sedentary more at risk)• Certain drugs (alcohol, diuretics, cortisone,
tetracycline)• Premature menopause• Family history
• Accelerated remodeling of bone tissue– Osteoclast resorption
massive– Osteoblast formation
extensive• Irregular thickening and
softening of bones• Greatly increased
vascularity, especially in skull, pelvis, and extremities
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• Temporomandibular joint disease• Often caused by trauma to jaw joints,
genetics, or dental procedures• Symptoms include facial pain, headaches,
grinding of teeth, popping of jaw, and swallowing difficulties
• Not well defined in medical community
• Repeated doses of a local anesthetic in the epidural space of he spinal area
• Produces almost pain-free awake state throughout labor and birth
• Freedom from pain during labor and birth
• Does not produce drowsiness
• Little medication reaches baby
• May provide extra confidence
• May slow labor• Must remain in bed • IV required• Frequent monitoring required• Catheterization required• Probable forcep delivery• Can interfere with maternal-infant bonding• Totally dependant on hospital staff• Extremely rare, serious risks to spine
• Exaggeration of the thoracic curve
• Tuberculosis of spine- – vertebral bodies partially collapse
• Degeneration of discs• Rickets (lack of vitamin C)• Poor posture• Advanced osteoporosis
• Exaggeration of the lumbar curve
• Result of increased weight gain– Pregnancy or
extreme obesity• Poor posture• Rickets• Tuberculosis of
spine
• Lateral bending of the vertebral column
• Congenital malformed vertebrae (birth defect)
• Chronic sciatica (pain down leg)
• Paralysis of muscles on one side of backbone
• Poor posture• One leg shorter than
other
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• median nerve which runs through wrist to hand becomes compressed
• involves narrow bony passage in wrist called carpal tunnel, through which nine tendons and median nerve must pass
• Bones composing arch of foot held by ligaments and tendons
• Weakened ligaments and tendons causes arch to “fall”
• Caused by excessive weight, postural abnormalities, weakened tissue, and genetic disposition
• Deformity of great toe– Lateral division of proximal phalanx
• Can be inherited or caused by tight fitting shoes
Testicular tumor “face”