1

CHAPTER-II

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2.0 OVER VIEW

Nowadays students react to information quickly and differently. This is

why teachers usually use some combination of lecture, text and practical’s for

disseminating information. With the initiation of the Internet and the multiple

formats that can be communicated over the World Wide Web, one now has

several new and motivating ways to present information. The Web allows the

combination of animation, moving pictures, and sound into lessons, which

extends teacher’s abilities to present materials that encourage student interaction

with the subject staff. Animations and pictures help to teach scientific principles,

and multimedia permits students to take a more active part in learning. Students

can lookout experiments in action, see microscopic organism very close to eyes

and use a keyboard or mouse to navigate images, simulations and interactive

materials. One of the benefits of using multimedia is to express information

quickly and effectively to all students and keep them committed in learning.

Hence the investigator has attempted to accomplish the disaster management

information through multimedia package in this study. The investigator has also

confined to three types of disasters namely - Cyclone, Flood and Tsunami.

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2.1 CONCEPT OF DISASTER

Disaster is a destruction of life and property causing great injury, loss and

damage. These damages are immeasurable and differ with geographical location

and nature of the earth surface, influencing mental, socio-economic, political and

cultural state of affected area.

Generally disaster results in,

(i) Disruptions of human’s day to day life activities

(ii) Harmfully influences the emergency system

(iii) Affecting the normal needs and procedure like food, shelter and

health etc.

Features of disasters are,

(i) Unpredictability

(ii) Promptness

(iii) Urgency

(iv) Insecurity

(v) Threat

Thus in simple terms disaster is described as a hazard causing heavy loss

of life, property and livelihood. e.g: a cyclone killing thousands of lives and

heavy crop loss, heavy monetary and material loss can be termed as disaster.

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2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTERS

Generally, disasters are of two types which are namely Natural and Manmade. Based on the destruction, they

are also classified into major/minor natural disaster and major/minor manmade disasters. Some of the disasters are

listed below.

Classification of Disasters

Natural Disasters Man-made

Disasters

Other Disasters

Major

Earthquake

Floods

Draughts

Cyclone

Tsunami

Minor

Heat wave

Cold wave

Landslide

Avalanche

Communal riots

Ethnic conflicts

Refugees

Terrorism

War

Economic Scandals

Mismanagement

Major

Epidemics

Industrial

Accidents

Fire Policy

Conflicts

Crop failure

Minor

Transport Accident

Festival

Pilgrimage related

Food poisoning

Liquor tragedy

Technology Disaster

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2.3 NATURAL DISASTER

Natural disaster is the consequence when a natural hazard (e.g., volcanic

eruption or earthquake) affects human beings. Human susceptibility, caused by

lack of suitable emergency management, leads to financial, environmental, or

human loss. The subsequent loss depends on the capacity of the population to

support or resist the disaster i.e., their resilience. This has been concentrated in

the formulation such as "disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability". A

natural hazard will hence never outcome in a natural disaster in areas without

vulnerability, e.g., strong earthquakes in unpopulated areas. The term natural

disaster is accordingly been disputed because the events simply are not hazards

or disasters without human participation.

2.4 FLOOD

Flood hazards are the most common and well-known of all natural

disasters. India is one of the most important flood prone countries in the world.

In India, the area vulnerable around 40 million hectares of land is prone to floods

as per National Flood Commission report. Flood damage to houses, public

utilities, industries and property causing in huge economic losses, apart from loss

of lives. Though it is not possible to control the flood totally, by implementing

suitable structural and non-structural procedures the flood damages can be

minimized. For planning any flood management measure up-to-date, reliable,

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exact and timely information is required. In this perspective satellite remote

sensing plays a vital role.

2.4.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOOD

Flood is a natural phenomena characteristic of all rivers. As it is known,

the rainfall in India is largely dependent on the monsoons and cyclonic

depressions. Most of the rainfall is received during the southwest monsoon

season (June to September) during which heavy spell of rain are often

experienced in the catchment of rivers over a period of few days at a time. It

could therefore be said that high rainfall coupled with inadequate channel

capacity leads to flooding. Chocking of river beds by natural causes or artificial

obstructions aggravate the problem.

The general characteristics of floods are as discussed so far but it must be

noted that flooding are complex results of interaction of a number of connected

phenomena and that the flooding characteristic of each river is different from the

other. They cannot be easily classified even in nature of flood. But in every case,

the people and the activities in the floodplains are adversely affected.

2.4.2 CAUSES OF FLOODS

Flood is mainly caused by:

1) Inadequate capacity within the banks of river to contain high flows,

2) River banks erosion and silting of river beds

3) Landslides leading to obstruction of flow and change in the river course,

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4) Synchronization of floods in the main and tributary rivers

5) Retardation of flow due to tidal and backwater effects

6) Poor natural drainage

7) Cloud burst and flash floods

8) Cyclone and storm surge

TABLE: 2 AVERAGE ANNUAL LOSS DUE TO FLOODS

SERIAL

NO

ITEMS LOSS

1 Area affected 7.351 million hectare

2 Population 40.967 million

3 Human lives lost 1793 number

4 Cattle lost 85599 number

5 Houses damaged 1452904 number

6 Houses damaged and its worth 370.607 crore

7 Crop area damaged 3.725 million hectare

8 Crop damaged and its worth 1095.132 crore

9 Public utilities damaged 1186.456 crore

10 Total losses 2706.243 crore

Source: Central Water Commission, Ministry of Water Resource,

Government of India-2011)

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2.4.3 BIHAR FLOOD:

The Bihar flood was one of the worst and calamitous floods in the history

of the Indian state of Bihar, occurred due to a rupture in the Kosi embankment

near Indo-Nepal border (at a place called Kusha in Nepal) on 18 August 2008.

The river changed its sequence and inundated areas which had not experienced

floods in last many decades. The flood affected over 2.3 million people in the

northern part of Bihar.

2.4.4 UTTARKHAND FLOOD DURING 2013:

Recently on 15th June 2013 flood occurred in Uttarkhand. It brought worst

damage in Uttarkhand. During this disaster 10,000 people and hundreds of

village were washed away in the flood. Nearly six thousand people were killed

and 500 Religious pilgrims were missing, 70,000 people who went for religious

Hindu pilgrims in Kedarnath stayed in the mountain about for a week and they

were secured safely by the Indian army and Air Force. Across rocky Himalayan

valley, hundreds of bridges were destroyed. Thousands miles of roads covered

with landslides. School, hostels and houses topped into the inundation. After the

flood stopped, the officials worked day and night for months and evacuated the

dead bodies in the land slides.

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PLATES: 1

Uttarkhand Flood - 2013

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PLATES: 2

Loss of Assets due to Flood in Uttarkhand

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TABLE 3: FLOOD AFFECTED AREAS IN INDIA - 2012

Name of

States/

UTs

Date

when

updated

Population

affected

No.

of

human

lives

lost

No. of

districts

affected

No. of

villages

affected

No. of

cattle/

Live-

stock

lost

Affected

Cultivated

areas

(in

hectares)

No. of

houses

damaged

Estimated

value of

damage

(Rs. In

Lakh)

Estimated

value of

Total

damage

(Rs. In

lakh)

Fully partially

Assam 27.06.2012 386762 14 19 - 23134.15 141 6592

Goa

09.06.2012 - 1 - - - - 01 01

Damaged

crops-1.5,

Damaged

houses-0.73 5.66

Gujarat

27.06.2012 - 23 - - 44 - 3 2510

Damaged

houses-

68.43,

Damage to

public

property-

14.94 83.37

Kerala

28.06.2012 1239 9 7 18 2 145.83 215 557.5

Houses

damaged

Fully-

219.29,

Partially-

68.76, Crops

damaged- 611.13

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284.67,

damage to

public

properties-

38.41

Uttarakhand 28.06.2012 - 05 - - 65 - - -

West

Bengal 21.06.2012 90454 85 - - - - 1784 4872

Damaged

houses-

158.35 158.35

Total 478455 137 26 18 111 23279.98 2144 14532.5 858.51

Source: Government of India High Powered Committee on Disaster Management report Ministry of

Agriculture (August 8,2013)

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TABLE: 4 IMPACT OF FLOOD AFFECTED AREAS

S.NO AFFECTED

STATE

AFFECTED AREAS IMPACT OF FLOOD IN

AFFECTED AREAS

1 Uttar Pradesh Bijnore, Muzaffarnagar, Lakhimpur

Kheri, Sitapur, Bahraich, Aligarh,

Barabanki, Faizabad, Shahjahanpur,

Farrukhabad, Badaun and Hapur

149 people are killed, 570 villages

flooded in 12 districts.

2 Jharkhand Jamshedpur, Kharsawan and Saraikela Six people are killed, several houses

collapsed.

3 Assam Jorhat, Kamrup, Golaghat, Lakhimpur,

Morigaon, Sivasagar and Dhemaji

300 villages are inundated, 4,222

hectares farms affected.

4 West Bengal Malda District and West Midnapore 10,000 people are affected in Malda

district, 15 villages submerged in

Malda district.

200 villages badly affected west

Midnapore.

5 Madhya

Pradesh

Hoshangabad and Dewas 25 people are killed, 38,200 people

were affected, 15,581 hectares of

farms inundated.

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6 Maharashtra Amravati, Bhandara and Yavatmal 20 people killed in Chandrapur

District. 28,000 families evacuated

from low-lying areas of Chandrapur,

150,000 hectares destroyed in

Chandrapur.

7 Odisha Nabarangpur, Kalahandi and Koraput 85,000 people were affected.

8 Andhra

Pradesh

Adilabad, Karimnagar, Warangal,

Khamman, East and West Godavari

10 people are killed, 200 villages

inundated and 10,000 hectares of

crops were damaged.

9 Uttarakhand Uttarakhand 10,000 people are affected, hundred

villages were washed out, 6,000

people were killed and 500 Religious

pilgrims were missed.

Source: Central Water Commission Ministry of Water Resource Government of India – 2013

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2.5 CYCLONE

Cyclones are one of the most disastrous natural hazards in the coastal areas

of the tropics and are responsible for deaths and destruction compared to any other

natural calamities. Cyclone bring with them extremely violent winds, heavy rain

causing coastal inundation.

Cyclone from over the warm ocean waters (sea surface temperature of the

order of 26° C or 27° C) little away from the equator within the belt of 30° N and

30°S. In South Tamilnadu, cyclones form in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian

Sea. As they move westward or northwestward, those forming in the Bay of

Bengal come to the Indian Territory while those forming in the Arabian Sea

generally go away from India but sometimes they turn around to hit Gujarat.

India has a very long coastline of 5700 kms, a major portion of which is

exposed to tropical cyclones arising in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. Once

taking birth over the sea areas, the cyclones move either western side and or

northwestward.

2.5.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF CYCLONE

Cyclones in the coastal areas are characterized by very strong winds,

torrential rains and associated floods which cause extensive damage to human

lives and property. The damage is much more if cyclone strikes the coast at the

time of high tide resulting in very substantial storm surge inundating the coast.

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Tropical Cyclones are large, rotating, atmospheric phenomena extending

horizontally from 150- 1000km and vertically from surface to 12-14 km. These are

intense low-pressure area with a spiral shape. Fierce winds spiraling anti-

clockwise in the northern hemisphere blow around the cyclone center. Cyclones

generally move 300-500 km in 24 hours over the ocean.

Cyclones develop from areas of low atmospheric pressure and go through

the stage of depression and deep depression before attaining the category of

cyclone. The intensity of the cyclone serves as the basis for the classifications

namely serves cyclonic storm, very severe cyclonic storm and ultimately super

cyclone when the winds of the storms are of the ferocious speed of 220 kmph or

more.

Each category is recognized on the basis of wind speed as indicated below:

TABLE: 5 WIND SPEED AND LEVEL OF CYCLONE

S.NO CATEGORY MAXIMUM WIND SPEED

IN THE STORM

1 Low Pressure Area (L) < 30 kmph

2 Depression (D) 30 to 50 kmph

3 Deep Depression (DD) 50 – 60 kmph

4 Cyclone Storm( CS) 60 – 90 kmph

5 Severe Cyclone Storm (SCS) 90- 120 kmph

6 Very Severe Cyclonic Storm

(VSCS)

120 – 220 kmph

7 Super Cyclone Storm > 220 kmph

A well-developed cyclone consists of a central region of light winds known

as its “Eye”. The eye has an average diameter of about 20 to 30 km, but it can be

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40 to 50 km in large cyclones. The eye is an almost cloud – free zone and it is

surrounded by a ring of clouds with very strong winds and heavy rain. This is

known as zone of maximum wind. Surrounding this region, winds spiral

counterclockwise direction in the northern hemisphere, extend outward to large

distances, with speed gradually decreasing towards the outer boundary of the

cyclone.

There are two types of distinct seasons of cyclones in South Tamilnadu.

One is from April to June (Pre- monsoon) and the other is from October to mid –

December (Post-monsoon). May, June, October and November are known for

severe cyclonic storm.

2.5.2 CAUSES OF CYCLONES

Cyclones develop over warm seas near the Equator. Air heated by the sun

rises very swiftly, which creates areas of very low pressure. As the warm air rises,

it becomes loaded with moisture which condenses into massive thunderclouds.

Cool air rushes to fill the void that is left, but because of the constant turning of

the Earth on its axis, the air is bent inwards and then spirals upwards with great

force. The swirling winds rotate faster and faster, forming a huge circle which can

be up to 2,000 km across. At the center of the storm is a calm, cloudless area

called the eye, where there is no rain, and the winds are fairly light.

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PLATE: 3

Origin of Thane Cyclone in Bay of Bengal

Sources : Metrological Department – Chennai

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Table: 6

CYCLONE WHICH AFFECTED TAMILNADU DURING 2010 to 2013

S.No Year Month Name of

the

Cyclone

Cyclone

Origin of Bay

of Bengal

Affected Area

1 2010 17th May Laila Bay of Bengal Sri Lanka,

Tamilnadu,

Andhra Pradesh

2 2011 30th December Thane Bay of Bengal Cuddalore,

Pudhucherry

3 2012 28th October Nilam Bay of Bengal Sri Lanka,

Tamilnadu,

Andhra Pradesh

4 2013 4th October Phailin Bay of Bengal Thailand, Myanmar

Tamilnadu –India

5 2013 22nd November Helen Bay of Bengal Tamilnadu

India

6 2013 28th November Lehar Bay of Bengal Andhaman Nicobar

Island,

Andhra Pradesh,

Odisha

7 2013 12th December Madhi Bay of Bengal Tamilnadu,

Lakshadweep

Island

Sources: Dinamalar (2010, May 17). “Laila Cyclone in Tamilnadu

Dinamalar (2011, December 30). “Thane cyclone”, Dinamani (2013,

November 20). “Lehar Cyclone”,

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2.5.3 THANE CYCLONE IN TAMIL NADU AND PONDICHERRY

In 2011, December 31st, morning, Thane Cyclone occurred, in which nearly

46 died in Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry. It was reported that 39 people died in

Cuddalore and 7 people died in Pondicherry. Pondicherry and Cuddalore were

very worst affected. Thane cyclone made the city isolated by damaging road

network and the National Disaster Response Force, Fire and Rescue services faced

difficulties in reaching the cyclone affected fishing settlements. Fishing activities

came to a complete standstill in Chennai, Tiruvallur and Kanchipuram districts,

after the warnings of the wake of the cyclone from the weather department was

received. About 10,000 fishing boats are moved to safer places from all fishing

villages in these areas. Thane cyclone aroused with the speed of 140 kph was

noted during this period. Power production at the Lignite Neyveli Corporation was

affected as the mines are inundated.

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PLATE: 4

Thane Cyclone in Pondicherry

PLATE: 5

Loss of Houses due to Thane Cyclone

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PLATE: 6

Loss of crops during Thane Cyclone

2.6 TSUNAMI

Tsunami is a Japanese word means “harbour wave”. It is the gigantic

wave caused by underwater earthquake or outburst of volcanoes and falling of

meteorites. In Japanese word “TSU” means “Harbour” and “NAMI” means

“Wave”.

Tsunami has such a violent power that it even brings the ships in the

harbour to the sea shore in a collapsed state. Thus it got its name Tsunami.

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2.6.1 FEATURES OF TSUNAMI

Tsunami moves at a speed of 500-1000 km per hour. In the wide sea it

raises up to a height of 30-60cm.But as it approaches the sea shore, its speed

decreases and height increases. When it reaches the sea shore it attains a height of

10-20m. Tsunami that happened in Alaska, reached to a height of half a kilometer.

Generally Tsunami occurs by wild earthquakes that makes a great

change on the sea base.

As it happened on December 26, 2004 at Sumatra Banks vigorous,

earthquakes occur at the margin when the plates hit against each other or when one

move into the other earth plates. Thus as a result of the earthquake formed by the

collision of plates under the sea, tsunami tidal waves are formed.

2.6.2 CAUSES OF TSUNAMI

Tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and

vertically displaces the overlying water. Tectonic earthquakes are a particular kind

of earthquake that are associated with the earth’s crust deformation; when these

earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water above the deformed area is displaced

from its equilibrium position. Waves are formed as the displaced water mass,

which acts under the influence of gravity, attempts to regain its equilibrium. When

large area of the sea floor elevate or subside, a tsunami can be created. Large

vertical movements of the earth’s crust can occur at plate boundaries. Plates

interact along these boundaries called faults.

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A tsunami can be generated by any disturbance that displaces a large water

mass from its equilibrium position. In the case of earthquake generated tsunami,

the water column is disturbed by the uplift or subsidence of the sea floor.

Submarine landslides, which often accompany large earthquakes, as well as

collapses of volcanic edifices, can also disturb the overlying water column as

sediments and rock slump down slope and are redistributed cross the sea floor.

Similarly, a violent submarine volcanic eruption can create an impulsive force that

uplifts the water column and generates a tsunami. Conversely, super marine

landslides and cosmic-body impacts disturb the water from above, as momentum

from falling debris is transferred to the water into which the debris falls. Generally

speaking, tsunami generated from these mechanisms, unlike the Pacific –wide

tsunami caused by some earthquakes, dissipate quickly and rarely affect coastlines

distant from the source area.

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PLATE: 7

Tsunami Hit Area in Sumathra Island

Sources: Regional Meteorological Centre, Chennai

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TABLE: 7

THE LOSS OF LIVES IN DECEMBER 2004 TSUNAMI

S.NO PLACES DEATH MISSING

1 Sri Lanka 30974 4698

2 India 10,776 5,640

3 Thailand 5,395 2,993

4 Somalia 150 26

5 Maldives 82 -

6 Malaysia 68 -

7 Myanmar 59 -

8 Tanzania 10 -

9 Sey chelles 3 -

10 Bangladesh 2 -

11 Kenya 1 -

Source: Tamilnadu Science Forum (2004) Tsunami Oru Ariviyal

Parvai (Tamil version) Madurai: Vaigai Printers and Publications.

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2.6.3 2004 - TSUNAMI IN INDIA

India faced disaster like tsunami occurred on December 26, 2004. It came

in a wrinkle and has stolen many lives, lively hood and left a great damage. The

most affected areas are Tamil Nadu, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Kerala, Andhra

Pradesh, Pondicherry and Andaman Nicobar Island. According to the report given

by Ministry of Internal Affairs, more than 10,000 people are died in tsunami. Also,

from a recent report by Ministry of Internal Affairs it could be noted that the

number of people who died of tsunami was more in Tamilnadu. The loss due to

destruction of building, washed away houses, loss of livelihood and lives was

about Rs.47,000 crores in Tamilnadu, Rs.13,000 crores in Kerala, Rs.6,000

crores in Pondicherry and Rs.3,400 crores in Andhra Pradesh. The most affected

people were from fishermen community. In Tamil Nadu the most affected area is

Nagapatinam. The loss of lives and materials are more.

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PLATE: 8

Tsunami Hit Eastern and Southern Coastal Areas

Sources: Disaster Management and Mitigation Department

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PLATE: 9

Tsunami Hit Area in Tamilnadu

Sources: Regional Meteorological Centre, Chennai

Tsunami Hit Area

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TABLE: 8

HISTORY OF TSUNAMI

S.NO DATE ORIGIN SCALE AFFECTED

AREA

DEATH

RATE

1 31 January1906 Ecuador 8.8 Columbia and

Ecuador

1000

2 3 March 1933 Japan 8.3 Son, Redo 3000

3 4 November

1952

Russia,

Kamzhatka

9.0 Shyle 2300

4 21-30 November

1960

Shyle 9.5 Pacific rim

Countries

6000

5 17 August 1976 Philippines - Philippines

Island

5000

6 12 December

1992

Indonesia - Fluras island 2000

7 17 July 1998 Baboova,

New

Guinea

7.0 10 Asian

Countries, 3

African

Countries

Laks of

people

8 26 December

2004

Indonesia 9.0 Indonesia, Sri

Lanka, India,

Andaman

Nicobar Island

Laks of

People

Source: Tsunami Oru Ariviyal Parvai (Tamil version) Tamilnadu Science

Forum- 2004.

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TABLE: 9

2004- TSUNAMI AFFECTED AREAS IN TAMIL NADU

S.No District

Affected

Population

affected

Houses /

huts

damaged

No.of

Human

Lives

Lost

No.of

injured

1 Chennai 73000 17805 206 55

2 Cuddalore 99794 15200 617 198

3 Kancheepuram 100000 7043 129 14

4 Kanyakumari 187650 31175 828 727

5 Nagapattinam 196184 39941 6065 1922

6 Pudukkottai 66350 1 15 0

7 Ramanathapuram 0 6 6 0

8 Thanjavur 29278 3 33 482

9 Thiruvallur 15600 4143 29 0

10 Thiruvarur 0 0 28 0

11 Thirunlveli 27948 630 4 4

12 Tuticorin 110610 735 3 0

13 Villupuram 78240 9500 47 30

Total 984564 126182 8010 3432

Source: Disaster Management and Mitigation Department

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PLATE: 10

2004 Tsunami in Kanyakumari

PLATE: 11

2004 Tsunami in Chennai

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In 2004 December 26, tsunami has shaken the entire Tamilnadu especially

the Nagapattinam district. A team of helping hands visited the affected area in

Nagapattinam. The investigator was also one among the team members who

visited the affected areas. Among the affected people most of them were women

and children, which sensitized the investigator and created a great impact. This

event initiated the investigator to develop a multimedia package on disaster

management with an urge to create awareness on disaster management. The

investigator also felt that it would definitely develop preparedness among people

to safeguard their life and possession. Hence the investigator has taken an attempt

to develop a multimedia package on disaster management for this study.

2.7 MULTIMEDIA:

“Multimedia can be defined as the technology engaging a variety of media,

including text, audio, video, graphics and animation, either separately or in

combination, using computers, to communicate ideas or to disseminate

information.”

The Interactive Multimedia Association of US, defines multimedia in a

more generalized manner:

“Multimedia is compelling communication, Education, Entertainment and

Reference that appeals to all senses.”

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2.7.1 MULTIPLE FACETS OF MULTIMEDIA

Any one or more of the following media or a combination of these, are

generally engaged in all multimedia projects

AUDIO:

Audio element is generally used to enhance the usual multimedia

environment which includes speech, music and other types of sounds. Digital

audio is the technology, by which sound signals are represented as a series of

binary digital data i.e. Zeros and ones which the computers can understand and

comprehend.

Multimedia

Audio

Texts

Graphics

Video

Animation

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Digital audio is less susceptible to degradation or distortion, because the

entire transmission and all other transaction process takes place as electronic

signals, avoiding the intervention of any other mediums.

TEXT:

The usual text- with some differences as compared to the print media. Since

computers can display a variety of fonts, in innumerable colours and

combinations, multiple fonts in beautiful colours and backgrounds feature in

almost all of the multimedia titles, the ultimate results appear far better than the

printed texts.

GRAPHICS:

Graphics includes pictures, photographic images and other art works. It’s

this media that makes up a visually fascinated title; hence the extensive graphics is

bundled with almost all of the multimedia titles. The old proverb “A Picture is

worth, a thousand words”, still seems to hold true.

ANIMATION:

The artificial movements of texts or objects, created in virtual

environments, using specialized software packages. Animations are perhaps the

most interesting part of multimedia computing. But with a hitch, they are

extensively time consuming and demands heavy artistic capabilities on the

developer’s part. There are two dimensional and three dimensional animations.

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VIDEO:

The actual video clips that could be embedded right over the applications

and can be played back without a hitch. But the size of clippings are usually much

smaller than that from video cassette players. Later there have been rapid

evolutions in PC video technology and concepts like MPEG and DVDs. One can

witness the full motion, full screen videos today.

Perhaps, the most difficult part of multimedia computing is that, all these

independent media clips have to be organized as a single sequential stream of

information, and delivered. It is not only demand an indepth understanding of the

nature of every media and different ways of manipulating the same for a particular

project, but also the capability to make use of the appropriate kind of media, in the

appropriate place.

2.8 VARIOUS CLASSIFICATIONS OF MULTIMEDIA:

Let us try to classify the technology, hopefully for a better understanding.

This type of classification would be simple:

2.8.1 INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA AND NON

INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA

Most of the CD-ROM titles and Games ware are of interactive nature like

the user participates in every stage of the proceedings, as the title advances. That’s

what makes the multimedia titles, more interesting. The degree of interactivity

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may vary depending upon the title, but the general tendency is to keep it as high as

possible, so that the user enjoys greater participation in the show.

Non interactive multimedia is a corporate presentation or a multimedia

demo, in which the audience just watch the show as it proceeds from the

beginning to the end in a sequential manner.

2.8.2 ENTERTAINMENT MULTIMEDIA AND EDUTAINMENT

MULTIMEDIA

All games, multimedia novels and movie multimedia are examples of

entertainment multimedia and those like CD-ROM titles, which try to educate the

user in some specific curriculum, along with the entertainment, constitute

edutainment multimedia.

2.8.3 CD-ROM MULTIMEDIA, INTERNET MULTIMEDIA, FILM /

BROADCAST MULTIMEDIA AND MISCELLANEOUS

MULTIMEDIA

The first three are self-explanatory. Multimedia, that comes in forms other

than these three-like a touch screen Multimedia Kiosks, form the miscellaneous

grouping.

Although expensive, multimedia can be a joy to use and a challenge to

develop. Its main applications are in information documentation and dissemination

for general, education, games and entertainment.

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2.9 CONCLUSION:

The researcher has taken edutainment multimedia for her research. Even

though every country takes effort to develop, sudden disaster threatens the

mankind and their growth. Disaster may occur at any time. It is the responsibility

to gain educational knowledge related to disaster management. In 1964 because of

great cyclone, Dhanushkodi has submerged in to the sea. In Kumbakonam fire

accident, 93 students were dead on 16 July in 2004 and the same year tsunami

occurred in 26 December 2004, which more than 10,000 people had lost their lives

and livelihood. In 2011 Thane cyclone brought great damage to Cuddalore district

and in Pondicherry. Many cashew trees uprooted and brought great damage to the

farmers. For a single tree to grow and give fruits it takes nearly twenty years. At

the end of 2012, Nilam cyclone brought great damage in Cuddalore. It is all

because of the sluggish activity of government and lack of awareness among the

people. The natural disaster cannot be completely eradicated, but loss can be

managed to some extent.

Such disaster management knowledge can be developed among the people.

It can be possible only with the help of educational institution. The teachers

working in the school near coastal areas has to be trained well in advance

regarding disaster management apart from teachers, students and public people in

coastal areas should be trained in disaster management. The present study attempts

to find out how far the teachers are aware of disaster and its management.

Multimedia Package was prepared and it has been used as a module to create

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awareness on disaster and to train the teacher to equip themselves in disaster

management. More over the intention of the study is to inculcate the knowledge

among the students and the public people in coastal areas and to create awareness

on disaster management to reduce loss of lives and possession.

The next chapter gives details of conceptual framework for this study