20 th Century European History Short & Long Questions- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 20 th Century International Relations Phase I 1919 1939 The Uneasy Peace (SLIDES 3-38) Treaty of Versailles Weimar Republic Mussolinis Italy Wall Street Crash Great Depression Rise of Extremism League of Nations Nazi Germany Appeasement Munich Conference Phase II 1939 1945 World War II (Slides 39-65) Invasion of Poland Blitzkrieg The Phoney War Hitlers Turns West The Maginot Line Fall of France Vichy France Operation Dynamo Operation Eagle (Battle of Britain) Operation Sealion Operation Barbarossa Battle of Stalingrad Pearl Harbour Final Solution Operation Overlord: D-Day The Battle of the Bulge The Manhattan Project Fall of Berlin The Holocaust Hiroshima & Nagasaki Phase III 1945 1990 The Cold War (Slides 62-74) Divided Germany Europe Divided NATO & Warsaw Pact SuperPowers Operation Vittles: Berlin Blockade The Truman Doctrine The Korean War Sputnik I Yuri Gagarin NASA Cuban Missile Crisis The Vietnam War SALT- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Phase I: 1919 1939 The Uneasy Peace War Guilt Clause Hyperinflation Reparations Wall Street Crash Propaganda March on Rome Squadristi Night of the Long Knives Der Fuhrer Lebensraum Herrenvolk Fourteen Points Il Duce Enabling Law Rearmament Great Depression OVRA Kristallnacht Nuremberg Laws Anschluss Appeasement Battle for Grain Weimar Republic Acerbo Law Brownshirts (SA)- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Treaty of Versailles (1919) Germany: Lost Alsace-Lorraine to France & City of Danzig was administered by League of Nations. Also lost Posen to Poland (and all its overseas colonies) Had to reparations of 6.6 billion marks to France, Belgium & Britain Army reduced to 100,000 men U-boats scrapped Surface navy reduced Article 231: War Guilt Clause Whereby Germany accepted complete responsibility for the war and the damage it caused- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 War Guilt Clause (1919) Article 231: War Guilt Clause Whereby Germany accepted complete responsibility for the war and the damage it caused This would become a item of contention & controversy in Germany from 1920 on, providing Hitler & the Nazis with a reason to call the Weimar Republic a nation founded in defeat and a means to attract German Nationalists to their extreme ideology. Dolchstolegende: Stab in the back myth (Nazi accusation towards German politicians of 1918)- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 4 New Countries Created after World War I Austria Hungary Yugoslavia Czechoslovakia Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points: One of President Wilsons 14 Points was that of self-determination of small nations. This helped to break up old empires and create many new small nations throughout Europe.- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 March on Rome (22 nd 29 th October1922) The Italian National Fascist Party marched on Rome, demanding to be made the new government of Italy The Blackshirts (Squadristi) led the march on Rome 30,000 men took part in the march The Italian King, fearing a civil war, invited Mussolini and his party to form a new government for Italy Contrary to popular belief, Mussolini did not take part in the march. Staged photos were later taken- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 The Blackshirts Squadristi Italian Fascist Militia Strongly pro-nationalist Supported Mussolini & the Italian Fascist Party Intimidated political opponents Attacked Communist parties & groups- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Acerbo Law (1923) A law passed in Italy in 1923 whereby the political party who won the most seats would automatically get 2/3 of the seats in the Italian Parliament. Ostensibly introduced to create strong, stable governments, the law was in fact introduced to give Mussolini and the Italian Fascists dominance over the parliament.- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Reasons Why Mussolinis Party Gained Support after 1919 Many Italians felt that they should have received more land in the Paris Peace Settlement and resented the little they received. Mussolini promised to crush communism and take on the mafia gangs Italy was heavily in debt after the First World War and Mussolini promised to bring strong, stable government to Italy Effective use of propaganda- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 OVRA Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism Italian Secret Police in Mussolinis Italy Founded in 1927 Leader: Arturo Bocchini Arrest, detain & torture opponents of fascism in Italy- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Battle for Grain Poor marshland was drained & reclaimed for wheat production. Government gave grants to farmers to invest in machinery & fertiliser. Tariffs placed on imported bread Mussolini wanted to reduce Italys balance of trade deficit (due to imports). He wanted to make Italy as self-sufficient as possible Italy was almost entirely self-sufficient in wheat production by 1940 Mussolini working in the fields, bringing in the harvest (Propaganda)- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Weimar Germany Founded in the aftermath of the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II. City of Weimar was the capital of the new republic. Gustav Streseman was the Prime Minister of Weimar in 1923 and Foreign Minister from 1924 The Young Plan & Dawes Plan (American loans) helped to alleviate the financial burden on Weimar, particularly reparations & employment.- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Threats to the Weimar Republic (1919 1933) Both Communist (KPD) and Fascist (NSDAP) parties threatened the stability of Weimar Germany. Associated with defeat of World War One, many Germans disliked the Weimar Republic as being artificial and weak. Weimar suffered from depression & hyperinflation from 1920 1923 due to the enormous strain on its economy from payment of the war reparations. Weimar Republic joined the League of Nations in 1925 with the signing of the Locarno Pact, which declared that Germany would respect the western borders set out in the Treaty of Versailles.- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Extremist Uprisings in Weimar Republic Communist Spartacist Uprising (1919) Nationalist & Fascist Kapp Putsch - nationalist uprising (1920) Beer Hall Putsch Fascist (1923)- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 2 Reasons for Growth of Fascism in Europe after World War One Fear of Communism Most western countries were afraid of communism spreading to their countries after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 in Russia. Because of this, many people supported fascist parties as they were seen to be strongly anti- communist Unstable Economies & High Unemployment Many European countries suffered greatly from the Wall Street Crash and following Depression throughout Europe. In Germany, there were over 6 million workers unemployed by the time Hitler & the Nazis took power in 1933, promising to eradicate unemployment- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Wall Street Crash (1929) 4 th October 29 th October 1929 Investors (up to 25,000,000) had invested steadily in a growing American Stock Exchange during the 1920s. However, when rates began to drop, people rushed to sell their shares and caused the Stock Exchange to collapse On 29 th October Black Tuesday the American Stock Exchange lost 30 Billion Dollars worth of shares through hurried sales. The event plunged USA into the Great Depression, which also affected all of Western Europe- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Lateran Treaty (1929) The Treaty recognised: Catholic religion as the official state religion, with the Church being granted special authority over education & marriage laws Also, the treaty meant that Italy recognised the Vatican as an independent city-state- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Reasons Why Hitler & Nazis Came to Power in 1933 Resentment at the Treaty of Versailles Failure of democratic governments to deal with economic crisis following the Wall Street Crash Fear of communist groups staging a revolution & taking power in Germany- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 The Brownshirts (SA) Germany Ernst Rohm (leader) Militia of ex German soldiers & officers (WW1) that supported Nazi party demonstrations & speeches Strongly pro-nationalist & anti- communist Disrupted rival party gatherings and clashed with communist groups- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Enabling Act (1933) Introduced in 1933 after the Reichstag Fire, this law granted Hitler the right to rule by decree This meant that Hitler could make decisions and enact policies without consulting the German Parliament, in times of emergency In effect, it made him a dictator as soon after this, all other political parties were banned in Germany, creating a totalitarian state.- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Night of the Long Knives ( June 30 th July 2 nd 1934) Ernst Rohm & hundreds of leading members of the Brownshirts (SA) assassinated by Nazis. The SA leadership was targeted by Hitler as they refused to become part of the German Army (Wehrmacht) Hitler knew he needed the support of the German High Command, who refused to allow a second private army operate in Germany.- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Nuremberg Laws (1935) Under these laws, Jews Were forbidden from marrying Germans (non-Jews) Lost their citizenship of Germany (became state subjects) Could not hold public office or own property Forced to wear the Star of David- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Nuremberg Rallies Nazi Party annual parades of the Nazi Party and its followers Organised by Albert Speer Leni Riefenstahl made a documentary based on the 1934 Rally: Triumph of the Will Speeches, parades and celebrations of National Socialism- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Hitler Youth & League of German Maidens Hitler YouthLeague of German Maidens- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Indoctrinate young German boys in military exercises & Nazi ideology Hitlerjugend: 14 18 years old Deutsches Jungvolk: 10 14 (essentially a youths version of the original SA) Indoctrinate young German girls to become Wife, mother, homemaker Joseph Goebbels: Propaganda Minister for Propaganda & Popular Enlightenment (Reich Propaganda Ministry) Strictly controlled the press, cinema and all forms of media. Banned books that were contrary to Nazi ideology. Promoted & disseminated anti-Semitic material The Eternal Jew (1940) Spoke at the Nuremberg Rallies, inciting greater military effort & support from all Germans and demanded absolute loyalty to Hitler. Launched the Nazi newspaper Das Reich (1940) "The essence of propaganda consists in winning people over to an idea so sincerely, so vitally, that in the end they succumb to it utterly and can never escape from it." Goebbels- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Gestapo Nazi Germanys secret police Founded by Hermann Goering (1933) Under Himmlers (SS) control from 1934 onwards.- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 SS - Schutzstaffel Heinrich Himmler (leader of SS 1929 1945) Paramilitary organisation who absorbed the police and Gestapo under its control. The most feared & powerful organisation in the Third Reich. Membership was based solely on ability, obedience & physical & mental excellence. Swore an oath to Hitler (daggers) Responsible for many of the crimes against humanity (Jews) SS Einsatzgruppen (death squads)- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Appeasement The practise whereby European leaders (& the League of Nations) gave in to Hitlers demands in the hope that he would eventually stop being aggressive militarily Reasons: Nobody in Europe wanted a repeat of WWI (deaths) Britain could not afford another war in Europe Hitler meets Chamberlain at the Munich Conference (1938)- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Munich Conference (1938) Peace in Our Times The Munich Conference of 1938 was convened to attempt to prevent war in Europe. Four European leaders attended: Chamberlain (UK), Daladier (France), Hitler (Germany) & Mussolini (Italy). No Czech representative was invited. At this conference, it was decided to allow Germany to take control of the Sudetenland, where 3 million German speakers lived inside the border of Czechoslovakia Chamberlain returned to Britain, declaring that they had secured peace in our times- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Anschluss (12 th March1938) Austrian Nazi Party pushed for unification with Germany between 1934 & Hitler demanded that the Austrian Chancellor (Von Schussnigg) put Austrian Nazis in his government. Von Schuschnigg held a referendum on Austrias independence in 1938, hoping to preserve Austrias independence. He was defeated & resigned. Seyss-Inquart (a leading Austrian Nazi) became the Chancellor of Austria in March He then invited Hitler to send the German Army into Austria to restore order. The Anschluss took place on 12 th March Anschluss: Union of Germany & Austria- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Hitlers Foreign Policy Aims Destruction of The Treaty of Versailles: Grossdeutschland: A unified country of all German-speaking people in Europe Anschluss: Union of Germany & Austria Lebensraum: living space in the East (whereby Germany would forcibly take land from Slavic & Russian people to increase the living space of Germany)- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Pact of Steel (1939) Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy Italy & Germany were to deepen their friendship & communication, while undertaking to combine their foreign policies and military action. It was also a common defense policy.- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Nazi-Soviet 10-Year Non-Aggression Pact (1939)- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Nazi-Soviet 10-Year Non- Aggression Pact (1939) Also known as the Molotov- Ribbentrop Pact It laid the foundations of a ten-year declaration of non-aggression. Neither side truly believed in this, but it did buy time for Stalin to prepare for the eventual German attack (1941) The Pact also contained secret clauses to divide Poland between the two countries- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Reasons why League of Nations failed to prevent war in 1939 The League of Nations had no standing army to enforce its decisions The League failed to stand up to aggression by its members (Italy invading Abyssinia, 1935) The USA never joined the League of Nations- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 League of Nations- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Timeline: Key Events 1919: Treaty of Versailles 1922: March on Rome (Italy) 1923: Acerbo Law (Italy) 1923: Beer Hall Putsch (Ger.) 1929: Lateran Treaty (Italy) 1929: Wall Street Crash (USA) 1933: Hitler comes to Power (Ger.) 1933: Enabling Law (Ger.) 1934: Night of the Long Knives (Ger.) 1935: Nuremberg Laws (Ger.) 1936: Berlin Olympic Games (Ger.) 1938: Kristallnacht (Ger.) 1938: Munich Conference 1938: Anschluss (Ger. & Aus.) 1939: Pact of Steel 1939: Nazi-Soviet Pact Key Periods Specific : First World War : Weimar Republic 1922 1944: Mussolinis Italy 1933 1945: Nazi Germany General 1930s: Appeasement 1920s 1930s: Failure of League of Nations- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Phase II: 1939 1945 World War II Blitzkrieg Luftwaffe Operation EagleOperation Sealion Operation Dynamo Blitz RAF Final Solution Roosevelt Vichy France Pearl Harbour Stalin Allies v. Axis Operation Barbarossa Manhattan Project Churchill Maginot Line Operation Overlord Atlantic Wall Battle of Britain Holocaust Battle of the Bulge U-Boats Desert Fox- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Blitzkrieg (lightning war) Devastating & effective German offensive strategy involving: 1.Aerial Bombardment of defenses, depots & airfields (Stuka dive-bombers) 1.Tanks & Infantry followed up to mop up remaining defenses.- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 German Armies Invade Western Poland (1939)- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Junkers Ju 87 Stuka Highly-effective dive bomber used in Blitzkrieg warfare, attacking defensive positions and tanks- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 The Maginot Line French defensive barrier located along the border with Germany, constructed after World War One. Concrete bunkers, artillery guns and even an underground railway system connecting bunkers made it a formidable defensive barrier WEAKNESS: The Maginot Line extended along the border with Germany, but with only a much weaker defensive system along the border with Belgium- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Evacuation of Dunkirk Operation Dynamo 300,000 British & French troops rescued by over 800 ships and pleasure craft- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Third Reich Military Conquests (1939 1940) Poland (September 1939) Norway (April 1940) Denmark (April 1940) Netherlands (May 1940) Belgium (May 1940) Luxembourg (May 1940) France (June 1940)- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Fall of France (June 1940)- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Vichy France (1940 1944) Governed by Marcel Petain- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Operation Sealion Hitlers plan to invade Britain in The plan depended entirely on first gaining air superiority over Britain leading to Operation Eagle (Battle of Britain) The Luftwaffe failed to destroy the RAF in the Battle of Britain and Hitler decided to indefinitely postpone Operation Sealion on 17 th September Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Battle of Britain Radar Spitfire Mk IV Messerschmitt Bf Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 The Blitz (October 1940 April 1941)- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Invasion of USSR - Operation Barbarossa (June October 1941) Hitler invades Russia with over 3 million men & 4,000 tanks, supported by the Luftwaffe 3 Army groups invade: Army Group North: Leningrad Army Group Centre: Moscow Army Group South: Stalingrad Hitlers target was the oil-rich region of the Caucasus- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Pearl Harbour (7 th December 1941)- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Operation Overlord: D-Day (6 th June 1944)- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 D-Day Landings: Operation Overlord (6 th June 1944)- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 D-Day Landing Sites- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 D-Day Landings- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Battle of the Bulge (1944) Last German counter-offensive in the west attempting to stop the Allied advance into Germany (1944)- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Fall of Berlin (1945)- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 The Manhattan Project The research & development of the atomic bomb in USA Led by Dr. Oppenheimer- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Hiroshima & Nagasaki 6 th & 9 th August 1945 Oppenheimer- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Final Solution (1942 1945) Finalised at the Wannsee Conference in Germany in 1942, many different branches of Nazi Germany came together to organise the efficient means to exterminate or expel the Jewish population from Europe. This would ultimately lead to the Holocaust. Reinhard Heydrich (SS) was given the task of coordinating this effort throughout Nazi-occupied Europe- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 The Holocaust By the end of WWII, after the concentration & extermination camps were liberated throughout occupied Europe, it was estimated that over 6 million Jews had been murdered as part of The Final Solution; the plan to eradicate all Jews from Europe between 1942 & Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Timeline: Key Events 1939: Germany invades Poland 1940: Germany invades Norway, Denmark, The Netherlands, Belgium & France 1940: Operation Dynamo - Dunkirk 1940 (June): Fall of France 1940 (August-Sept.): Operation Eagle (Battle of Britain) 1941: Operation Barbarossa 1941 (December): Pearl Harbour attack 1942: Final Solution 1944: (June): Operation Overlord (D-Day) 1944: Mussolini deposed in Italy 1945 (May): Fall of Berlin 1945 (August): Hiroshima & Nagasaki A- Bombs 1945: (August) End of 2 nd World War. Key Battles : Phoney War 1940: Battle of Britain October 1940 April 1941: The Blitz 1940 1943: North African Desert War 1942 1943: Battle of Stalingrad 1943: Battle of the Kursk : Battle of the Bulge March May 1945: Battle of Berlin- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Phase III: 1945 1990 The Cold War ContainmenT Korean War Zones of Occupation Iron Curtain Warsaw Pact Nikita Khruschev Hydrogen Bomb Berlin Blockade Berlin Wall Operation Vittles NASA Yuri Gagarin S.A.L.T. 38 th Parallel Sputnik I Space Race Tsar Bomba NATO Fidel Castro Satellite States Cuban Missile Crisis Marshall Plan Bay of Pigs John F. Kennedy Truman Doctrine- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 United Nations- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Division of Europe post-1945 The Iron Curtain- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Cold War (1945 1990) The two Superpowers - USA & USSR - dominated international relations from 1945 onwards. Both countries founded their own military alliances to further their respective foreign policies & military defenses- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Armed Alliances ( ) NATO Warsaw Pact- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 The Truman Doctrine (March 1947) "the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." (Truman effectively declared that it would be the policy of the USA whereby they would help defend democratic countries from take-over by Communist groups or external Communist aggression)- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Marshall Plan- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Berlin Blockade (1948 1949)- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Berlin Blockade Operation Vittles When Stalin closed all road and rail access to West Berlin in response tot he unification of West Germany, the Western Allies responded with an enormous airlift Operation Vittles to supply West Berlin. The operation lasted from 1948 to 1949, with a total of flights, before Stalin relented and re-opened the roads and rail access to West Berlin from West Germany- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 The Korean War (1950 1953)- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Korean War ( )- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Cuban Missile Crisis- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Cuban Missile Crisis- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Containment was a US foreign policy to prevent the spread of Communism throughout Asia, Africa & Eastern Europe. With the threat of nuclear war ever- present, the US adopted this policy to both contain communism from spreading while also minimising the risk of all-out nuclear warfare. Containment- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014 Slide 58 description of D-Day landings (detail) Slide 60 Description of the fall of berlin Slide 61 - Manhattan Project Slide 67 UN Slide 71 Berlin Wall Slide 72 Marshall Plan Slide 76 Korean War Slide 78 Cuban Missile Crisis Slide 79 Cuban Missile Crisis Slide 80 Finish Off Effects of Cuban Missile Crisis- Billy McSweeney (c) 2014