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SEISMIC
Seismic Codes & StandardsPast, Present, Future
Philip Caldwell
Codes & Standards
El Centro - USGS
7Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Seismic Shift2000 IBC
El Centro - USGS
8Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
2000 IBC – New National Model Building Code
El Centro - USGS
9Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Drivers of Shift
Role of Site Effects
El Centro - USGS
10Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Propagation• Wave Guides
Modern Instrumentation – New Understanding
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 93, No. 3, pp. 973–985, June 2003
El Centro - USGS
11Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Propagation• Wave Guides
Modern Instrumentation – New Understanding
Regional Path Effects on Seismic Wave Propagation in Central Mexico
After correlating our results with recent geological and gravimetric studies, we suggest that this amplification could be due to the impedance contrast of low-velocity volcanic rocks of the TVB overlying higher velocity limestones. If we are right, the increase of groundmotion duration would result from mode conversion at the southern boundary of the TVB. These path effects in the 2-to 6-sec period band are very important for ground motion in Mexico City because the very soft surficial deposits in that basin amplify greatly ground motion in this same period band.
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 93, No. 3, pp. 973–985, June 2003
2
El Centro - USGS
12Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Paradigm Shift Causes - Site Effects Mexico City
Kramer, S.L. (1996). Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
El Centro - USGS
13Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Paradigm Shift Causes - Site Effects Mexico City
Kramer, S.L. (1996). Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
National University of Mexico
(Rock Site)
Telecommunications Center for Mexico
(Soft Soil site)
El Centro - USGS
14Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Paradigm Shift Causes - Site Effects Mexico City
Note 2 Sec Resonant Period
Kramer, S.L. (1996). Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
Peak Ground for 22 Iterations
National University of Mexico
(Rock Site)
Telecommunications Center for Mexico
(Soft Soil site)
El Centro - USGS
15Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Paradigm Shift Causes - Site Effects
1985 - Mexico City• Site Effects – Double Resonance
• No damage for large parts of city
• Damage to buildings 5 stories or more than 30 was slight
• Buildings in 5 to 20 story range were extensively damaged -“double resonance”
Collapsed HospitalPhoto by: Mehmet Celebi, USGS Menlo Park
El Centro - USGS
16Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Paradigm Shift Causes - Site Effects
1985 - Mexico City• Site Effects – Double Resonance
• No damage for large parts of city
• Damage to buildings 5 stories or more than 30 was slight
• Buildings in 5 to 20 story range were extensively damaged -“double resonance”
Collapsed HospitalPhoto by: Mehmet Celebi, USGS Menlo Park
El Centro - USGS
17Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Paradigm Shift Causes - Site Effects
1985 - Mexico City• Site Effects – Double Resonance
• No damage for large parts of city
• Damage to buildings 5 stories or more than 30 was slight
• Buildings in 5 to 20 story range were extensively damaged -“double resonance”
Collapsed HospitalPhoto by: Mehmet Celebi, USGS Menlo Park
3
El Centro - USGS
18Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Paradigm Shift Causes - Site Effects Mexico City
Telecommunications Building
Kramer, S.L. (1996). Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Photo by: Mehmet Celebi, USGS Menlo Park
All communication circuits entering or leaving Mexico controlled from this facility
El Centro - USGS
19Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Paradigm Shift Causes - Site Effects Loma Prieta
Kramer, S.L. (1996). Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
El Centro - USGS
20Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Paradigm Shift - 1994 NEHRP New Site Classes
Kramer, S.L. (1996). Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
El Centro - USGS
21Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Paradigm Shift - Site Effects Lessons Learned
Kramer, S.L. (1996). Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
Linear-Elastic limit of soil to
transmit mechanical
energy
Soil Amplification of Site Response
El Centro - USGS
22Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Paradigm Shift - Short Period Sec Site Effect
Soil nonlinearly reduces Fa coefficient at intense levels of shaking
Kramer, S.L. (1996). Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
El Centro - USGS
23Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Paradigm Shift Causes - Soil Amplification
Kramer, S.L. (1996). Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
4
El Centro - USGS
24Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
1994 NEHRP – New Site Specific Basis for Codes
Design Basis Demand of Response Spectra Easily Adjusted for Site Class
Fa , Fv Two Factor Approach
• Fa - Short Period (0.2 sec) Coefficient Adjustment
• Fv - Long Period (1.0 sec) Coefficient Adjustment
Kramer, S.L. (1996). Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
El Centro - USGS
25Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Northridge – Shaking Different for Each Building Location
Seismic Hazard Different for Each Location
Strong Motion Time History’s - NorthridgeTrinet
El Centro - USGS
26Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Near Source – Introduced In 1997 UBC
1994 Northridge• Near Field
Illustration by: Philip J. Caldwell
Epicenter
BlindThrustFault
Hypocenterd
d
Near Field Effect Distance
New Lateral ForceRequirements Based onStrong Motion Data fromNumerous Instrumented
Buildings
El Centro - USGS
27Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Near Field Effect
Directivity – Cause Still Area of Active Research
El Centro - USGS
28Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Kobe, Japan
• Velocity Pulse
Directivity – Lessons Learned
El Centro - USGS
29Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Northridge
• Velocity Pulse
Directivity – Lessons Learned
Photo by: USGS
5
El Centro - USGS
30Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Velocity Pulse
Directivity – Lessons Learned
El Centro - USGS
31Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Velocity Pulse
• Bam, Iran
Directivity – Lessons Learned
El Centro - USGS
32Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Velocity Pulse
• Lateral Force
Directivity – Lessons Learned
El Centro - USGS
33Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Velocity Pulse
• Lateral Force
Directivity – Lessons Learned
El Centro - USGS
34Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Velocity Pulse
• Lateral Force
Directivity – Lessons Learned
El Centro - USGS
35Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
New SFO Bay Bridge
Directivity – Lessons Learned
Photos by: Philip J Caldwell
6
El Centro - USGS
36Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
New SFO Bay Bridge
Directivity – Lessons Learned
Photos by: Philip J CaldwellEl Centro - USGS
37Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Lessons Learned
Instrumented Buildings
El Centro - USGS
38Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Shaking at roof top can be three times that of grade level
Dynamics of Building Structure – Increase Demand
USGS - Northridge Report
1994 Northridge Earthquake - Instrumented Building
LA County Olive View - UCLA Medical Center
Sylmar, California
El Centro - USGS
39Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Shaking at roof top can be three times that of grade level
Dynamics of Building Structure – Increase Demand
Gillengerten and Bachman, 2003
???
El Centro - USGS
40Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Dynamics of Building Structure – Instrumented Bldgs
Miranda, 2007El Centro - USGS
41Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Dynamics of Building Structure – Instrumented Bldgs
Miranda, 2007
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0 1 2 3 4 5PFA / PGA
x=z/H
Recorded
Computed
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0 1 2 3 4 5PFA / PGA
x=z/H
Recorded
Computed
11-story hospitalNewport Beach
Landers EQ
NS
EW
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0 1 2 3 4PFA / PGA
x=z/H
Recorded
Computed
7-story office bldg. Long Beach
Whittier EQ
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0 1 2 3 4PFA / PGA
x=z/H
Recorded
Computed
NS
EW
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0 1 2 3 4PFA / PGA
x=z/H
Recorded
Computed
5-story office bldg. San Bernardino
Northridge EQ
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0 1 2 3 4PFA / PGA
x=z/H
Recorded
Computed
NS
EW
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0 1 2 3 4PFA / PGA
x=z/H
Recorded
Computed
19-story office bldg. Los Angeles
Northridge EQ
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0 1 2 3 4PFA / PGA
x=z/H
Recorded
Computed
NS
EW
7
El Centro - USGS
42Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Jury Returns Verdict
Change Begins
El Centro - USGS
43Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
1985 Mexico City, Mexico
1989 Loma Prieta, California
1994 Northridge, California
1995 Kobe, Japan
Earthquakes That Shook the Codes
Illustration by: Philip J. Caldwell
1985 Mexico City1989 Loma Prieta1994 North
ridge1995 Kobe
1994 NEHRP
El Centro - USGS
44Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
“Rocket Science”
Seismic Maps
Just U.S. – Right??
El Centro - USGS
45Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
PSHA Based USGS Maps Replace “Zone Maps”
“Science up methodology”
http://earthquake.usgs.gov
El Centro - USGS
46Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Global Influence – PSHA Universally Accepted
UN Sponsored Global Seismicity Project
http://www.seismo.ethz.ch/GSHAP/
El Centro - USGS
47Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Global Influence – New PSHA Maps for China
8
El Centro - USGS
50Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
2006 IBC
ASCE 7-05
Seismic OverviewEl Centro - USGS
51Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Prescriptive Code Driven Seismic Performance
Occupancy Category – Post Event Limit State Expectation
Category IVCategory I
Limit State – Collapse Prevention Limit State – ContainmentPhotos by: Philip J Caldwell
El Centro - USGS
52Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Prescriptive Code Driven Seismic Performance
Occupancy Category – Post Event Limit State Expectation
Category IVCategory III
Limit State – Life Safe Limit State – OperationalPhotos by: Philip J Caldwell
El Centro - USGS
53Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Prescriptive Code Driven Seismic Performance
Occupancy Category – Post Event Limit State Expectation
• Contents can change occupancy category
Category IVCategory II
Limit State – Collapse Prevention Limit State – OperationalPhotos by: Philip J Caldwell
El Centro - USGS
54Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Prescriptive Code Driven Seismic Performance
Code Plus ?
Photo by: Philip J Caldwell
El Centro - USGS
55Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Prescriptive Code Driven Seismic Performance
Site Specific Seismicity
Increasing Seismicity
Seismic Design Category
A B C D E F
FEMA 450-1
9
El Centro - USGS
56Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Site Specific Seismicity
TABLE 11.6-2 SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORY BASED ON 1-S PERIOD RESPONSE ACCELERATION PARAMETER
Occupancy Category Value of SD1 I or II III IV
SD1 0.067 A A A 0.067 SD1 < 0.133 B B C 0.133 SD1 < 0.20 C C D 0.20 SD1 D D D SD1 0.75 E E F
Increa
sing
Seis
micity
Seismicity x Occupancy Category = Seismic Design Category
Prescriptive Code Driven Seismic Performance
FEMA 450-1
El Centro - USGS
57Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Examples of Site Specific Compliance - NMSZ
New Madrid Seismic Zone – Central U.S.
http://earthquake.usgs.gov
El Centro - USGS
58Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Examples of Site Specific Compliance - NMSZ New Madrid, MO County Jail
Photo by: Philip Caldwell
El Centro - USGS
59Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Examples of Site Specific Compliance - NMSZ New Madrid, MO County Jail
Google Earth
N 36.58904
N 36.58904
New Madrid County Jail
636 Powell Avenue
New Madrid, MO 63869
El Centro - USGS
60Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Examples of Site Specific Compliance - NMSZ New Madrid, MO County Jail – Determine Ss = ?
http://earthquake.usgs.gov
260˚
260˚
270˚
270˚
280˚
280˚
290˚
290˚
30˚ 30˚
40˚ 40˚
50˚ 50˚
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
12
12
12
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
40
40
40
40
40
40
120
160
048
12162024283236406080
100120160240320400600
0.2 sec Spectral Acceleration (%g) with 2% Probability of Exceedance in 50 Years(site: NEHRP B-C boundary)
U. S. Geological SurveyJune 1996
N 36.58904
W 89.52864
El Centro - USGS
61Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
USGS Ground Motion Data Required by ASCE 7- 05 URL for USGS site specific design data
quake.usgs.gov/research/hazmahttp://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/hazmaps/design/
10
El Centro - USGS
62Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Examples of Site Specific Compliance - NMSZ New Madrid, MO County Jail site location Lat & Lon
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/hazmaps/design/
Site Location Lat / Lon
El Centro - USGS
63Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Examples of Site Specific Compliance - NMSZ New Madrid, MO County Jail – Site Specific Ground Motion
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/hazmaps/design/
Ss
El Centro - USGS
64Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Examples of Site Specific Compliance - NMSZ New Madrid, MO County Jail - MCE Ground Motion
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/hazmaps/design/
MS a sS F S
El Centro - USGS
65Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Examples of Site Specific Compliance - NMSZ New Madrid, MO County Jail Site Specific Design Basis
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/hazmaps/design/
2
3DS MSa
S S
El Centro - USGS
66Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Examples of Site Specific Compliance - NMSZ Port Cape Girardeau, MO Example
Photo by: Philip Caldwell
El Centro - USGS
67Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Examples of Site Specific Compliance - NMSZ Saint Louis Example – Old Courthouse
Photo by: Philip Caldwell
11
El Centro - USGS
68Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Examples of Site Specific Compliance - NMSZ 2003 IBC Grade Level Site Class D
SDS = 2.26 g’s
Street Atlas USA USGS 1996 NEHRP 0.2 sec Map
El Centro - USGS
69Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Examples of Site Specific Compliance - NMSZ 2003 IBC Grade Level Site Class D
SDS = 1.24 g’s
Street Atlas USA USGS 1996 NEHRP 0.2 sec Map
El Centro - USGS
70Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Examples of Site Specific Compliance - NMSZ 2003 IBC Grade Level Site Class D
SDS = 0.52 g’s
Street Atlas USA USGS 1996 NEHRP 0.2 sec Map
El Centro - USGS
71Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Examples of Site Specific Compliance - NMSZ 2003 IBC Grade Level Site Class D
Street Atlas USA USGS 1996 NEHRP 0.2 sec Map
SDS = 2.26 g’s
SDS = 1.24 g’s
SDS = 0.52 g’s
El Centro - USGS
77Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
Makes You Wish For
“The Good Old Days”
El Centro - USGS
78Philip Caldwell rev01Seismic Requirements for Electrical Equipment IEEE Asheville NC – May 5, 2009
228: If a builder build a house for a man and complete it, that man shall pay him two shekels of silver per sar (approx. 12 sq. ft.) of house as his wage.
229: If a builder has built a house for a man and his work is not strong, and if the house he has built falls in an kills the householder, that builder shall be slain.
230: If the child of the householder be killed, the child of that builder shall be slain.
The Building Code of Hammurabi (circa 3000 B.C.)
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