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ELECTRONIC EYE(FOR BLIND AND BEYOND)

BY

M.TEJASWI A.SUREKHA

III ECE III ECE

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Before we understand how an electronic eye is created itsimportant to know about the important role that the retinaplays in how we see.

This paper explains the process involved in it and explainsthe concepts of artificial silicon retina, cortical implants etc.

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ROLE OF RETINA

the internal view of the eye and its path view

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Three main types of cells-

RODSCONESGANGLION CELLS

This thin membrane at the back of the eye is a vital part of ourability to see.

Its main function is to receive and transmit images to the brain.

The retina is complex in itself.

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o The most notable of these diseases are retinitis pimentos andage-related macular degeneration.

o Both diseases attack the retina, causing either loss of peripheralvision or total blindness. Which affects the ganglion cells or optic

nerve.

CONCEPT LAID THE FOUNDATION FOR THE

INVENTION OF THE ELECTRONIC EYE SYSTEM

TECHNOLOGY.

o scientists can develop artificial cones and rods, informationcould still be sent to the brain for interpretation.

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HOW TO CREATEELECTRONIC EYE?

Dr. Mark Humayun

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A blind person could be made to see light by stimulating the

nerve ganglia behind the retina with an electrical current.

This test proved that the nerves behind the retina stillfunctioned even when the retina had degenerated.

Based on this information, scientists set out to create a devicethat could translate images and electrical pulses that couldrestore vision.

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Two silicon microchip devices that are being developed.

The concept for both devices is similar, with each being.

Small enough to be implanted in the eye Supplied with a continuous source of power Biocompatible with the surrounding eye tissue

The dot above the date on this penny is the full size of the Artificial Silicon Retina

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Perhaps the more promising of these two silicon devices is

the ARTIFICIAL SILICON RETINA (ASR).

ASR is an extremely tiny device of diameter of just 2 mm (.078

inch) and is thinner than a human hair.

It contains approximately 5000 microscopic solar cellscalled MICROPHOTODIODES.

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HOW ARTIFICIAL SILICON RETINAWORKS?

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The ASR contains about 5000 microscopic solar cells that are able to

convert light into electrical pulses, mimicking the function of cones androds.

For any micro chip to work it needs power and the amazing thing

about the ASR is that it receives all of its needed power from the lightentering the eye.

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Here you can see where the ASR is placed between the outerand inner retinal layers

This means that with the ASR implant in place behind the

retina, it receives all of the light entering the eye.

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Another microchip device that would restore partial vision iscurrently in development called the artificial retina componentchip (ARCC), this device is quite similar to the ASR.

The ARCC is also a very small device measuring 2 mmsquare and a thickness of .02 millimeters (.00078 inch).

ARCC will give blind patients the ability to see 10 by 10pixel images, which is about the size of a single letter on thispage.

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WORKINGOFELECTRONIC

EYESYSTEM

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WORKING OF ELECTRONIC EYE SYSTEM:

illustrating the E- EYE SYSTEM

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PEOPLEWITH ELECTRONIC EYE:

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IMAGE PROCESSING IN BIONIC EYE:

Once the image is entered the glass it is processed into 5kg computer itprocess the image and send signals to ASR in back of eye and from there

it go to brain implant through optic nerves and brain is able to interruptwhat the image islet us see how image looks in electronic eye.

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The blindness foundation groups research center at

JOHNSHOPKINS UNIVERSITY,HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL,

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYANDUNOVERSITY OF UTAH.

ORGANISATIONS WORKING ON

ARTIFICIAL RETINA:

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DRAWBACKS

The first and foremost thing is the cost .The miniaturization ofequipment and more powerful computers have made this electronic

eye possible, but it's not cheap.

It may not work for people blinded as children or as

infants.

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CONCLUSION

The electronic eye is the latest system aimed at helping millions ofblind and visually impaired people.

The first useful electronic eye is now helping a blind man walksafely around and read.

A brain implant or cortical implant provides visual input from acamera directly to the brain via electrodes in contact with thevisual cortex at the backside of the head.

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1. ELECTRONICS FOR YOU (SEPTEMBER 2006).

2. Artificial Vision for the Blind by Connecting a TelevisioCamera to the Brain" ASAIO Journal

WEB:

www. Artificial vision.comwww. Optobionics.com

REFERENCE

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Thank You

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