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©2005-08 J.J. Burgard & Associates, Inc. Rights Reserved 1
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Weekly Learning Checks of Awesomeness
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1
In calendar terms, B.C.E. means…
BCE= before common era
2
In calendar terms, A.D. means…
Anno Domini which means “in the year of our Lord” in Latin
3
Most of the world uses a calendar that starts counting at the birth of Jesus Christ. This calendar is called ( ) named after ( )?
The Gregorian Calendar named after Pope Gregory XIII.
4
Historians divide the past into large blocks of time called?
Eras
5
A group of 10 years is called a…
Decade
6
What are the largest bodies of water on earth called? Name all five.
Oceans-Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Southern
7
What is climate?
Climate is weather conditions in a place over a long period of time.
8
What are the five themes of geography?
Location, place, region, movement, and human-environment interaction.
9
There are two main tools that geographers use to represent (or show) Earth. What are they?
Globes and maps
10
If you’re an archeologist, you dig in the earth to learn about the past. You are mostly looking for what?
Artifacts (such as tools, pottery, weapons and jewelry)
11
If you’re a paleontologist you are mostly looking for what?
Fossils (remains of plant and animal life)
12
Anthropologists study what?
Human culture and how it changes over time (often times using fossils and artifacts).
13
What is a “species”?
A class of individuals with similar physical characteristics.
14
Why was the discovery of “Lucy” important for archaeologists?
She’s one of the first almost complete skeletons ever discovered.
15
Why would historians study the past?
Learning about the past helps us understand the present.
Learning from our mistakes helps us to not repeat them.
Need both to get this right!
16
What is a secondary source?
Any retelling of an event (books, paintings, and media reports) created by someone who was NOT present at an event.
17
The study of Earth and its people is called…?
Geography
21
18
Your attitude about life or people is called your….
Point of View
22
19
A point of view that is based on emotional judgment and can not always be trusted is called…
Bias
23
20
The Earth is divided into seven large landmasses called? Name them:
Continents-Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America
21
Name three ways climate affects people:
1. What people wear2. What people do for a job3. What people eat4. Building materials they use5. How people get food6. Other answers acceptable with teacher
ok.
22
The two geography themes that describe what a place is like, such as landforms, climate, plant or animal life are called
( ) and ( ).
Places and regions
23
Explain Human-Environment Interaction (it’s one of the 5 Themes of Geography)
It’s how people use and change the environment around them. Can be positive or negative.
24
When writing longitude, what cardinal directions follow the coordinates? (example: 102°____)
east and west
25
When writing latitude, what cardinal directions follow the coordinates? (example: 56°____)
north and south
26
What is the 0 degree latitude line called?
Equator
27
What is the 0 degree longitude line called?
Prime Meridian
28
What do political maps show?
Cities, states, provinces, territories and countries, boundaries, borders between regions.
29
What do physical maps show?
A physical map shows landforms and bodies of water.
30
What do thematic maps show?
Specific info like climate, distribution of natural resources (how many cows live in a certain place. )
31
Louis and Mary Leakey’s discoveries suggest human evolution started on what continent?
Africa
32
Define “oral history.”
Customs told (spoken orally) and passed down from generation to generation
33
The movement of people from one place to settle in another place is called….
Migration
34
Making an inference means…
Choosing the most likely explanation based on the evidence you have.
35
What kind of source is a letter written by someone who witnessed an event?
Primary Source
36
Modern maps are made with the help of…?
Satellites/GPS
37
Why did hunter-gatherers often move around to survive?
They had to follow animals and seasonal plants.
38
If you lived in a nomadic society, what do you do a lot of?
move
39
Another name for the Stone Age, when people used stone to make tools and weapons is…
The Paleolithic Age
40
Give an example of early human domestication.
growing and tending crops. raising sheep for food and wool. training animals for plowing. Other answers are acceptable with
teacher ok.
41
How did the Ice Age affect where people settled in the Americas?
There was a land bridge from Asia to the Americas. When the Ice Age ended, people could migrate to different places.
42
How did domestication change the way of life for early humans? Name two ways.
Didn’t have to hunt as much Didn’t have to leave village Animals became reliable source of meat and
milk Animals skins used for shelter and clothing Planting allowed humans and animals to eat
more easily Other answers are acceptable with teacher ok.
43
What was the “Agricultural Revolution?”
The shift from having to gather food to instead, raising it yourself
44
What was meant by “systematic agriculture?”
When humans starting growing their own food on a regular basis
45
Irrigation systems are used to…
water crops
46
What are two ways planting and harvesting seeds led to the development of villages?
• People didn’t have to hunt for food • They could stay at home and build more
permanent settlements• Groups were able to better protect
themselves because they weren’t scattered about
• Need at least two to get this right
47
What does it mean when you have a “surplus” of something?
You have more than you need or can use
48
What does “specialization” mean?
Being skilled at one thing (e.g. pottery or farming)
49
What is a “social class”?
A group of people that share similar customs, background, training, or income.
50
What climate difficulties did Mesopotamian farmers face? Name two.
The region had a semiarid climate that received less than 10 inches of rain a year. Drought was a constant danger.
The flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates was unpredictable, making it difficult to predict when to plant crops.
51
What is an “artisan”?
Someone who is skilled at crafts (pottery, weaving, etc.)
52
Name three reasons people formed governments?
• To run the people• To create laws• To settle arguments• To make big decisions• To create order• To provide leadership• Laws made communities safer
53
What name was given to the land that lies between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers?
Mesopotamia
54
Most historians think the first civilization rose about 3300 B.C. in southern Mesopotamia. What was the name of this civilization?
Sumer
55
How did Mesopotamian farmers overcome the challenges of unpredictable floods and a semi arid climate?
Farmers created and maintained an extensive irrigation system of canals and dams to control the rivers' water.
56
Why did ancient Mesopotamians use mud as a primary building material?
The region had few natural resources such as timber or stone.
It keeps things cool inside.
57
A community that includes a city and its nearby farmlands and has it’s own form of government is called....
A City-State
58
What are four examples of Sumerians' contributions to society? (Sumerian legacy)
WheelPlowBronze toolsArithmetic system based on the number
60Cuneiform writingIrrigation
59
Why were ziggurats built?
To honor Sumerian gods. The top was the god’s home.
60
How did rivers influence the growth of civilization in Mesopotamia?
The flooding rivers left silt, which made the soil fertile for crops to grow.
Irrigation canals were dug to bring water to the fields.
They helped create crop surpluses that helped civilizations grow.
The rivers provided easier transportation so they could trade.
Need at least two to get this right
61
What is Hammurabi’s code?
Laws the people of the Babylonian Empire had to follow.
A code of justice for all men, women and children.
62
What is the nickname of the region of land, rich with fertile soil and water, that curves between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea?
The Fertile Crescent
63
What group of people were the most cruel in conquering and governing their empire?
The Assyrians
64
Which ruler built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world?
Nebuchadnezzar
65
Which Babylonian ruler showed the most concern about justice for the people in his empire?
Hammurabi
66
Who created a code of law that said, “The punishments should depend on the crimes committed?”
Hammurabi
67
Assyrians conquered many peoples. Those people had to pay the Assyrians “tribute.” (tribute is money). Why?
When you paid tribute, the Assyrians would protect you.
68
The Babylonian empire started on the eastern bank of the Euphrates which is what modern day country?
Iraq
69
The southern part of the Nile River churns with….?
cataracts
70
Cyrus the Great established a policy of toleration. What did this mean?
He allowed conquered people to keep their own customs and beliefs.
They could continue to worship their own gods, speak their own languages and practice their own way of life.
71
Name two things about the geography of Egypt that helped isolate and protect it?
Harsh deserts to the East and West.
Swampy Coast on the Mediterranean in the North lacked good harbors.
Cataracts (Waterfalls) in the south blocked ships.
72
What is an important difference between the Nile and the rivers of Mesopotamia?
Nile floods were very predictable.
73
A government in which the same person is both the political leader and the religious leader is called a…
theocracy
74
The word “Pharoah” refers to two things. What are they?
Egyptian king
“Great house”…the palace where the king and his family lived.
75
The area near the mouth of the Nile is what geographic feature?
A delta
76
Near its mouth, the Nile deposits fine soil called:
silt
77
Egyptians wore clothing made of a fabric called:
linen
78
Why did ancient historians call Egypt "the gift of the Nile"?
It provided rich soil and nutrients for growing crops
Provide mud for housesWater to irrigate cropsNeed at least two to get this right
79
Which group of people specialized in reading and writing in Mesopotamia?
Scribes
80
What is the world’s longest river?
The Nile
81
Astronomy helped ancient Egyptians develop something we use today. What is it?
A calendar
82
Egyptian scribes used a kind of writing called what? What kind of paper did they write on?
Hieroglyphics, Papyrus
83
What does polytheism mean?
Worshipping more than one god
84
How did Ramses II make Egypt more stable?
He ruled for 66 yearsHe made peace treaties with enemies Treated enemies wellNeed at least two to get this right
85
What are two things that characterize the rule of Queen Hatshepsut, Egypt’s first woman Pharaoh?
Expansion of trade, expedition to Punt
Creation of Obelisk monuments
Mysterious ending of her rule
86
Why did King Akhenaton change Egyptian religion and what did he do?
He believed the priests had too much power
He said that there would be only one god, Aton, the sun god, instead of many gods
87
What was the process called where Egyptians preserved the dead? (not mummification)
embalming
88
The Israelites recorded their beliefs and history into a document known as…
The Hebrew Bible
89
The Israelite’s religion is called….
Judaism
90
The followers of Judaism today are called…
Jews
91
Christians called the Hebrew Bible….
The Old Testament
92
Abraham is considered the “Father” of what three religions?
Judaism, Christianity and Islam
93
What group treated the Israelites like slaves?
The Egyptians
94
Who rescued the Israelites from the Egyptians in the Exodus?
Moses
95
In the Torah, part of the Hebrew Bible, was a list or rules God gave the Israelites. They are called…
The Ten Commandments
96
What was the Babylonian Exile?
When the Jew’s country was taken over, they were forced to leave and they scattered all over the world.
97
Name three important things about King David.
He fought and killed a Philistine named Goliath.
He wrote the Psalms in the bibleHe made Israel great. It was their Golden
Age. The Star of David is on the Jewish flag.
98
What is a peninsula?
A body of land with three sides.
99
Who were the first people to create a civilization in Greece?
The Mycenaeans
100
How is Greece’s geography different than Egypt and Mesopotamia?
70 to 80% of it is covered with mountainsThere are no large riversRocky land=only 20-30% of land good for
farming
101
Name two ways Greece's geography influenced trade?
It was on the seaIt had harbors and seaports and trading
partnersIt had a long coastline (like a sea highway)Ionian and Aegean Sea weren’t large and
could be easily sailed)
102
What are two characteristics of the Greek gods that can be seen in their myths?
They were regularly involved in people's lives.
They had both divine and human qualities and could take human form.
They show human emotions such as love, anger, and jealousy.
103
Who created the Greek alphabet?
The Phoenicians
104
What happened in Homer’s epic poem, the Iliad?
The Greeks sent a “victory prize” to the Trojans in the form of a Trojan Horse. The Trojans wheeled it into the city walls. The Greeks inside attacked, destroyed and captured the city, rescued Helen and took her home.
105
What are two ways that religious beliefs influenced Greek ways of life for the common person?
They tried to honor the gods and prevent them from being angry
They built statues and temples to worship them They held festivals that included public sacrifices
and ceremoniesAthletic competitions, such as the Olympics, were
always a part of religious festivals
106
In Greek, the word for city-state was…
polis
107
The upper class in Greece was called the…
aristocracy
108
A government ruled by just a few people is a(n)…
oligarchy
109
Someone who took power in an illegal way was a(n)
tyrant
110
How was as Greek citizen different than an Egyptian or Mesopotamian citizen?
Greek: must be a free, landowning male, can vote, serve in the gov, and fight for their country
Egypt/Meso: no rights, no voice in gov, no choice but to obey the rulers
111
What is a monarchy?
The earliest form of Greek government that is led by a king or queen with supreme power
112
What is an Agora?
An open area used as a marketplace and center for political debates. Located outside the Acropolis.
113
What is a democracy?
All citizens take part Decisions made by voting
114
What is the difference between an Athenian style direct democracy and U.S. style indirect democracy?
Greece: Direct-ALL citizens meet to decide on laws
U.S.: Representative-people ELECT representatives to make the laws
115
Name two ways Greece was organized into different political systems.
The rugged geography divided it into small regions
It was divided into city-statesEach city-state had its own form of
government
116
A direct democracy was used by the important Greek city-state of…
Athens
117
Athens' main rival was the city-state of…
Sparta
118
The Spartans conquered their neighbors and forced them to become…
Helots (slaves)
119
What is a helot?
A slave in Sparta
120
Give two goals that Pericles had as a leader of Athens.
strengthening democracybeautifying Athensexpanding the empire
121
The original purpose of the Delian League was to…
protect the city-states
122
Name two of Solon’s accomplishments.
He freed people who had become slaves because of debts
He made a law that nobody could be enslaved
He organized citizens into four classes based on wealth, not birth
He allowed all citizens to serve in the government
He made the laws less harsh
123
What was Darius I known for? Name Three.
Ruled PersiaDivided empire (because it was huge!)
into provinces Appointed a governor, called a Satrap for
each province
124
How did the Greeks win at the Battle of Marathon
They attacked the Persians in the water when they weren’t ready. 10,000 troops defeated the 20,000 Persian troops.
125
The Peloponnesian War was mainly fought between what two city-states?
Sparta and Athens
126
The center of Hellenistic culture that Alexander founded was…
Alexandria
127
A question-and-answer style of teaching created by a famous Greek philosopher was called…
The Socratic Method
128
What was Plato, the Greek philosopher known for?
He wrote “The Republic” saying that the Greek government should be run by only philosophers because they were smart.
129
What does American democracy have to do with Aristotle, a famous Greek thinker?
He believed the best government should be run by chief (president), a council should assist the leader (congress/legislators) and be supported by the people (US citizens)
130
List two ways that Athens came to dominate the Delian league.
Pericles used funds from the Delian league to create a massive navy for Athens.
Pericles transferred the treasury to Athens and used funds to rebuild and beautify the city.
Athens treated other city-states like conquered people.
131
What was the main cause of the Peloponnesian War?
Other Greek city-states resented Athens' power.
132
What were two consequences of the Peloponnesian War?
As many as 1/3 of the population of Athens was killed by plague including Pericles himself.
The great Athenian navy was destroyed when Sparta won.
Phillip II of Macedon was able to sweep in and conquer the weakened city-states of Greece.
133
Name two aspects of Alexander the Great’s legacy (what he is known for)
The Hellenistic EraConquering massive amounts of land in
the middle eastTrying to unite Macedonians, Greeks,
Egyptians and Asians (it didn’t work)
134
What does “Hellenistic” mean?
“Like the Greeks”It is a culture based on a mix of Greek,
Persian, Egyptian, Indian and Roman styles and customs
135
What are three contributions of Greek culture that have continued in America to this day?
Drama (Comedy and Tragedy).
Sculpture and Art emphasizing Greek ideals of beauty.
Architecture (often seen in public buildings).
Other answers if ok with teacher.
136
According to Legend, who founded Rome?
Twins who had been rescued by a wolf.Romulus and Remus.Romulus killed Remus.
137
Why was Rome considered to be in the perfect geographical location. Name at least three reasons.
Rome's location offered water, protection, and trade
138
Most early Romans worked as what?
farmers
139
The early Romans overthrew their Etruscan king and established a government where citizens elect their leaders. What is the name of the government?
A Republic
140
The Roman Senate was composed mainly of educated, upper class citizens called…
patricians
141
List two possible events that marked the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the great Roman Empire.
Julius Caesar’s assassinationAugustus Caesar (Octavian) being named
Emperor of Rome and “commander-in-chief for life.”
142
Why were some Romans threatened by Julius Caesar?
He had too much powerThey thought he would become a
monarch (which Romans hated)
143
Who was the supreme god of the Roman world?
Jupiter
144
List three characteristics of the government of the Roman Republic.
It had a legislative branch to make lawsIt had an executive branch, headed by two
consulsIt had a judicial branch to interpret the laws
(judges)The consuls served for one year and
commanded the armies and had veto power
145
What organization helped to unite Western Europe after the Roman Empire collapsed?
The Roman Catholic Church
146
What technology did the Romans invent to transport water over long distances to be used in distant cities?
aqueducts
147
Explain how the size of the Roman Empire was a factor in its decline. Need two.
It was too big to defendIt cost a ton to governIt was so big it was hard to communicate
between city-states and hard to uniteNeed at least two to get this right
148
Who fought in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Punic Wars and what was the result.
Rome vs. Carthage (northern tip of Africa)Rome now controlled all of the
Mediterranean.
149
What was the primary cause of the civil war in Rome? (this war took place AFTER the Punic Wars)
Tensions between rich (Patricians) and poor (Plebians)
150
Name at least two ways Octavius Augustus was good for Rome.
Great emperor. Some thought he was a God.He ruled most of Western world. He started civil services like postal service.Under his rule, Rome entered Pax Romana (roads,
aqueducts, buildings, etc…huge Roman expansion across Europe)
He restored the senate (but kept control over it)
151
What is the 200 year period of peace and stability called that began with Augustus Caesar's rule?
The Pax Romana
152
How did aqueducts change Roman way of life in cities? Need at least two ways.
Easier access to fresh/clean waterCould now heat homesWater=building of Roman BathhousesWater was a symbol of wealth (only the rich had
water in their homes)Could now plant crops within city, rather than in
faraway fields
153
Why were some Roman officials upset by Jesus’ teachings? Need two.
Jesus spoke out against government corruptionJesus was on the side of the poor and outcastsJesus was worshipped as God and to the Romans,
Caesar was God. In other words, he was a threat to the throne of Caesar.
Jesus said “all people are equal.” The Romans hated that!
154
What is the Apostle Paul best known for?
He spread the gospel throughout the Roman Empire
He wrote much of the New Testament in the Christian bible
155
Who was Constantine (A.D. 312, pg. 382) and why was he important?
A Roman ruler that reunited the Eastern and Western empire
He declared Christianity the official religion of Rome (his vision)
He appointed the Pope to rule the Roman Catholic church
156
What made the Western Roman Empire weaker than the Eastern Roman Empire?
More exposed to attack from Nomadic tribes
Less wealth
157
Name two ways the Roman republic is similar to the U.S. government.
The SenateThe 2 Consuls (we have 1 president)Legislative BranchExecutive BranchJudicial Branch
158
The government of the Roman republic was divided into a three parts (called a tripartite government) Name each and say what they do.
Legislative Branch (makes laws)Executive Branch (enforces laws)Judicial Branch (interprets laws in court)
159
What are two things that Emperor Diocletian did to try and strengthen Rome:
Split the empire into East and West
Placed the military permanently on the borders
Set a limit as to how much things would cost
160
What event marked the ending of the Western Roman empire?
Germanic barbarians invaded the city of Rome and overthrew the last Roman emperor
161
Give two examples of Roman legacies that have endured through history.
Roman advances in architecture and engineering
Christianity
Systems of Roman Government and Law
