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20052005
History of the History of the Cooperative Cooperative
Extension ServiceExtension Service
University of Missouri ExtensionUniversity of Missouri Extension
Module 3Module 3Volunteer Development: Making the Best Better Volunteer Development: Making the Best Better
SeriesSeries
20052005
What Is the CooperativeWhat Is the CooperativeExtension Service?Extension Service?
Premiere non-formal educationPremiere non-formal education Part of a national educational effort Part of a national educational effort Administered by the Land-Grant Administered by the Land-Grant
University systemUniversity system Uniquely funded from federal, Uniquely funded from federal,
state, and local governmentsstate, and local governments
20052005
Why Did We Need anWhy Did We Need anExtension Service?Extension Service?
Early universities in the U. S. Early universities in the U. S. taught classics / professionalstaught classics / professionals– Harvard, Yale, William and MaryHarvard, Yale, William and Mary
In the mid-1800s science was In the mid-1800s science was gaining importancegaining importance
Efforts to provide a liberal, Efforts to provide a liberal, practical education to all citizenspractical education to all citizens
20052005
The Land Grant The Land Grant University System Is University System Is
CreatedCreated
Justin Smith MorrillJustin Smith Morrill
20052005
The Land Grant The Land Grant University System Is University System Is
CreatedCreated
On July 2, 1862 the Morrill Act On July 2, 1862 the Morrill Act was signed into law by President was signed into law by President Lincoln Lincoln
Known as the Land-Grant ActKnown as the Land-Grant Act– Each state was given public land to Each state was given public land to
be soldbe sold– Proceeds used to maintain a collegeProceeds used to maintain a college
20052005
The Land-Grant MissionThe Land-Grant Mission
Original mission was to teachOriginal mission was to teach– agriculture agriculture – military tactics military tactics – mechanical arts mechanical arts
To promote the liberal and practical To promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classeseducation of the industrial classes
20052005
Research Linked to Land Research Linked to Land GrantGrant
Experimental farms focused science Experimental farms focused science on the problems of agricultureon the problems of agriculture
Hatch Act passed in 1887Hatch Act passed in 1887 Resulted in growth of experiment Resulted in growth of experiment
stations and related research to stations and related research to
agricultureagriculture
20052005
The Land-Grant Mission The Land-Grant Mission GrowsGrows
A 2nd Morrill Act in 1890 A 2nd Morrill Act in 1890 – Additional resources for the Land-GrantsAdditional resources for the Land-Grants– Contributed to development of Contributed to development of
universities rather than collegesuniversities rather than colleges– Separate institutions for blacks were Separate institutions for blacks were
established in the southestablished in the south 1994 legislation gave Land-Grant 1994 legislation gave Land-Grant
status to the tribal collegesstatus to the tribal colleges
20052005
Extending the University Extending the University to the Peopleto the People
A way was needed to spread new A way was needed to spread new ideas and practicesideas and practices
Early efforts included Farmers’ Early efforts included Farmers’ Institutes and Movable SchoolsInstitutes and Movable Schools
In 1898, USDA hired Seaman Knapp In 1898, USDA hired Seaman Knapp to “demonstrate” research results to to “demonstrate” research results to locallocal
farmers in Louisianafarmers in Louisiana
20052005
An Early HistoryAn Early History
Boys’ corn clubs formed at the turn Boys’ corn clubs formed at the turn of the centuryof the century
Started payment of premium Started payment of premium money as prizesmoney as prizes
First county agents appointed 1906First county agents appointed 1906 First home demonstration agents First home demonstration agents
appointed in 1910appointed in 1910
20052005
The Official BeginningThe Official Beginning
May 8, 1914 President Woodrow May 8, 1914 President Woodrow Wilson signed the Smith-Lever ActWilson signed the Smith-Lever Act– Extension Service became the Extension Service became the
educational arm of the U.S. Department educational arm of the U.S. Department of Agricultureof Agriculture
– Established activities within a unique Established activities within a unique nationwide system nationwide system
– Funded and guided by a national, state, Funded and guided by a national, state, and local government partnershipand local government partnership
20052005
Extension ThroughExtension Throughthe Yearsthe Years
During WW I, Extension spearheaded Extension spearheaded the nation's food production effortthe nation's food production effort
During the depression of the 20’s, the emphasis changed from the emphasis changed from production to economic concerns production to economic concerns
Helped to organize farm Helped to organize farm cooperativescooperatives
20052005
Extension During the Extension During the DepressionDepression
USDA used Extension to acquaint USDA used Extension to acquaint farmers and rural people to new farmers and rural people to new agencies agencies
Helped people understand Helped people understand emergency government action emergency government action programsprograms
Home demonstration agents taught Home demonstration agents taught home/money managementhome/money management
20052005
Extension During theExtension During theWar YearsWar Years
1941 - Extension took on national 1941 - Extension took on national defense role defense role – “ “Food and Feed for Family Living” Food and Feed for Family Living” – ““Victory gardens” grown on farms and Victory gardens” grown on farms and
backyardsbackyards 4-H’ers conducted scrap metal 4-H’ers conducted scrap metal
drivesdrives Home demonstration agents Home demonstration agents
stressed food conservationstressed food conservation
20052005
Extension After the WarExtension After the War
Program planning was re-Program planning was re-emphasizedemphasized
More involvement with local people More involvement with local people and local situationsand local situations
New areas of outreachNew areas of outreach– Community and rural developmentCommunity and rural development– Family livingFamily living
20052005
Extension in the 60s & Extension in the 60s & 70’s70’s
Initiated EFNEPInitiated EFNEP Continued expansion of Continued expansion of
Community DevelopmentCommunity Development Missouri system moved to an Missouri system moved to an
area approach in the 1960sarea approach in the 1960s
20052005
Extension in the 80s & Extension in the 80s & 90s90s
““Farm crisis” redirected Extension Farm crisis” redirected Extension to production/stress managementto production/stress management
System focused on issue System focused on issue programmingprogramming
Strong emphasis on accountabilityStrong emphasis on accountability New outreach efforts to collaborate New outreach efforts to collaborate
with organizations with similar with organizations with similar goalsgoals
20052005
Land-Grants TodayLand-Grants Today
System of linking teaching, research System of linking teaching, research and outreach took nearly 50 yearsand outreach took nearly 50 years
Land-Grants are:Land-Grants are:““Dedicated not only to teaching young Dedicated not only to teaching young people and the discovery of information, people and the discovery of information, but also to applying that knowledge to the but also to applying that knowledge to the solutions of problems to help people live solutions of problems to help people live better lives and to have better livelihoods.”better lives and to have better livelihoods.”
(V. Lechtenberg, 11/2000.) (V. Lechtenberg, 11/2000.)
20052005
Extension Continues to Extension Continues to “Take the University to the “Take the University to the
People”People”
Extension’s philosophy has not Extension’s philosophy has not changed but some of the subject changed but some of the subject matter hasmatter has
Demonstration method still relevantDemonstration method still relevant New technology changes New technology changes
information disseminationinformation dissemination Organizational stress and resource Organizational stress and resource
redirection is commonredirection is common
20052005
The Cooperative The Cooperative Extension Service…..Extension Service…..
Is a proactive, responsive and Is a proactive, responsive and collaborative organizationcollaborative organization
Committed to the growth and Committed to the growth and development of people through development of people through life-long learninglife-long learning
20052005
Our VisionOur Vision
Empower clientele to access Empower clientele to access information, sort through and information, sort through and process itprocess it
Develop volunteers who share Develop volunteers who share time and expertisetime and expertise
20052005
ReferencesReferences
Printed with permission: Optimizing Printed with permission: Optimizing your Potential as a 4-H Volunteer, your Potential as a 4-H Volunteer, 2001, Purdue University 2001, Purdue University Cooperative Extension, West Cooperative Extension, West Lafayette, INLafayette, IN