saqarTvelos bankebis asociacia

2005 wlis zogadi mimoxilva

Tbilisi

2005 weli

1

1999-2005 wlebis zogadi mimoxilva

(masala moamzada “saqarTvelos bankebis asociaciam” specialurad misi wevri bankebisaTvis).

sabanko kapitali. 2005 wlis mixedviT, moqmedi 19 bankidan saaqcio kapitali wlis ganmavlobaSi

gaizarda 373 mln laridan 480 mln laramde anu 39 %-iT, rac bolo eqvsi wlis manZilze 1999 wlidan anu

kapitalis zrdis axali normativis SemoRebis periodis CaTvliT (2002 weli) yvelaze didi maCvenebelia.

amave periodSi bankebis raodenoba Semcirda 27 erTeulidan 19 erTeulamde.

marTalia, bankebis sawesdebo kapitali 11 %-iT gaizarda da wlis bolos 223 mln lari Seadgina,

magram bolo wlebSi 2000 wlis garda(kapitali gaizarda 27 %-iT) sawesdebo kapitalis 2001 da 2003

wlebSi ara Tu zrdis, aramed uaryofiTi maCvenebliT xasiaTdeboda.da rac upirvelesad gamowveuli iyo

-5%0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%

% cvlileba

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5

sabanko kapitalis zrdis dinamika

2000-2005 wlebSi(%)

sawesdebo kapitali

saaqcio kapitali

2

ramdenime bankis gakotrebasTan. saaqcio kapitalis zrdaze zemoqmedeba, gaunawilebel mogebasTan erTad

kapitalis rezervebis zrdam iTamaSa, romlis sididec 79 %-iT gaizarda.

miuxedavad sistemis mzrdi ganviTarebisa da SedarebiT mcire kapitalisa da susti bankebis bazridan

gasvlisa, 12 mln. larze meti mxolod 7 banks gaaCnia, kidev ori banki 11 mln laris garglebSi meryeobs,

xolo danarCeni bankebisa saSualod 7 mln. laris farglebSia. saaqcio kapitalis sididis mixedviT “TBC

banki”, “saqarTvelos banki” da “qarTu banki” unda gamoiyos , romelTa saaqcio kapitalis sidide 80 mln

lars aRemateba.

sabanko aqtivebi. jamuri sabanko aqtivebi wlis dasawyisidan gaizarda 12,5 %-iT da 1 mlrd 913

milion lars miuaxlovda. 1999 wlidan sabanko aqtivebis zrdis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli 2004 wels

iyo - 28 %, xolo misi cvlilebis dinamika 20-28 % Seadgenda. rogorc warmodgenili grafikidan Cans,

SeiniSneba dadebiTi korelacia sesxebis, aqtivebisa da depozitebis zrdas Soris. sabanko aqtivebis

struqturaSi (fuladi saxsrebi, fasiani qaRaldebi, mTliani sesxebi, investiciebi kapitalSi, sxva

aqtivebi) generatoris funqcias sesxebis pozicia asrulebs da Sesabamisad, aqtivebis zrdis wliuri 50 %-

iani maCvenbelic sabanko kreditis moculobis zrdiT aris gamowveuli.

3

587 726 8791,1151,332

1,699

2,548

-500

1,0001,5002,0002,5003,000

aTasi lari

sabanko aqtivebis dinamika

1999-2005 wlebSi

sabanko aqtivebi

sabanko aqtivebis % zrda 1999-2005

wlebSi

0%

20%

40%

60%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

% cvlileba

sabanko aqtivebis % zrda

sabanko seqtorSi mTliani sesxebis yvelaze didi zrda bolo wlebSi 2000 wels dafiqsirda 38 %.

bolo or weliwadSi misi zrdis maCvenebeli 24 % iyo, xolo Tu procentuli wili mTlian aqtivebSi am

wlebis mixedviT maqsimum 59 % -s Seadgenda, 68 %-mde gaizarda.

aqtivebis sididis mixedviT - TBC banki liderobs– aqtivebis moculoba –575,6 mln lari, wili

mTlian aqtivebSi - 22, 6 %, Semdeg modis “saqarTvelos banki”- 453,3 mln lari, wili mTlian aqtivebSi-17,8

%, mesamea “gaerTianebuli qarTuli banki”- 390 mln lari, wilobrivad - 15, 5 %, xolo “prokreditbankis”

wili mTlian aqtivebSi 12, 9 %, xolo moculoba –329 mln lars Seadgens. sxva bankebidan unda gamoiyos

“banki qarTu”- 249,3 mln lar, wilobrivad - 9,8 % da “banki respubvlika”-212 mln lari, wilobrivad -8,3 %.

am 6 bankis wili mTlian aqtivebSi 87 %-ia.

danarCeni bankebis aqtivebis wili 13 %-s ar aRemateba da rogorc weli 1 %-ze naklebia, xolo

yvelaze didi maCvenebeli 3 % “saxalxo banks” gaaCnia-81 mln lari.

2005 wlis 31 dekembris monacemebiT, sabanko seqtoris mier gacemuli 1,730, 466 aTasi laris

moculobis sesxidan 81 % ucxour valutaSi gacemul sesxebze modioda. sabanko aqtivebis cvlilebis

xasiaTze did zegavlenas swored savaluto kursi axdens, sabanko seqtoris maRali dolarizaciis gamo,

romlis koeficientic bolo wlebSi mciredi klebiT, magram mainc maRal 86-81 %-is farglebSi meryeobs.

sesxebi. sesxebis moculoba wili dasawyisidan gaizarda 965 mln laridan 1 mlrd 731 mln laramde

anu mTeli 79 %-iT. sesxebis moculoba 1999 wlidan moyolebuli 310 mln laridan 1 mlrd 731 mln

laramde gaizarda, xolo wliuri zrdis gasuli wlis maCvenebeli uprecedentoa bolo wlebis manZilze.

1999 wlidan sakredito dabandebis wliuri zrdis maqsimaluri maCvenebeli 2000 wels dafiqsirda da 38 %-

Seadgina, xolo bankebis raodenoba im periodSi 376 erTeuliT ganisazRvreboda.

sabanko kreditis moculobis zrda pirvel rigSi mainc dakavSirebulia sabanko konkurenciis

zrdasTan, rac klienturis bazis gafarToebasac iTvaliswinebs. es faqtori aseve dakavSirebulia wamyvani

4

komerciuli bankebis mier, am sesxebze SeRavaTiani pirobebis dawesebiT da sesxis gacemis procedurebis

gamartivebiT, aseve momsaxurebis gaumjobesebuli pirobebis SeTavazebiT, rac korporatiuli

klienturisTvis miznobrivi sabanko momsaxurebis paketebis SeTavazebas iTvaliswinebs, maT Soris

sakredito baraTebis farTo gamoyenebas, rac saSualebas iZleva overdraftuli operaciebis

gansaxorcieleblad. magaliTisaTvis Tu adre samomxmareblo sesxebis vadianoba erT wlamde iyo, dRes

bankebma ufro aqtiurad daiwyes momxmareblisaTvis SedarebiT grZelvadiani pirobebis SeTavazeba da rac

gaxda kidec kreditis moculobis zrdis wamyvani faqtori. magaliTisaTvis TBC banki da prokreditbanki

Tavis ganaxlebul pirobebSi, klineturas samomxmareblo kreditis 3 da 5 wlamde vadasac ki sTavazobs,

rac gasul wlebSi warmoudgeneli iyo. Sesabamisad, Semcirebulia saprocento ganakveTebic. Tu ori-sami

wlis win saprocento ganakveTebi 28-20 %-is farglebSi meryeobda, dRes analogiuri maCvenebeli 20-14 %-ia.

sesxebis mTlian moculobaSi 10 da 15 %-mde sesxebze 48 % modis, xolo 15 dan 20 %-is CaTvliT

sesxebze 34 % anu sul am or jgufze 82 %-ia, maSin rodesac gasul wels es maCvenebeli Sesabamisad, 25

% da 33 % iyo anu 58 %-s Seadgenda. amasTan, 100 000 larze zeviT sesxebis moculoba bolo erTi wlis

manZilze gaormagda da 666 mln laridan 1, 125,6 mln laramde gaizarda, xolo 12 Tveze meti xnis sesxebis

moculobis xvedriTi wili sesxebis mTlian moculobaSi 60 % dan 65 %-mdea gazrdili.

sesxebis moculobaSi liderobs TBC banki, masze mTeli sakredito dabandebis 22 % - modis, xolo

wlis dasawyisidan banki sakredito porTfeli gaizarda 57 %-iT 241,2 mln laridan 380,15 mln laramde.

sakredito dabandebis mixedviT meore adgilzea “saqarTvelos banki”, misi sakredito porTfeli sistemis

19 %-s Seadgens, xolo wlis dasawyisidan misi moculoba gaizarda 169 mln laridan 315 mln laramde anu

mTeli 86 %-iT da rac sistemaSi zrdis mesame yvelaze didi maCvenebelia. Semdeg modian “gaerTianebuli

qarTuli banki” wili sistemaSi 15,3 %-ia %-ia, xolo zrdis maCvenebeli sarekordod unda miviCnioT - 246

%-ia, gaizrda ra 88 mln laridan 305,2 mln laramde, xolo aqtivebis wili wlis dasawyisidan 9,7 % dan 15

5

%-mde. meoTxea prokreditbanki, misi wili sistemaSi 12,9 %-ia, xolo sakredito dabandebis zrdis

maCvenebeli 82 %-ia, gaizrda ra 133 mln laridan 242,4 mln laramde, qarTu bankis xvedriTi wilis

sistemis sakredito porTfelSi 9,8 %-ia, xolo sakredito porTfelis moculobis zrda - 41 %, gaizrda

122 mln laridan 172 mln laramde. da banki respublika - wili sistemaSi 8,3 %-ia %-ia, xolo zrdis

maCvenebeli mesamea - 72 %-ia, gaizrda ra 78,8 mln laridan 135,8 mln laramde. sistemis sakredito

dabandebis 89, 6 % swored am 6 bankze modis, xolo saSualo wliuri zrdis maCvenebeli ki –97 % -ia,

ramac gamoiwvia kidevac mTeli sabanko sistemis sakredito dabandebis sarekordo 79 %-iani zrda.

sesxebis % zrdis dinamika 1999-2005

wlebSi

40%

60%

100%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

80%

sesxebi % zrda

20%

0%

sesxebis zrda 1999-2005 wlebSi

38%

14%

29%

24%

24%

79%2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

% cvlileba

sesxebis zrda %

depozitebi. bankebis depozitebi gaizarda 983 mln laridan 1 mlrd 538 mln laramde anu 58 %-iT.

mTlian depozitebSi fizikuri pirebis anabrebi gaizarda 493 mln laridan 718 mln laramde anu 45,6 %-iT,

rac wilobrivad mTliani depozitebis 47 % s Seadgens.

1999 wlidan dRemde sabanko depozitebis yvelaze didi zrda 2000 wels dafiqsirda - 48 %, xolo

bolo or weliwadSi misi zrdis maCvenebli 35-25 % iyo. depozitebis moculoba amave periodSi 206 mln

6

laeridan 1, 5 mlrd laramdea gazrdili. bolo wlebSi sabanko sistemis damaxasiaTebeli niSani iyo

sesxebis moculobis depozitebTan Sefardebis proporciis cvlileba, romelic 113 %-ia, xolo bolo

wlebis mixedviT saSualod 104 %-is farglebSi meryeobda. niSandoblivia, rom sesxebis depozitebTan

Sefardeba ganviTarebuli ekonomikis qveynebisaTvis ukuproporciulia da depozitebis moculoba

sesxebisas sWarbobs. igi ganpirobebulia, am qveynebSi cxovrebis maRali donis arsebobiT da yovelwliuri

danazogebis zrdiT. niSandoblivia, rom sabanko seqtorSi sesxebis depozitebze aRmatebuloba ZiriTadad

ganuviTarebeli ekonomikis qveynebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.

depozitebis zrdis dinamika 2000-2005

(%)

58%

35%25%

36%39%48%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

bankebis xvedriTi wili mTlian

depozitebSi(%)

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

TBC BOG UGB REP PROC

depozitebi

anabrebi

saqarTveloSi sadepozito bazis struqturaze uSualod zemoqmedebs erTis mxriv, sawarmoTa

arasakmarisi “gamWvirvaloba”, rac mimdinare depozitebis zrdis tendenciebs aferxebs da meores mxriv,

mosaxleobis dabali Semosavlebi, rac vadian anabrebze zemoqmedebs da Tu vadiani anabrebis zrda mainc

xdeba, igi garedan Semosuli daxmarebebis xarjze, warmoqnili danazogebiT izrdeba. bolo wlebSi

depozitebSi fizikuri pirebis anabrebis xvedriTi wilis maCvenebeli stabiluria da 50 %-is garglebSi

7

meryeobs. fizikuri pirebis anabrebi sabanko sistemisadmi ndobis erT-erTi indikatoria. fizikuri pirebis

anabrebis mozidvis mixedviT pirvel adgilze TBC bankia, wlis dasawyisidan bankis fizikuri pirebis

anabrebis moculoba gaizarda 36,6 %, 172 mln laridan 235 mln laramde, rac wilobrivad mTeli sabanko

anabrebis 32,7 %-s Seadgens. sabanko sistemaSi anabrebis sididis mixedviT(154 mln lari) meore

“saqarTvelos bankia”, masze mTeli anabrebis 21,4 %. fizikuri pirebis anabrebis moculobis mixedviT

sistemaSi Semdeg modian – ‘prokredit banki” - 98, 760 aTasi lari, romlis xvedriTi wilic sistemaSi 13, 7

%-ia, “gaerTianebuli qarTuli banki”- 73, 263 aTasi lari, xvedriTi wili sistemaSi - 10, 3 %, banki

“respublika” – 62,101 aTasi lari, misi xvedriTi wili sistemaSi 8, 6 %-ia, am xuT bankze,romelTa xvedriTi

wilic sistemaSi 5 %-ze metia, mTeli sistemis anabrebis 87 % modis. sabanko anabrebis mixedviT danarCen

bankebze saSualod 1 %-ze naklebi modis. am bankebidan SeiZleba gamoiyos “inteleqtbanki” – 21, 213 aTasi

lari, wili sistemaSi –3 %.

wlis dasawyisidan fizikuri pirebis anabrebis zrdis maCveneblis mixedviT loderobs

“prekreditbanki” romlis anabrebis moculobac gaizarda 41,162 Tasi laridan 98, 760 aTas laramde anu

mTeli 139 %-iT. anabrebsi moculobis zrdis mixedviT meore adgilzea “banki respublika” wliuri zrdis

87 %-iani maCCvebebliT(gaizarda 33,704 aTasi laridan 62, 101 aTas laramde), wlis dasawyisidan fizikuri

pirebis anabrebis zrdis mixedviT, mesame maCvenebeli ‘saqarTvelos banks” aqvs - 57 %, gaizarda ra misi

moculoba 98, 9 mln laridan 134,9 mln laramde. “TBC banki”, meoTxea, romlis anabrebis moculobac 172

mln laridan 235 mln laramde anu – 36,6 % -iT gaizarda.

sakredito porTfelis struqtura. miuxedavad sakredito porTfelis moculobis zrdisa, misi

seqtoruli maCeenebeli kvlav damafiqrebelia ekonomikis realuri seqtoris dafinansebis TvalsazrisiT.

bankebis mTlian sakredito porTfelSi, romelic bankis saprocento Semosavlebis miRebis wyaroa, 2005

wlis ganmavlobaSi gacemuli mTliani sesxebidan 698, 097 aTasi lari anu 40,3 % vaWrobisa da

8

momsaxurebaze gacemul sesxebze modioda, wilobrivad meore adgilzea fizikur pirebze gacemuli

sesxebi – 488, 638 aTasi lari anu 28,2 %, mSeneblobis seqtorze gacemuli sesxebi, romlebic ZiriTadad

saerTaSoriso sakredito xazebiT xorcieldeba 113, 602 aTas lars anu 6,6 %-s Seadgens.

sakredito porTfelis struqtura

2005 wels(%)

1%

40%

2%7%11%3%

28%

7%

1%

am suraTidan naTlad Cans, rom kvlav arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaa ekonomikis realuri seqtoris

dakreditebis TvalsazrisiT. marTalia, vaWrobaSi dasaqmebulia mcire da saSualo biznesis did nawili

magram dasamali ar aris, rom vaWrobaze gacemuli sesxebis umravlesoba mza produqciis

realizacias(rogorc wesi importul saqonels) ukavSirdeba. pirobiTad ekonomikis realur seqtorze

gacemuli sesxebi samTomompovebel da gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobaze da soflis meurneobaze gacemuli

sesxebia. samTomompovebel da gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobaze gacemuli sesxebi 197, 937 aTasi laria da

mTliani sesxebis 11.5 %-ia, xolo soflis murneobaze gacemuli sesxebi mTlian sesxebSi 1 %-sac ki ar

9

Seadgens(0,7 %), mxolod 11,537 aTasi laria da es maSin, rodesac soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulia

mosaxleobis 2/3.

seqtoris momgebianobis indikatorebi. sabanko sistemis mTlianma wminda mogebam 61, 756 aTasi lari

Seadgina, maSin rodesac gasuli wlis bolos sabanko sistemis mogeba 27,5 mln lari iyo.

sabanko sistemis mogebaze gasvla, gasuli wlebis msgavsad, aqtivebis sididis mixedviT wamyvani 5

bankis xarjze ganxorcielda. es bankebia - TBC banki – aqtivebis wili mTlian aqtivebSi - 22, 6 %, wminda

mogeba 18,397 mln lari, xolo mogebam aqtivebze – 3,8 % Seadgina, xolo mogeba kapitalze 25, 8 %-iyo,

wminda mogebis mixedviT meore adgilzea “banki qarTu” – aqtivebis wili – 10,9 %, wminda mogeba - 10, 743

mln lari, mogeba aqtivebze - 4,9 %, xolo mogebam kapitalze – 15,5 % Seadgina, Semdeg modian

“saqarTvelos banki” – aqtivebis wili – 19, 1 %, wminda mogeba - 12,774 mln lari, mogeba aqtivebze - 3,4 %,

xolo mogeba kapitalze 19,4 % -iyo. “banki respublika” – aqtivebis wili – 8, 1 %, wminda mogeba - 7,183 mln

0.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.0

mln lari

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

sabanko sistemis wliuri mogeba 1999 - 2005

wlebSi

sistemis kapitalze da aqtivebze mogebis maCvenebeli

1999-2005 wlebSi

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

ROEROA

10

lari, mogeba aqtivebze 4,3 %, xolo mogebis kapitalTan Sefardebis maCvenebliT – 23,7 % es banki mxolod

“saqarTvelos saxalxo banks” CamorCeba. “saqarTvelos saxalxo banki” _ aqtivebis wili 4,9 %, wminda

mogeba 3,115 mln lari., mogeba 3, 1%, mogeba kapitalze 24, 4 % Seadgina.

sabanko sistemis mogeba wlis bolos gacilebiT maRalic iqneboda, wlis pirvel naxevarSi, aqtivebis

sididis mixedviT kidev ori wamyvan banks garkveuli safinanso xasiaTis problemebi rom ar SeqmnodaT.

miuxedavad amisa wlis bolos “gaerTianebuli qarTuli bankis”(wili mTlian aqtivebSi 9,5 %), wminda

mogebam 1.611 mln lari, xolo “prokreditbankis”(wili mTlian aqtivebSi-11,3 %), wminda mogeba 2,143 mln

lari Seadgina. patara bankebidan SedarebiT warmatebuli bankebis safinanso maCveneblebi “bazis banks”,

wminda mogeba 1, 9 mln lari, mogeba aqtivebze- 4,6 %, mogeba katpitalze - 19, 4 % da “pirvel komerciul

banks” aqvs., wminda mogeba 1, 343 mln lari, mogeba aqtivebze 7, 7 %-ia, xolo mogeba kapitalze - 12, 3 %.

aRsaniSnavia, ucxouri bankebis filialebidan Turquli bankis – “ziraaT bankis” filialis maCveneblebi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom banki klienturis dakreditebas praqtikulad ar mimarTavs, 7 milioni kapitalis

pirobebSi, marto sxva saxis sabanko momsaxurebiT(ZiriTadad TurqeTis moqalaqeebs da biznesmenebs

emsaxureba) 738 aTasi lari mogeba naxa, rac aqtivebze 6. 5 %-s, xolo kapitalze 9, 7 %-s Seadgens

sabanko kapitalizaciis koncentraciis maCvenebeli.

bolo wlebSi bankebis Semcirebisa da sabanko aqtivebis zrdis fonze izrdeba sabanko

kapitalizaciis koncentraciis maCvenebeli. moqmedi 19 bankidan 9 bankis aqtivebis jamuri moculoba,

romelTa aqtivebis wilic sistemaSi 1 %-ze metia, mTeli sabanko aqtivebis 94 %-s Seadgens, xolo im

bankebis dajgufebis mixedviT romelTa wilic sistemaSi 5 %-ze metia, 87 % -s Seadgens da moicavs 6

banks.

11

sabanko kapitalizaciis koncentraciis maCvenebeli. moqmedi 19 bankidan wamyvani 7 bankis mixedviT,

romelTa saaqcio kapitali 12 mln larze metia - 90 %-s Seadgens. sabanko kapitalizaciis koncentraciis

am maCveneblebiT saqarTvelos sabanko sistema axlos dgas evropul sabanko sistenmebTan, sadac zogierT

qveyanaSi(inglisi, germania, safrangeTi) analogiuri maCveneblebiT wamyvan xuT bankze sistemis 90 %-ze

metic ki modis.

sabanko seqtoris Semosavlianobis dinamika

sabanko seqtoris mogebis zrda upirvelesad, ganapiroba sakredito dabandebis moculobis

mniSvnelovanma zrdam, radgan saprocento SemosavlebSi udidesi wili sesxebidan miRebul saprocento

Semosavlebze modis. 1999 wlidan sabanko sistema dRemde mogebaze saprocento Semosavlis xarjze gadis.

miuxedavad imisa, rom arasaprocento Semosavali sistemaSi yovelwliurad izrdeba, igi mainc ver faravs

arasaprocento xarjebs, romlis zrdis dinamikac gacilebiT aRemateba arasaprocento Semosavlebis

zrdas. rac Seexeba saoperacio Semosavlebs, wamyvan bankebs am mimarTulebiT dResac kargi poziciebi

ukaviaT. saqarTeelos sabanko sistemisaTvis problemad rCeba arasaprocento Semosavlebis zrdisa da

xarjebis Semcirebis sakiTxic, rac gasul wlebSi garkveulwilad savaluto kursis ryevebisa da

sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis Sedegi gaxldaT. arasaprocento SemosavlebSi wamyvani pozicia

momaxurebuis mixedviT sakomisio da sxva Semosavlebs ukaviaT, rac bunebrivic aris, magram arasaprocento

Semosacvlebze arasaprocento xarjebis gadawonva imiTac aris ganpirobebuli, rom fasiani qaRaldebis

bazris ganuviTareblobis gamo, Zlze mcirea dilinguri fasiani qaRaldebidan da sainvesticio fasiani

qaRaldebidan miRebuli Semosavlebi, xolo valutis yidva-gayidvidan miRebuli mogeba, xSirad, am wlebSi

savaluto kursebis araprognozirebadi ryevis gamo, zaraliT icvleboda da rasac garkveulwilad aseve

12

ganapiroberbs derivatebis ara arseboba da savaluto da sabazro riskebis dazRvevis instrumentebis

nakleboba.

migvaCnia, rom uaxloes wlebSic wminda arasaprocento Semosavali kvlav uaryofiTi iqneba, radgan

sabanko konkurenciis zrdis gamo, arasaprocento xarjebSi yovelwliurad izrdeba bankis personalis

xarjebi, romlis xvedriTi wilic bevri wamyvani bankis mixedviT mTeli arasaprocento xarjebis naxevarze

mets Seadgens da rasac aseve emateba bankis ganviTarebisa da marketingis xarjebic.

es faqtori, upirvelesad, imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom samwuxarod, bankebis arasaprocento

Semosavlebis nawilSi wminda sakomisio da momsaxurebis mixedviT miRebuli Semosavlebis gadafarva

xSirad xdeba savaluto saxsrebis gadafasebidan da valutis yidva-gayidvis operaciebidan miRebuli

zaralis Sedegad. imis gamo, rom savaluto riskebis dazRvevis efeqturi sabazro instrumentebi qveyanaSi

ver ganviTarda, xolo bankebis sakredito porTfelis didi nawili ucxour valutaSia formirebuli,

sistemis Semosavlianobis dinamika

1999-2005 wlebSi

0.0

0

40.0

0

0

0

0

0

0

180.0

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

mln lari

20.

60.

80.

100.

120.

140.

160.

saoperacio

mogeba

wminda

saprocento

Semosavali

sistemis Semosavlianobis dinamika 1999-2005

wlebSi

(200.0)(150.0)(100.0)

(50.0)0.0

50.0100.0150.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1999 2000 20012002 2003 2004 2005

mln lari

araprocentuli

Semosavali

araprocentuli xarji

wminda arap.

Semosavali

13

savaluto ryevebi bankebis wminda arasaprocento Semosavlebze seriozul zegavlenas axdenen. magaliTad,

2005 wels sabanko sistemis wminda mogebam 61, 7 mln lari Seadgina. am maCvnebelSi Tu wminda saprocento

Semosavalma 161 mln lari Seadgina, sakmaod maRali iyo arasaprocento xarji – 150 mln laris, ramac

saboloo jamSi wminda arasaprocento Semosavali uaryofiT maCvenebelSi – 49 mln larze gaiyvana da

ramac Sesabamisad, dawia saoperacio mogeba 112 mln. laramde. unda aRiniSnos, rom sabanko sistemis

mogebis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba wminda arasaprocento Semosavlis uaryofiTi maCvenebliT zrdis

dinamikac bunebrivia, bankebs sesxebze saprocento ganakveTebis SemcirebasTan erTad es problema

seriozulad daudgebaT, radgan Tu sxvaoba bankebis mier nasesxeb da gasesxebul saprocento ganakveTebs

Soris saSualod mimdinare wels misi maCvenebli 7-8 %-is farglebSi iyo, uaxloes wlebSi saeqsperto

gaTvlebiT misi kidev ufro Semcireba mosalodnelia -5-6 %-mde.

sistemis ganviTarebis 2005 wlis zogadi tendenciebi

Sesabamisad izrdeba sabanko seqtorSi investiciebis moculoba da igi kerZo investorebisaTvis sul

ufro mimzidveli xdeba. magaliTisaTvis, 2005 wlis pirveli naxevris mixedviT komerciuli bankebis

kapitaliTa da maTSi ganxorcielebuli investiciebis mixedviT saqarTvelos sabanko seqtorSi

funqcionirebda 10 komerciuli banki, romelTa aqtivebis wili sabanko seqtoris mTlian aqtivebSi 70 %-s

Seadgenda. am bankebidan 7 bankis kapitalis 50 %-ze mets ucxoelebi flobdnen. aRniSnuli 10 bankidan 5

bankis kapitalSi investiciebi ganxorcielebuli aqvT saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebs. “evropis

rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banks” (IBRD) sam bankSi, “saerTaSoriso safinanso korporacias”(IFC) 2

bankSi, “germaniis investiciebisa da ganviTarebis banks” (DEG) or bankSi, germaniis ganviTarebis

sakredito banks(KfW) erT bankSi, germaniis „saerTaSoriso saproeqto konsaltings“ (IPC) erT bankSi,

14

germaniis „saerTaSoriso mikrosafinanso saaqcio sazogadoebas“ (IMI) erT bankSi, saberZneTis „emporiki

banki“ da ruseTis „vneStorgbanki“ TiTo TiTo bankSi flobdnen wils. Ees saSualo evropuli

maCvenebliT cudi ar aris da EvrokavSiris qveynebis maStabiT ucxouri kapitalis wili 30 %-s Seadgens,

xolo aRmosavleT evropis qveynebisaTvis kidev ufro maRalia da 50 %-is farglebSia. poloneTisaTvis

misi maCvenebeli 60 %-ia. niSandoblivia, rom Tu gasul wlebSi sabanko seqtorSi investiciebs,

ZiriTadad, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi abandebdnen da nakleb SeiniSneboda kerZo kapitalis Semodineba,

mimdinare wels pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi ganxorcielda ruseTis umsxvilesi(kapitali mixedviT)

bankis “vneStorgbankis” mier, romelmac “gaerTianebuli qarTuli bankis” aqciebis 51 % Seisyida, xolo

yazaxeTis umsxvilesi bankma “turan alemma” Seisyida banki “abreSumis gzis“ mniSvnelovani wili.

saqarTvelos sabanko seqtoris ganviTarebaSi, ucxouri safinanso institutebis monawileoba

saerTaSoriso sakredito xazebis gamoyofaSic aris asaxuli. am saxis sakredito resursebis qarTuli

bankebisaTvis gamoyofis praqtika jer kidev 1996 wlidan daiwyo da sam mTavar mimarTulebas moicavda:

bankebis struqturul gaZlierebas;

mcire da saSualo biznesis dakreditebis mxardaWeras;

ipoTekuri bazris ganviTarebas.

am mimarTulebebiT „evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki“ liderobs da mis mier qarTul

bankebze gamoyofili sakredito xazebis moculoba yovelwliurad izrdeba.

marto 2001 – 2005 wlebis periodSi(marto wlis pirveli naxevris mixedviT) igi 32 mln laridan 50

mln laramde gaizarda da 6 komerciuli bankze iqna ganawilebuli. meore adgilzea saerTaSoriso

safinanso korporacia, romelic aseve yovelwliurad zrdis sakredito xazebs da amave periodSi sesxebis

moculoba 3 komerciul bankze 8 mln laridan 31 mln laramde gazarda. germaniis „investiciebisa da

ganviTarebis kompaniis“(DEG) da germaniis „aRmSeneblobis sakredito dawesebulebis“(KfW) xvedriTi wili

15

SedarebiT mokrZalebulia, magram aRsaniSnavia, rom igive germaniis „aRmSeneblobis sakredito

dawesebuleba“ Zalze aqtiurad monawileobs saqarTveloSi miwis bazris ganviTarebis proeqtis

dafinansebaSi da depozitebis dazRvevis sistemis Seqmnis teqnikur mxardaWeraSi, rasac samomavlod

sabanko seqtoris ganviTarebisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba eqneba.

aqve msurs yuradReba gavamaxviloT im mniSvnelovan sxva siaxleebzec, rac saqarTvelos sabanko

seqtorSi mimdinareobs.

niSandoblivia, rom pirvelad qveynis sabanko seqtoris istoriaSi ganxorcielda obligaciuri

sesxis emisia. s/s ~saqarTvelos banki~ 2 000 000 laris Rirebulebis 11%-iani gamoTxovadi obligaciebis

emisias ganaxorcielebs. obligaciebis nominaluri Rirebulebaa 100 lari, raodenoba 20 000 cali,

ganTavsebis fasi ki - 100 lari. obligaciebis dafarvis vadad ganisazRvra 2007 wlis 2 seqtemberi.

obligaciebi daSvebuli iqneba savaWrod saqarTvelos safondo birJaze. rogorc avRniSne, es aris

saqarTveloSi korporatiuli obligaciebis pirveli sajaro SeTavazeba. saqarTvelos fasiani qaRaldebis

erovnuli komisiis SefasebiT saqarTveloSi korporaciuli obligaciebis pirveli emisia imitomaa

mniSvnelovani, rom Tu dRemde saqarTvelos fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze sami saxis korporaciuli

fasiani qaRaldebidan (wilobrivi, sasesxo, warmoebuli) mimoqcevaSi iyo mxolod erTi - wilobrivi, anu

aqciebi. migvaCnia, rom bazarze axali instrumentebis gaCena xels Seuwyobs sainvesticio klimatis

gaumjobesebasac, radagn iuridiul Tu fizikur pirs, eZleva SesaZlebloba airCios Tu sad moipovos

investiciebi. es ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis jansaRi garemos Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. amasTan,

pirveli korporaciuli obligaciis gamoSveba stimuls miscems am saxis emisiebs saqarTveloSi, rac

Tavis mxriv, qveynis ekonomikis finansuri da realuri seqtorebis ganviTarebas waaxalisebs. cnobisaTvis

s/s ~saqarTvelos bankis~ obligaciebi gamoTxovadia, rac imas niSnavs, rom mis mflobels fasiani

qaRaldis droze adre ganaRdebis SesaZlebloba eqneba.

16

Bank Austria Creditanstalt-ma “saqarTvelos bankis” 1,212,000 Cveulebrivi aqcia Seisyida da ~saqarTvelos

bankis~ aqciebze SeZenis uflebis vorantebi gamouSva. SeZenis uflebis vorantebis struqturireba

moaxdina CAIB-ma, Bank Austia Creditantalt-is sabrokero da sainvesticio sabanko danayofma, romelic

ganTavsebulia venis safondo birJis DritterMarkt-is (struqturirebuli produqtebis segmenti)

listingSi. SeZenis uflebis vorantebiT vaWroba SesaZlebelia venis safondo birJasa da arasabirJo

bazarze. aRniSnuli vorantebi CAIB-ma ganaTavsa ~saqarTvelos bankis~ aqciaTa Sesyidvis survilis mqone

evropel institucionalur investorebs Soris.

saqarTvelos bankis paralelurad, “prokreditbankmac” ganacxada 7 mln laris odenobis

korporatiuli obligaciebis Sesaxeb, rac Tavisi moculobis mixedviT yvelaze msxvili moculobis

emisiaa. misi xelmowera 1 da 7 noembris CaTvliT ganxorcielda.

mimdinare wlis seqtemberSi qarTuli sabanko sistemis istoriaSi uprecedento faqti dafiqsirda. Tu

aqamde qarTul bankebs sakredito xazebs ZiriTadad saerTaSoriso safinanso instituciebi uxsnidnen,

dRes kerZo sabanko struqturebi sul ufro aqtiurad iwyeben TanamSromlobas. amerikis SeerTebuli

Statebis erT-erTma mZlavrma finansurma institutma ~ameriqan eqspresma~ “gaerTainebul qarTul banks”

pirdapiri sakredito xazi gauxsna. 2 milioni dolaris moculobis sakredito xazidan 1 milioni vaWrobis

dafinansebas, xolo 1 milioni moklevadian dakreditebas moxmardeba. axali sakredito resursi banks

saSualebas miscems gacilebiT farTo masStabi SesZinos akreditivebisa da garantiebis momsaxurebas.

sakredito xazi grZelvadiania da ~gaerTianebuli qarTuli bankis~ klientura misiT revolverul

(ganaxlebad) reJimSi sargeblobas SeZlebs. migvaCnia, rom es gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis faqtia,

ramdenadac pirvelad xdeba, rom amerikuli banki qarTul banks pirdapir sakredito xazs uxsnis. es ki,

~gaerTianebuli qarTuli bankisaTvis~ axali finansuri resursis mozidvis garda, rac TavisTavad

mniSvnelovania, mTeli qarTuli sabanko seqtoris saimedobasa da ganviTarebis perspeqtivebze metyvelebs.

17

seqtemberSive saberZneTis erT-erTma umsxvilesma bankma saberZneTis komerciulma bankma,

gaerTienebul qarTul banks 2013 wlamde 13 mln aSS dolaris moculobis sakredito xazi gauxsna. es

resursic miznobrivia da vaWrobis dafinansebas iTvaliswinebs. niSandoblivia, rom sesxis saprocento

ganakveTi libor +2 %-ia, rac uprecedentoa qarTuli sabanko seqtorisaTvis da qveyanaSi riskebis

Semcirebaze da sistemis stabilur da mdgrad ganviTarebaze miuTiTebs.

oqtombris dasawyisSi Savi zRvis vaWrobisa da da ganviTarebis bankma ss “ bank respublikikas” 3

mln aSS dolaris sakredito xazi gamouyo. banki respublika am tranSis miRebiT gaxda Savi zRvis

vaWrobisa da da ganviTarebis bankis mexuTe finansuri Suamavali. saerTo jamSi Savi zRvis vaWrobisa da

da ganviTarebis banks saqarTvelos bankebisaTvis 18 mln. aSS dolaris sakredito xazebi aqvs gaxsnili.

mimdinare weli aRsaniSnavi iyo wamyvani bankebis sainvesticio porTfelis zrdiTac. ~bank

respublikas~ da saqarTvelos erT-erT wamyvan sadazRvevo kompania ~aldags~ Soris gaformda

urTierTSeTanxmebis memorandumi, romlis Tanaxmadac ~bankma respublikam~ ~aldagSi~ ganaxorciela

investicia da gaxda aqciaTa 50%-is mflobeli. sadazRvevo kompania ~aldagis~ mier xdeba sadazRvevo

kompania ~selbis~ Sesyidvis aqcionerebisagan wilis 100%-is gamosyidvis gziT.

saqarTvelos sabanko seqtoris warmateba Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso donezec aisaxa. 6 seqtembers

londonSi msoflios yvelaze avtoritetuli sabanko konkursis, “fainenSl Taims grupis” (Financial Times

Group) yovelwliuri sabanko reitingis Sedegebi gamocxadda, sadac msoflios “wlis saukeTeso bankebs”

Soris zedized ukve meoTxed dasaxelda qarTuli “Tibisi banki”. “fainenSl Taims grupi” (Financial Times

Group) da misi Jurnali “bankeri” (The Banker) yovelwliurad ganixilavs msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebis

sabanko seqtors da saukeTeso bankebis reitings adgens. am konkursze qarTuli bankebis ganxilva

pirvelad 2002 wels moxda, rodesac msoflios “wlis saukeTeso bankebs” Soris “Tibisi bankic”

dasaxelda. es faqtic mTlianad qarTuli sabanko seqtoris seriozul saerTaSoriso warmatebad Sefasda.

18

im periodSi, rodesac qveyanas ar hqonda saerTaSoriso sakredito da sainvesticio

reitingi(saqarTvelos wels pirvelad mieniWa “B” reitingi Standard&poor’s–is mier), rac sakmaod maRal 150

%-ian riskis maCvenebels uTanabrdeboda, Zalze didi mniSvneloba hqonda bankebisaTvis saerTaSoriso

reitingebis miniWebas. Tu 2004 wlis seqtemberSi saerTasoriso sareitingo kompania “fitC reitingma”(Fitch

Raitings) TBC banks da prokredit banks CCC+ reitingi mianiWa, mimdinare wels amave saagentom am bankebis

reitingi B donemde awia. es yovelive qveyanaSi sabanko industriis peqrspeqtivebze miuTiTebs. aRsaniSnavia,

rom TBC banki iyo pirveli banki, romelsac jer kidev 2000-2001 wlebSi mieniWa CCC reitingi.

niSandoblivia, rom am saxis reitingebis miniWeba xdeba metad avtoritetuli saerTaSoriso

saeqsperto Sefasebebis safuZvelze, romelic afasebs ara marto bankebis bolo finansur maCveneblebs,

aramed iTvaliswinebs informaciuli teqnologiebisadmi maTi inovaciuri midgomis maCvenebels da, aseve,

bankis strategiul ganviTarebas, romelic gaTvlilia grZelvadian perspeqtivaze da miznad isaxavs

bazarze bankebis Zlieri mxareebis warmoCenas.

wamyvani sabanko institutebisaTvis saerTaSoriso ndobis gazrdam Zalze pozitiuri roli Seasrula

Standard&poor’s–is mier, wels saqarTvelosaTvis sakredito reitingis miniWebis saqmeSic, radgan sxva

faqtorebTan erTad am tipis saerTaSoriso reitingebi qveynis wamyvani sakredito institutebis

maCveneblebsac eyrdnoba.

qveynisaTvis saerTaSoriso reitingis miniWeba damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdgom erT-erT yvelaze

warmatebul movlenad mimaCnia. igi upirvelesad sainvesticio klimatis gaumjobesebas waadgeba, radgan

dakavSirebulia politikuri xasiaTis riskebis SemcirebasTan, regionaluri TanamSromlobis

ganviTarebasTan, didi privatizaciis procesis ganxorcielebasTan, aseve energetikis sferos efeqtur

restruqturizaciasTan da sabiujeto politikis Tvisobrivad gardaqmnasTan da a.S.

19

mimdinare wlis seqtembridan, pirvelad saqarTvelos sabanko sivrceSi prokredit banki Tavis

momxmarebels sTavazobs axal, Tanamedrove da usafrTxo viza eleqtronisa da klasikis Cip baraTebs.

axali globaluri standartis viza Cip baraTebi aris gadaxdis Tanamedrove da usafrTxo saSualeba. misi

mexsiereba da funqcionaluri SesaZleblobebi Cveulebrivi magnituri zoliani baraTisgan gansxvavebiT

ufro daxvewilia., radgan Cipi saSualebas iZleva baraTze Senaxul iqnas informaciis meti moculoba da

ganaxldes baraTis momxmarebelze gacemis Semdegac ki. Tanamedrove teqnologiis dacvis sistemis

daxmarebiT baraTis gayalbeba da sxvis mier gamoyeneba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. baraTiT sargebloba

SesaZlebelia yvelgan, sadac vizas logoa gamosaxuli, rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve mis sazRvrebs gareT.

dReisaTvis viza baraTebs gaaCnia rogorc magneturi safari, aseve Cipi, rac momxmarebels saSualebas

aZlevs, SeiZinos saqoneli da momsaxureba mTels msofliosa da internetSi. “prokredit bankis” viza Cip

“eleqtron” baraTebi ufasoa da xelmisawvdomia yvelasTvis; aseve ufasoa viza baraTebiT bankomatidan

Tanxis gamotana larebSi.

wamyvani qarTuli komerciuli bankebi TavianT klienturas sul ufro aqtiurad sTavazoben

universalur sabanko momsaxurebas, romelic integrirebul sabanko momsaxurebis Tanamedrove

teqnologiur sqemebzea agebuli.

eleqtronuli sabanko momsaxurebis produqtebi moicavs, rogorc sainformacio momsaxurebis

moduls – satelefono bankingis saxiT, aseve sainformacio da saangariSsworebo mxares, amave dros

gacilebiT universalur konstruqciebs “internet- bankisa” da “banki-klientis” saxiT. “internet-banki

gankuTvnilia ZiriTadad fizikuri pirebisaTvis, xolo “internet- banki-klienti” iuridiuli pirebisaTvis.

Tu internet-bankiT gadaricxvebi(garda Sida angariSsworebisa da komunaluri gadasaxadebisa) CvenTan ar

xorcieldeba, banki-klientiT gadaricxvebis nebismieri operaciis ganxorcileba aris SesaZl;ebeli.

20

amasTan teqnologiuri TvalsazrisiT Tu internet-bankis SemTxvevaSi sabanko eleqtronuli

momsaxureba nebismieri kompiuteridan aris SesaZlebeli, banki-klientis SemTxvevaSi masSi Sesvla

specialuri programuli blokidT xorcieldeba, romelic momxmareblis kompiuterSia instalirebuli.

sxvadsxva saeqsperto SefasebebiT 2010 wlisaTvis msoflios praqtikulad yvela msxvili da saSualo

kompania eleqtronuli sabanko momsaxurebiT isargeblebs, rac ZiriTadad Secvlis sabanko strategias e.w.

filialebiani bankebidan axal teqnologiebze orientirebuli banki-terminalebis Seqmnisaken.

internet-bankingis Semdgomi ganviTareba saqarTveloSi dakavSirebuli iqneba, rogorc momxmarebelis

raodenobis(internetiT momsaxure potenciuri klientura), aseve ramdenime mniSvnelovani teqnologiuri da

gansakuTrebiT, iuridiuli amocanis gadawyveTasTan.

marTalia, konfidencialuroba maqsimalurad 100 %-iT daculia, raTa gamoiricxos

dauregistrirebeli momxmarebelis arasaqnqcirebuli Sesvla programaSi da angariSebze arasanqcirebuli

operaciebis Sesruleba, magram kompiuteruli xakerebisgan arc erTi sistema bolomde daculi mainc aris

da amis araerTi magaliTi arsebobs, rogorc CvenTan ase msoflios mraval qveyanaSi.

saqarTveloSi sabanko seqtoris institucionaluri ganviTareba depozitebis dazRvevis sistemis

SemoRebas ukavSirdeba, es sakiTxi udavod mniSvnelovania, magram mimaCnia, rom aranaklebi mniSvneloba

aqvs qveyanaSi sakredito biuroebis amoqmedebas da aseve saqarTveloSi eleqtronuli xelmoweris Sesaxeb

kanonis SemoRebas. am saxis kanonma erTis mxriv unda gansazRvros eleqtronuli xelmomweri piris

identifikaciisa da avtorizaciis ZiriTadi principebi, aseve misi SesaZlo gayalbebisas misgan Tavdacvis

meqanizmebi.

saqarTvelosgan gansxvavebiT, im qveynebSi sadac aris sakredito biuroebi, bankebi klientis anketis

Sevsebis paralelurad, mis kreditunarianobas damatebiT amowmeben sakredito biuroebSi, sadac inaxeba

praqtikulad mTeli informacia qveynis Sromisunariani mosaxleobis sakredito istoriebze. sakredito

21

biuroebios saqmianoba uSualod aris dakavSirebuli sabanko kreditTan. rodesac adamiani midis bankSi

sesxis asaRebad, bankis mxridan klients miewodeba anketa Sesavsebad, sadac aris Sesavsebi Semdegi saxis

informacias:

klientis asaki, ojaxuri mdgomareoba(Svilebis raodenoba), profesia, meuRlis profesia,

Semosavlebi(xelfasisa da sxva Semosavlebis saxiT - aqciaTa dividendebi, ijaris qiriT miRebuli

Semosavali, naturaluri meurneobidan miRebuli Semosavlebi da a.S. maT Soris meuRlis), sacxovrebeli

adgili, sacxovrebeli farTis Rirebuleba, ramdeni weli cxovrobs am misamarTze, ramdeni weli muSaobs

aRniSnul samsaxurSi, aris Tu ara am bankis klienti, da a.S.

sakredito biuro bankisaTvis aris damatebiTi informaciis miRebis wyaro, rac amcirebs sakredito

riskebs, aseve mis xarjebs da zogavs dros klientze informaciis mopovebasTan dakavSirebiT.

misaRebia kanoni sakredito biuroebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb, romelic daaregulirebs urTierTobebs

sakredito dawesebulebebsa da klienturas Soris informaciis mopovebis, gadacemisa da masze aRebuli

valdebulebebis TvalsazrisiT.

rac Seexeba eleqtronul xelmoweras, kanonma unda gansazRvros eleqtronuli cifruli xelmoweris

arsi, rom igi warmoadgens eleqtronul dokumentis rekvizits, romelic xorcieldeba infornaciis

kriptografiuli gardasaxvis Sedegad. kanonis mixedviT unda ganisazRvros eleqtronuli cifruli

xelmoweris identificirebis principebi e.w. “daxuruli gasaRebisa ” da “xelmoweris gasaRebis

serTifikatis” gamoyenebiT.

22

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