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1775-1783

CREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ

CHAPTER 7 Revolutionaries at

War

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“’Tis time to part.”

Thomas Paine, Common Sense

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TIMELINE1776 Thomas Paine’s Common Sense

Declaration of Independence

British seize New York City

Washington crosses the Delaware

New Jersey gives women the vote

1777 Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga

Washington at Valley Forge

1778 U.S. aligns with France

British take Savannah

1779 Sullivan’s campaign against the Iroquois

Massachusetts state constitutional convention

1780 British take Charleston

1781 Battle at Cowpens, South Carolina

Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown

Articles of Confederation ratified

1783 Treaty of Paris

1785 Land Ordinance of 1785

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REVOLUTIONARIES AT WAR Overview

“Things Are Now Come to That Crisis”Declaring IndependenceThe Struggle to Win French SupportLegitimate States, a Respectable MilitaryThe Long Road to Yorktown

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Britain at War: The Global Context, 1778-1783

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“Things Are Now Come to That Crisis”

The Second Continental Congress Takes Control

“Liberty to Slaves"The Struggle to Control Boston

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The Second Continental Congress Takes Control

May, 1775: Second Continental Congress New York fortifications12 new companies of riflemenArmy DepartmentCoalition between northern and southern colonies

Green Mountain Boys victory at Ticonderoga in May, 1775

June, 1775: George Washington appointed commander of continental forcesWashington, a slave owner, a nod to the southern colonies

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Liberty to Slaves

June, 1775: British commander Gage proposed liberty to slaves for their service in the military.

Deportation of Minister David Margate and the hanging of Thomas Jeremiah

Lord Dunsmore of Virginia granted freedom to slaves who fought for the king.Ethiopian Regiment

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The Struggle to Control Boston

June, 1775: Battle of Bunker HillGage routed

July, 1775: Washington in Cambridge petitioned Congress for more heavy arms, and whipped his troops into shape

November, 1775: Montgomery seized Montreal.December, 1775: Montgomery tried to capture

Quebec, but failedMarch, 1776: Washington captured Dorchester

Heights

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DECLARING INDEPENDENCE

“Time to Part”The British Attack New York“Victory or Death”: A Desperate

Gamble Pays Off

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“Time to Part”

January, 1776: Paine’s Common SenseSummer, 1776: The Committee of Five

Franklin, Adams, Sherman, Livingston, JeffersonPrepared a formal statement declaring independenceJefferson drew from Locke: a sovereign power ultimately

resides not in government but in the people

July 4, 1776: Approval vote for DeclarationJohn Hancock, signed first with the other

signatures following 2 weeks later.

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The British Attack New YorkThe British “Southern Plan” failed at Sullivan’s Island.

British to land south of Chesapeake Bay and add to numbers with Loyalist in the South

The British “Northern Plan”Seize New York and divide the coloniesHessians hired by BritainWashington’s troops ill equipped, outnumbered, with no naval

support divide their troops between Manhattan and Long IslandAugust 27, 1776: Battle of Long Island had American troops

running to the north

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“Victory or Death”: A Desperate Gamble Pays Off

Washington’s Surprise AttacksChristmas Day, 1776:

Washington crossed the Delaware and took Trenton, New Jersey

December 30, 1776:Washington defeated Cornwallis at Princeton

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Overview of the Revolutionary War

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A Desperate Gamble Pays Off

Washington’s Surprise AttacksChristmas Day, 1776:

Washington crosses the Delaware and takes Trenton, New Jersey

December 30, 1776:Washington defeats Cornwallis at Princeton

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THE STRUGGLE TO WIN FRENCH SUPPORT

Breakdown in British PlanningSaratoga Tips the BalanceForging an Alliance with France

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Breakdown in British Planning

The Plan:Burgoyne to march south from Canada to the Hudson Valley

with a large force dividing the coloniesBritish and Indian forces to march east from Lake Ontario to

Mohawk River meeting Burgoyne in AlbanyHowe to move north from New York

The BreakdownHowe moves south to Philadelphia without telling Burgoyne

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Saratoga Tips the Balance

Washington suffered defeat at Brandywine and Germantown, but gained experience for his men, and depleted Howe’s troops

September, 1977: At Freeman’s Farm Americans inflicted large damage to British troopsBenedict Arnold and Daniel Morgan

October, 1977: British suffered another defeat at the second battle of Freeman’s FarmHoratio Gates takes credit for Arnold/Morgan win

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Forging an Alliance with France

Franklin in FranceElicited money and arms initiallyAfter Saratoga, France and America built an alliance

French forewent claim to English land in AmericaAmericans promised to defend French holdings in CaribbeanGlobal conflict with France’s entry into war

Domestic opposition in England Costs of war Fear of French power Desire for American trade Idealistic beliefs in revolutionary goals

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LEGITIMATE STATES, A RESPECTABLE MILITARY

The Articles of ConfederationCreating State ConstitutionsTensions in the Military RanksShaping a Diverse ArmyThe War at Sea

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The Articles of Confederation

Approved November, 1777Each state retains its sovereignty and

independenceCongress cannot collect taxes or regulate tradeNo separate executive branchConfederation granted control of western landsRatified in 1781

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Creating State Constitutions

State Constitutions commonalityLess strength in the executive branch: state

governorsMore strength in the legislature and their

responsibility to the constituentsSeparation of executive, legislative, and

judicial branches

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Tensions in the Military Ranks

Educated gentry and citizen soldiersThe upper-class struggle to define

their participation, if at allShould buying exemptions be

allowed?How should officers be elected?

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Shaping a Diverse Army

Friedrich von Steuben New discipline boosts Army morale

Disparities between pay and treatment of officers and enlisted men

Should women be allowed to serve in the Army?Deborah Sampson, Mary Hays “Molly Pitcher”

Free blacks petition to fight

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The War at Sea

Each state commissioned small naviesBritish navy spread thinJohn Paul Jones capture of Britain’s

SerapisAmerican privateers

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THE LONG ROAD TO YORKTOWN

Indian Warfare and Frontier OutpostsThe Unpredictable War in the SouthThe Final CampaignWinning the Peace

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Indian Warfare and Frontier Outposts

The expanding white colonies fed the loyalty of

Native Americans to Britain 1776: Dragging Canoe, response to illegal purchase of Cherokee land 1777: Daniel Boone and the settlement at the Kentucky River 1777: Joseph Brant and Loyalists attack frontier settlements in

Pennsylvania and New York 1779: George Rogers Clark captured Henry Harrison 1779: John Sullivan raided the Iroquois Confederacy 1780: British recruited Sioux for attack on Spanish-held St. Louis

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The Revolutionary War in the West

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The Unpredictable War in the South

Gálvez in Spanish Louisiana drove English from Mississippi River in 1779, seized Mobile in 1780, and Pensacola in 1781

British in Georgia and Charleston1780: Americans defeated at Camden, South

CarolinaBenedict Arnold defectedOctober 1780: Patriots routed British at King’s

Mountain, North Carolina

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The Revolutionary War in the South

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The Final Campaign

Nathanael Greene1781: Used non-traditional methods,Greene overtook British

forces at Battle of Cowpens, South CarolinaStrategy: Fire two rounds and fall back

Battle of Guilford Courthouse March, 1781: Greene again took heavy toll on British troops

DeGrasse and the French fleet in Chesapeake Bay denied Cornwallis’s relief from the sea, September, 1781

Victory at Yorktown and the British surrendered October 19, 1781

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Winning the Peace Diplomacy and negotiations by Franklin, Adams, and Jay French foreign minister Vergennes opposing American

republican principles, hoped to leave English control of their current territory

Franklin negotiated peace with Britain winning independence, troop withdrawal, and fishing rights, and granting a “vague” recommendation that Loyalists would be compensated for lost property

The new American borders: West to the Mississippi, to Florida in the south, and north to Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River