2007 AP Psychology Released Exam

43. D (Adrenal Glands)Adrenal glands secrete adrenaline during times of emergencyduring the fight/flight response. Fight/flight response = sympathetic nervous systemReference #29 from this test.1. A (Construct Validity)Personality is an abstract concept.Construct validity: how accurately a test measures an abstract conceptIn order to measure how valid a personality test is, we need to compare it to another relevant measure of someones personality.2. C (Conformity)Remember the Asch Conformity study3. D (Ethics in Research)No CoercionMust Be VoluntaryInformed ConsentAnonymity & ConfidentialityNo Significant RiskOpt OutDebrief

4. B (REM Sleep)REMRapid Eye MovementDreamingAfter Stages 3 & 4 (Deep Sleep)Brain waves very similar to those while awakeBeta WavesMuscle paralysis5. A (Bipolar Disorder)6. A (Rods and Cones)Rods:Black & White VisionEdgesPeripheral VisionNight/Dark VisionCones:Color Vision

7. E (Memory)Recall: Retrieving information out of memory without help; fill-in-the-blank or essayRecognition: Being able to pick out an answer from available choices; true/false, multiple choice, matching8. E (OCD)Obsessive-Compulsive DisorderObsessionuncontrollable thoughtsCompulsionirrational actionsOversupply of serotonin9. D (Kohlbergs Moral Development)LEVELSTAGEEXPLANATIONLEVEL 1:Pre-Conventional1) Punishment-ObedienceDont want to be punished2) Instrumental PurposeWants rewardsLEVEL 2:Conventional3) Good boy-Nice girl OrientationWants respect and approval4) Authority/Law-And-OrderWants to follow the law/rulesLEVEL 3:Post-Conventional5) Social ContractOrientationWants to follow law, but exceptions are made if law isnt right6) Universal Ethical PrincipleWants to follow universal values that are more important than social rules & laws10. B (Sensory Adaptation)When you are exposed to a stimulus repeatedly, you get used to it, and your nerve cells fire less frequently.This is called sensory adaptation.11. E (Spontaneous Recovery)After a period of extinction, you can experience spontaneous recovery.12. A (Cognitive Dissonance)Leon Festinger

13. D (Encoding) The first group: Visual EncodingThe second group: Semantic Encoding

Semantic encoding is more effective than visual encoding.14. B (Hypothalamus)Fight-or-Flight ResponseThe Four FsFightFlightFeedingMating15. B (Discrimination)Stimulus discrimination16. A (Physical dependence) Physical dependence: physical withdrawal symptoms 17. C (Mean)The mean is the central tendency measure that is most affected by extreme scores.The median is the middle score.The mode is not affected by extreme scores.18. D (DSM-IV)Used to classify and diagnose mental disorders19. E (Male/Female Roles)Gender typing is when children acquire masculine/feminine roles and identify with these roles.20. D (Ethnocentrism)You believe that your group is superior to other groups.21. D (TAT)Thematic Apperception Testshown pictures and then asked to make up stories about thema projective test.22. A (Stereotyping)classify others into specific categories without much room for individualism or variationIn this case, its gender stereotyping.23. C (Depth Perception)All of the other choices use monocular cues for depth perceptionYou can see the depth with only one eye.Throwing the ball will require you to judge depth perception with both eyesretinal disparity24. A (Sleep Cycles)Stage 1Theta Waves/Hypnic Jerks5 to 10 minutesStage 2Theta Waves/Sleep Spindles20 minutesStage 3Delta WavesTransitionalStage 4Delta Waves30 minutesStage 5REMdreaminga few minutes to an hourgets longer with later cycles25. A (Aversion Therapy)Behavioral TherapyCounter-conditioningFor exampleAlcoholics26. C (Corpus CallosumConnects both hemispheresSperry/GazzanigaCut CC in epileptic patientsSplit-brain researchNobel Prize27. E (Personality Testing)Conservation tasks are used for cognitive development testing.28. D (Pituitary)The Master GlandControls all other glands29. A (Sympathetic Nervous System)Dilates pupilInhibits flow of salivaAccelerates heartbeatDilates bronchiInhibits digestionSecretes adrenalineBladder release#4330. A (James-Lange)Cannon/BardStimulus, then simultaneous physiological arousal and emotional responsesJames/LangeStimulus, arousal, then emotionSchachter/Singer or Schachter 2-FactorStimulus, arousal, cognition, then emotion31. A (Episodic Memory)Episodic Memorymemory of events in your lifeExplicit (effortful)32. C (Nature vs. Nurture)Nature:Similarities in identical twins raised apartNurture:Differences in identical twins raised apart33. A (Absolute Threshold)34. E (Group Polarization)35. E (Synaptic Vesicles)Dendrites: receiveTerminal buttons: contain synaptic vesiclesSynaptic vesicles: contain neurotransmitters that they release during an action potentialSynaptic gap/cleft: gap between two neurons36. C (Systematic Desensitization)Behavioral therapyUsually for fears/phobiasFirst list a hierarchy of what they fearThen begin systematically desensitizing37. C (Experimental Group)Experimental: receives manipulated independent variableControl: receives placebo or no treatment in order to serve as a control for comparisons38. D (Dissociative Fugue)39. A (Cognitive Restructuring)Replacing irrational thoughts in therapy is COGNITIVE.The only other choice with cognitive in it is cognitive dissonance, and as an amazingly intelligent AP Psych student, you KNOW that cognitive dissonance is when you have two (or more) beliefs that dont agree, or when you have a belief and an action that do not match.40. D (Extinction)What??? Ill explain41. B (Behavioral)Ignoring when he misbehaves is extinction.Praise when he is good is positive reinforcement.Both of these are concepts in operant conditioning, a part of BEHAVIORAL approach.42. A (Carl RogersHumanistic)Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis are cognitive psychologists, but they look at the unconscious motives that patients experience that affect their thoughts about themselves.Freud and Jung are psychoanalytic and psychodynamicboth all about the unconscious.44. B (Antisocial Personality Disorder)45. E (Person-Centered Therapy)Also known as Client-Centered TherapyCarl Rogers/HumanisticRepeating what the client has stated, maybe in other wordsAffirming the clientUnconditional positive regard46. D (Frustration-Aggression Model)Frustration, or a blocked goal, causes people to react with aggression.Therefore, the aggression experienced is reactive.47. C (Scatter-Plot Graph)Positive Correlationdots going up (slope of +1)Negative Correlationdots going down (slope of -1)Zero Correlationno pattern at all; all over the place48. E (Serotonin)Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors are a class of drugs used to force serotonin to remain in the synaptic cleft, making them available for the receptor sites, thus increasing the amount of serotonin that is absorbed.This helps DEPRESSED patients.Answer: Prozac

Xanax & ValiumAnti-anxiety/BenzodiazepinesLithiumMood Stabilizer for BipolarClozapineAnti-psychotic for Schizophrenia

49. E (IV vs. DV)Independent Variable: the variable that the researcher manipulates packagingDependent Variable: the results that depend on the IV purchases of the cookies (sales)50. A (Electroconvulsive Therapy)ECT (shock therapy)Although we saw this used on John Nash for his schizophrenia, ECT is most commonly used on patients who are severely DEPRESSED.51. C (Arousal)Theories of MotivationOptimal level of stimulation is AROUSAL.52. B (Stressors)Money, diet and intelligence do not help with your ability to cope with stress.Ability to cope with stress is most closely related to your ability to predict & control potential stressors.53. D (Schizophrenia)Multiple personalities DIDNo CURECan understand people very wellNot caused by childhood experiencesONSET in late adolescence or early adulthood54. E (Psychoanalytic)InternalizedintrapsychicDuh55. A (Accommodation)Remember the file folders in your brain? Those are schema.Assimilation: You add information to an existing schema (file folder).Accommodation: You create/change a new schema (file folder) in order to incorporate new information.56. E (Ideal Self vs. Real Self)Carl RogersWhen Ideal Self = Real Self, its congruence.When Ideal Self Real Self, its incongruence.AbiologicalBcognitiveCbehavioralDpsychoanalyticEhumanistic

57. B (Maslows Hierarchy of Needs)Basic/PhysiologicalSafetyLove/BelongingSelf-EsteemSelf-Actualization

SoBasic/physiological and safety come before Love/Belonging58. C (Milgram Obedience Study)Psychiatrists believed that less than 1 percent (1 in 1,000) would go all the way to 450 volts.In reality, 65% went all the way to 450 volts. (both men and women)59. D (Normal Distribution Curve)

From the mean to +1 SD is 34%.From the mean to -1 SD is 34%.So, add both together because it is within ONE standard deviation above and below the mean.34 + 34 = 6860. D (Intelligence Scores)Mean of intelligence is 100.Standard deviation is 15.Jamal scored a 125.+1 is 115, so he scored more than one standard deviation above the mean.61. B (Fundamental Attribution Error)When you blame others you are observing (you are the observer, they are the actor) on their internal/personal characteristics, NOT on the circumstances, you are showing the Fundamental Attribution Error.62. E (Cognitive)distorted view of realityunrealistically negative thoughts63. D (Incentive)Wealth and fame arent necessary for life.They are incentives that people receive that give them motivation to do things.64. A (Maturation)65. A66. C67. A68. B69. A70. C71. A72. A73. D74. B75. A76. B77. B78. C79. D80. B81. D82. D83. D84. E85. D86. D87. C88. D89. E90. D91. D92. E94. A95. B96. C97. B98. D99. D100. D