CNG IN PAKISTANZafar ShakoorPEESE, 308294

Contents

I. Energy overview in Pakistan. II. What is CNG ( advantage and disadvantage).III. Use of CNG( Technology).IV. CNG worldwide.V. CNG in Pakistan.VI. Sources.

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Pakistan (Map)

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PakistanBasic Facts

Official Name Islamic Republic of Pakistan Capital Islamabad Area Total 796,095 Sq. km.Population 153.96 million (E) Administrative Setup Pakistan is divided into four provinces viz., North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan. The tribal belt adjoining NWFP is managed by the Federal Government and is named FATA i.e., Federally Administered Tribal Areas. Annual Per capita income US $736 GDP 8.4% Currency Pak. Rupee. Imports Industrial equipment, chemicals, vehicles, steel, iron ore, petroleum, edible oil, pulses, tea. Exports Cotton, textile goods, rice, leather items carpets, sports goods, handi-crafts, fish and fish prep. and fruit Languages Urdu (National) and English (Official)

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PakistanEnergy Overview (Gas)

According to OGJ, Pakistan had 28 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves in 2006. According to the Oil and Gas

Journal (01/2006), Iran contained an estimated 970 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) in proven natural gas reservesIn 2004, Pakistan produced and

consumed 968 billion cubic feet (Bcf). The Pakistani government is

currently developing plans to import additional natural gas in order to satisfy increasing demand. Natural gas is currently the country’s

largest energy source, making up 50 percent of total energy Supply.

Source: ministry of petroleum and natural resources Pakistan

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Pakistan Energy Overview( Proposed pipelines)

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Pakistan Energy Overview( Proposed pipelines)

Pakistan’s government is working on plans to build a pipeline that spans from

Iran’s massive natural gas reserves to Indian markets across Pakistani territory.

Iran has offered to cover 60 percent of the construction costs of the pipeline

and Pakistani officials have stressed their ability to safeguard the pipeline.

If India decides to forego its part in the pipeline project, Pakistan and Iran have

agreed to work on a bilateral Iran-Pakistan pipeline project.

A second import possibility is from Qatar's North Dome field to Pakistan via a

sub sea pipeline from Oman.

A third natural gas pipeline option is a line from Turkmenistan to Pakistan via

Afghanistan.

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CNG

What is CNG?CNG is abbreviation of Compressed Natural Gas.It is made by compressing natural gas (91.6 percent methane, 5.0 percent ethane, 0.4 percent propane, 0.1 percent butane, 0.8 percent nitrogen and oxygen, and 2.1 percent carbon dioxide).

It has high Octane number of around 140.

CNG is used in vehicle transportation sector.

It is made by compressing natural gas to 250 bar pressure.

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a substitute for gasoline (petrol) or diesel fuel.

It is considered to be an environmentally "clean" alternative to those fuels.

The energy content (higher heating value) of CNG is around 38.8 mega joules per cubic

meter compared with Gasoline 34.2 mega joules/ Liter).

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CNG vs. LPG

CNG is often confused with liquefied natural gas(LNG).

Both are stored forms of natural gas

The key difference is that CNG is in compressed form, while LNG is in

liquefied form.

LPG is mixture of propane (60%) and butane (40%).

CNG has a lower cost of production and storage compared to LNG as it

does not require an expensive cooling process and cryogenic tanks.

CNG requires a much larger volume to store the same mass of natural gas

and the use of very high pressures or 205 to 275 bar.

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CNG(Advantages)

Very easy on the engine, giving longer service life and lower maintenance costs.

Reduces the demand for finite petroleum supply.

Reduces exhaust emission pollution

Improves fuel consumption and engine efficiency. When CNG and air in the right proportions are brought together, they mix thoroughly and rapidly, thereby improving the combustion efficiency, while the engine stays clean internally

Dry gaseous fuel does not dilute the lubricating oil, thus saving on oil filters and oil chargers

CNG is much cheaper compared to Petrol or Diesel. CNG costs around 0.70$ per cubic meter as compared to oil which costs around 1.17$ per Liter.

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CNG (Disadvantages)

CNG does not escape paying higher fuel prices, as CNG price increases are a derivative of gasoline price increases.

Driving complaints due to loss of power with CNG. Dynamometer tests indicate that CNG-fuelled vehicles have 10-15% lower power output than petrol engines.

Increased exhaust-valve wear in CNG-operated vehicles are anticipated due to the drying effect of the gaseous fuel.

Limited service availability.

High cost of conversion (Vehicle conversion, Natural Gas conversion to CNG).

The additional weight of CNG cylinders does pose a problem.

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Use of CNG ( Technology)

CNG Refueling Stations

CNG may be refueled from low-pressure ("slow-fill") or high-pressure ("fast-

fill") systems. The difference lies in the cost of the station vs. the refueling

time.

Storage

In CNG vehicles, the fuel is stored at pressures of 200-250 Bars in one or

more cylinders located under the body or in the trunk of the vehicle.

CNG cylinders can be made of steel, aluminum, or plastic.

Lightweight composite cylinders are especially beneficial for vehicular use

because they offer significant weight reductions when compared with earlier

generation steel and aluminum cylinders, which leads to lower fuel

consumption.

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Use of CNG ( Technology)

Delivery System

The filling valve is placed near the tank or in the front grille. When the CNG

leaves the cylinder tank, it travels through high-pressure fuel lines into one

or more pressure regulators, where it is reduced to low atmospheric

pressure. Unlike gasoline, which must be vaporized before ignition, CNG is

already gaseous when it enters the combustion chamber. When the intake

valve opens, the gas enters the combustion chamber, where it is ignited to

power the vehicle.

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Use of CNG ( Technology)

Car conversion:

Conversion equipment generally consists of fuel tanks, fuel lines, a pressure

regulator, and a mixer or carburetor to mix the fuel with incoming air.

Most conversion kits also include an electronic system to control the fuel/air

mixture for optimal emissions performance.

Some converted vehicles can run on either alternative fuel or conventional fuel

in this case a switching system is added as part of the conversion.

Closed-loop systems use a feedback system to monitor and adjust engine

performance.

Open-loop systems, in which carburetors are throttle-regulated, do not provide

optimum emissions performance because they do not compensate for changes

in the fuel/air mixture.

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Use of CNG ( Technology)

CNG Station

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Use of CNG ( Technology)

CNG System

CNG Kit

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CNG worldwide

Argentina and Brazil, in the Southern Cone of Latin America, are the two countries with the largest fleets of CNG vehicles.CNG has been made mandatory for all public transport in the Indian capital city of New Delhi.The Delhi Transport Corporation operates the world's largest fleet of CNG buses.During the 1970s and 1980s, CNG was commonly used in New Zealand in the wake of the oil crises, but fell into decline after petrol prices receded.Brisbane Transport and Transperth in Australia have both adopted a policy of only purchasing CNG buses in future.In Germany , CNG-generated vehicles are expected to increase to two million units of motor-transport by the year 2020.In the Middle East and Africa, Egypt is within top ten country in the world with more than 63000 CNG vehicles and 95 fuelling stations nationwide.

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CNG in Pakistan

• As of July 2007 Pakistan is the largest user of CNG in Asia, and second largest user in the world.

• According to the International Association for Natural Gas Vehicles, Pakistan has the second-largest number of natural gas vehicles in world.

• The government of Punjab, Pakistan, the most populous province of country, has mandated that all public-transport vehicles will use CNG by 2007.

• 29,167 vehicles are converting to CNG every month and over 1.4 million CNG vehicles are plying the roads in Pakistan.

• Starting out with just 423 refueling stations in 2003, the number has increased by 243% to reach 1,450 stations in 2007.

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CNG in Pakistan( Govt. incentives)

Government incentives include the following measures:

Loans on easy terms to start up a CNG station.

Availability of land in industrial areas at below prevailing market prices.

Reducing the cost and time required to acquire a license.

Priority gas connections to CNG stations.

Deregulating of gas prices.

Tax and import duty exemption on machinery and equipment used for

CNG fuelling and conversion purposes.

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CNG in Pakistan

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 % Increase 2003-2007

CNG Vehicles

410,000 475,000 700,000 1000,000 1,400,000 241%

RefuelingStations

423 500 766 930 1,450 243%

Increase in the number of CNG Vehicles and Refueling Stations in Pakistan(2003-2007)

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CNG in Pakistan(Benefits)

Reduction of air pollution in big cities.

Cheap alternative to costly oil. Economy is not effected that much by

increasing oil prices around the world.

Reduced gasoline consumption in Pakistan, caused by the increasing use of

compressed natural gas (CNG), is creating a surplus of refined gasoline in the

country, creating unforeseen export needs. Country’s largest refinery is

seeking buyers for as much as 250,000 tones of gasoline for 2007.(The

International News).

Helps to improve balance in import-export deficit.

Creating new business opportunities ( opening of new jobs).

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References

International energy annual 2004.Pakistan Energy Book ( 2004-2005).Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources Pakistan. (http://www.mpnr.gov.pk/).The Pakistan Times (http://www.thepakistantimes.com).Petroleum Economists (http://www.petroleum-economist.com/).DAWN Newspaper (http:// www.dawn.com)http:// www.pakcng.comhttp:// www.cng.com.pk.Facts about CNG conversion (http://www.pugetsoundcleancities.org).Country analysis Briefs Pakistan (http://www.eia.doe.gov).Energy Profile of Pakistan (http://www.eoearth.org).

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