ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINNERING

UNIVERSITY OF GAZĐANTEP

LABORATORY MANUAL

EEE 201 CIRCUIT ANALYSIS I

TANER ĐNCE

TABLE OF CONTENTS GUIDELINES FOR LABORATORY NOTEBOOK TROUBLESHOOTING EXPERIMENT #1 DC MEASUREMENTS, OHM’S LAW EXPERIMENT #2 LINEAR AND NONLINEAR RESISTIVE NETWOR KS EXPERIMENT #3 KIRCHOFF’S LAW

EXPERIMENT #4 NETWORK THEOREMS THEVENIN, NORTON AN D

SUPERPOSITION EXPERIMENT #5 RECIPROCITY AND MAXIMUM POWER THEOREM S EXPERIMENT #6 CHARACTERISTICS OF RC CIRCUITS EXPERIMENT #7 TWO PORT NETWORKS EXPERIMENT #8 PSPICE SIMULATION 1 EXPERIMENT #9 PSPICE SIMULATION 2 EXPERIMENT #10 PSPICE SIMULATION 3

GUIDELINES FOR LABORATORY NOTEBOOK

1 Heading: Name of the experiment must be at the top of the page. Date of the

experiment must be written on the right top corner of the heading page.

2 Objective: Write the objective of the experiment in your own words. What do you

expect from this experiment?

3 Diagram: All circuit diagrams must be drawn on your notebook clearly.

4 Equipment List: List the equipments that you used in the experiment. It may be

necessary in future time

5 Procedure: Short but a brief explanation of the experiment must be given in

experimental work part.

6 Calculations: Do not FORGET to bring a calculator with you. You will always use

in experiment.

7 Graphs: When making plots, it is obligatory to use a graph paper. Theoretical and

experimental results must be drawn on the same graph paper. You can see any

discrepancy from this plot.

8 Conclusion: Conclusion part is the most important part of the experiment. When

writing conclusion part, DO NOT CHEAT from your partner.

CAUTION!!!

DO NOT FORGET TO BRING THE LABORATORY NOTEBOOK AND

EXPERIMENT SHEET WITH YOU. YOU CAN NOT DO THE EXPER IMENT

WITHOUT IT. ALSO, YOU HAVE TO ATTEND TO LABORATORY ON TIME

TROULESHOOTING

1. Be sure the power is turned on.

2. Do not turn on the power unless your circuit is connected

3. Be sure the circuit you connected is the identical circuit given in the diagram

4. Be careful the polarity of the voltages

5. When measuring current with AVO, be careful the range and movement reverse

control of AVO

6. When measuring voltage with DMM be careful the polarity of the probes of

DMM. Red probe is positive and black probe is negative.

WEIR 413 POWER SUPPLY

Weir 413 Power Supply provides the following outputs:

Range 1: 0-30 V at 1.0 A

Range 2: 0-15 V at 2.0 A

Range 3: 0-7.5 V at 4.0 A

Range 4: 5V at 4.0 A

OPERATION

Refer to Figure when reading the following operating instructions. Connect the AC

supply and switch ON by depressing the red push-button.

With none of the grey “range select” push-buttons depressed, the supply gives no output.

6A3

0V

10V2

A

Figure The front view of the power supply Weir 413

DIGITAL MULTI METER

1. OPERATION 1.1 Voltage Measurements

1. Connect the red test lead to the “VΩA” jack and black test lead to the “COM ”

jack.

2. Set the Function/Range switch to desired voltage range and slide the “AC/DC”

selector switch to the desired voltage type. If the magnitude of voltage is not

known, set switch to the highest range and reduce until a satisfactory reading is

obtained.

3. Connect the test leads to the device or circuit being measured.

4. For dc, a (-) sign is displayed for negative polarity; positive polarity is implied.

1.2 Current Measurements

1. Set the Function/Range switch to the desired current range and slide the

“AC/DC” selector switch to the desired current type.

2. For current measurements less than 200 mA, connect the red test lead to the

“VΩA” jack and the black test lead to the COM jack.

3. For current measurements over 200 mA or greater, connect the red test lead to the

10A jack and the black test lead to the COM jack.

1.3 Resistance and Continuity Measurements

1. Set the Function/Range switch to the desired resistance range or continuity

position.

2. Remove power from the equipment under test

3. Connect the red test lead to the “VΩA” jack and the black test lead to the “COM ”

jack.

4. Touch the probes to the test points. In ohms, the value indicated in the display is

the measured value of resistance. In continuity test, the beeper sounds

continuously, if the resistance is less than 40Ω±20Ω.

Figure Digital Multi meter

2 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS OF AVOMETER MODEL 8 Mk 5 ( AVO8) Avometer Model 8 Mk 5 (simply referred as AVO-8) is a device which is used to

measure the current, voltage and the resistance (Ampere, Volts, Ohms). In Fig** the front

view of AVO-8 is shown. When you are reading the below-given information about the

meter, refer to this figure.

2.1 OPERATON The meter is intended for use horizontally. Should it happen by any chance that

the pointer is not on zero, it may be so set by means of the screw head on the panel.

The leads fitted, with Long Reach Safety clips Mk. 2 or clips, as required, should

be connected to the lower pair of meter terminals in all cases except when measuring

voltages over 1000 V.

When measuring current or voltage, ensure that the instrument is set to match the

type of the source to be measured (AC or DC) and then choose a suitable range before

connecting up to the circuit under test. When in reasonable doubt, always switch to the

highest range and downwards, there being no necessity to disconnect the leads as the

switch position is changed Do not, however, switch off by rotating either of the knobs to

a blank position.

Current Measurement

To measure current, the instrument should be set to a suitable AC or DC range,

and then connected in series with the apparatus to be tested.

Generally speaking, the power absorbed in the instrument is negligible, but in the

cases of low voltage heavy current circuits, the inclusion of a meter may reduce the

current appreciably below the value, which would otherwise prevail. The potential drop

at f.s.d. (full scale deflection), across the meter terminals is in the order of 700 mV on the

10 A DC range, and dropping to 100 mV on the 50 µA range. In the case of AC, it is less

than 450 mV on all ranges. Standard meter leads have a resistance of 0-0.2 ohm per pair.

In certain cases, care should be taken to ensure that the circuit is “dead” before

braking into it to make current measurements.

Voltage Measurement

When measuring voltage, it is necessary to set the appropriate range of AC or DC

and connect the leads across the source of voltage to be measured. If the expected

magnitude of voltage is within the range of meter, but its actual value is unknown, set the

instrument to its highest range, connect up and if below 1000 V, rotate the appropriate

selector switch, decreasing the ranges step by step until the most suitable range has been

selected. If the voltage should exceed 1000 V, the instrument should be set to measure

1000 V as described above, but the positive lead should be transferred to the appropriate

3000 V terminal.

On DC ranges, the meter consumes only 50 µA at full-scale deflection, this

sensitivity corresponding to 20000 ohms per volt. In the case of AC ranges from 10 V

upwards, full scale deflection is obtained with a consumption of 0.5 mA (2000Ω/V). The

10 V range is 1000 Ω/V. The 3 V AC range consumes 10 mA at full-scale deflection. The

meter maintains a high degree of accuracy for audio frequency tests up to 15 kc/s on

ranges up to 300 V AC.

Resistance measurement

There are three self-contained ranges covering resistances from 1 Ω to 20 MΩ and

provision is made for upward extension of these limits.

On resistance ranges the meter must have, in addition to the normal instrument

mechanical zero, a resistance zero corresponding to the full scale deflection of the meter.

Before carrying out tests of resistance, a check should be made to ensure that the

instrument actually indicates zero ohms irrespective of the condition of the battery.

The accuracy should be within ± 3% of the reading about centre scale, increasing

up to about ±10% of the reading around deflections corresponding to 10% and 90% of

full scale.

Resistance tests should never be carried out on components which are already

carrying current.

On the three ranges which utilize the internal source of voltage, a positive

potential appears at the black common (negative) terminal of the instrument when set for

resistance tests. The resistance of some components varies according to the direction of

the current through them and readings therefore depend upon the direction in which the

test voltage is applied quite apart from its magnitude. Such cases include electrolytic

capacitors and rectifiers.

Before making resistance tests the pointer should be adjusted to the resistance

range zero in the following sequence:

1. Set the left hand switch at Ω.

2. Connect the test leads to the instrument and join them together.

3. On the ‘Ω x 1’ range adjust zero by means of the knob marked ‘Ω x 1’.

4. On the ‘Ω x 100’ range adjust zero by means of the knob marked ‘Ω x 100’.

5. On the ‘Ω x 10 k’ range adjust zero by means of the knob marked ‘Ω x 10 k’.

To measure a resistance, set the right-hand switch at the range required, the leads

being connected across the unknown component. Resistance is read directly on the ‘Ω x

1’ range but readings should be multiplied by 100 and 10000 on the ‘Ω x 100’ and ‘Ω x

10 k’ ranges respectively.

If on joining the leads together it is impossible to obtain a zero ohms setting or, if

the pointer will not remain stationary but falls steadily, the internal battery or cell

concerned should be replaced. It is important that an exhausted battery should not be left

in the instrument, since it might cause damage by leaking electrolyte. If it is impossible

to obtain readings on the ‘Ω x 1’ and ‘Ω x 100’ ranges, the 1 A fuse located in the

battery compartment should be checked.

EXPERIMENT 1

DC MEASUREMENTS, OHM’S LAW OBJECTIVE: To introduce the measurements of DC voltage, current and resistance and

know how to measure current and voltage at different places of a circuit

EQUIPMENT Digital Multimeter (DMM) Avometer (AVO8) Power Supply Resistors PRELIMINARY WORK P1 In the circuit of Figure 1.1 Calculate V1, V2 and I. Verify the voltage divider rule and

KVL ( 1 2V +V =12V )

500Ω

12 V

1kΩ

I

+

-

+

-

V1

V2

Figure 1.1

P2 In the circuit of Figure 1.2 Calculate Iı, I2, I, and Vx. Verify the current divider rule

and KCL ( 1 2I +I =I )

Figure 1.2

P3 a) In the circuit of Figure 1.3 a) Calculate the equivalent resistance between points

AB, RAB=?

b) In the circuit of Figure 1.3 b) What must be the value of R if the equivalent

resistance between terminals CD is RCD=200 Ω?

c) Obtain the I-V plot of the configuration given in Figure 1.3 b) for R=150 Ω

Figure 1.3

P4 Calculate the power supplied by the DC source. Verify the power supplied by the

source by summing individual power consumed by the resistors.

Figure 1.4

EXPERIMENTAL WORK E1 Setup the circuit given in Figure 1.1. Verify the theoretical values found in preliminary work. V1(DMM) V2(DMM) V1(AVO8) V2(AVO8) I(AVO8)

E2 Setup the circuit given in Figure 1.2. Verify the theoretical values found in preliminary work.

I I 1 I 2 Vx

E3. For the circuit given in Figure 1.3,

a) Measure the equivalent resistance between terminals AB by using ohm’s law

(Apply a suitable voltage value and measure the current on the main branch)

b) Measure the equivalent resistance between terminals AB by using DMM

ABR = ?

c) Obtain the I-V plot of the configuration given in Figure 1.3 b) by using

E4 Set up the circuit given in Figure 1.4. Fill in the table given below. I I 1 I 2 I 3 V1 V2 V3 Psource P1 P2 P3 P4

CONCLUSION C1 In the light of the experimental result of E1, which measurement device is more

reliable? (AVO8 or DMM) Explain briefly.

C2 Compare the resistance values you measured in E3. Which result is close to the value

found in preliminary work P3a?

C3 Did you observe the conservation of power? Is there any difference between

experimental and theoretical results? Explain briefly.