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2010 CuttingEdge Workshop
Detecting submarine springs in Florida's coastal zone using thermal remote sensing data
Teaching GIS and Remote Sensing in the 21st CentryAbuduwasiti Wulamu, PhD
Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University
Mapping submarine springs in Florida2 Aug 8 – 12, 2010© Abduwasit Ghulam
Overview
Lab Description Objective Data
Retrieval of Surface temperature Signatures of submarine springs from
thermal anomaly Conclusion Acknowledgements
Mapping submarine springs in Florida3 Aug 8 – 12, 2010© Abduwasit Ghulam
Course Settings
College Level 4XX Geospatial Methods Remote Sensing
Lab Middle or end of semester A class project or lab assignment
Mapping submarine springs in Florida4 Aug 8 – 12, 2010© Abduwasit Ghulam
Lab Description
Objective Familiarize students with thermal remote
sensing with a practical example Stimulate creative thinking skills
Data Landsat ETM+ Census dataset Field collections
Tallahassee, Florida
Study area
Geovis.USGS.GOV
How to get the data
Mapping submarine springs in Florida7 Aug 8 – 12, 2010© Abduwasit Ghulam
How to get the data
Mapping submarine springs in Florida8 Aug 8 – 12, 2010© Abduwasit Ghulam
How to get the data
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How to get the data
Mapping submarine springs in Florida10 Aug 8 – 12, 2010© Abduwasit Ghulam
How to get the data
Unzip the downloaded data
???
Why there are two thermal bands with Landsat ETM+?
Theoretical background
Retrieval of surface temperature
Mapping submarine springs in Florida13 Aug 8 – 12, 2010© Abduwasit Ghulam
Thermal radiation
http://en.wikipedia.org/
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Workflow
Mapping submarine springs in Florida15 Aug 8 – 12, 2010© Abduwasit Ghulam
Radiometric Calibration
DN Radiance
DN Radiance
where the LMIN and LMAX are the spectral radiances for each band at digital numbers 1 and 255. DN is the pixel DN value, λ is the wavelength. One gets LMIN and LMAX values from the header file.
http://landsathandbook.gsfc.nasa.gov/handbook/handbook_htmls/chapter11/chapter11.html
Mapping submarine springs in Florida16 Aug 8 – 12, 2010© Abduwasit Ghulam
Radiometric Calibration
Radiance Brightness temperature
Planck’s function
Where, C1=1.19104356×10-16 W m2; C2=1.43876869×10-2 m K
Mapping submarine springs in Florida17 Aug 8 – 12, 2010© Abduwasit Ghulam
Radiometric Calibration
Radiance Brightness temperature
Let K1 = C1/λ5 , and K2 = C2/λ, and satellite measured radiant intensity B λ (T) = Lλ
Description K1 (W m-2 sr-1 µm-1)
K2 (Kelvin)
Landsat 7 – ETM+
666.09 1282.71
Landsat 5 – TM 607.76 1260.56
Mapping submarine springs in Florida18 Aug 8 – 12, 2010© Abduwasit Ghulam
Land Surface Temperature
BTLST λ is the wavelength of emitted radiance.
λ = 11.5 μm (Markham and Barker, 1986) and ρ = h × c/σ = 14380 m K. Here, σ is Boltzmann constant (1.38 * 10−23 J/K), h is Planck’s constant (6.26 * 10−34 Js) and c is velocity of light (2.998 * 108 m/s).
Artis and Carnahan, 1982. Survey of emissivity variability in thermography of urban areas, Rem. Sens. Environ. 12 (1982), pp. 313–329.
Mapping submarine springs in Florida19 Aug 8 – 12, 2010© Abduwasit Ghulam
Land surface temperature
BT LST Radiative Transfer – MODTRAN Quasi-physical models
JIMÉNEZ-MUÑOZ, J.C., SOBRINO, J.A. 2003. A generalized single-channel method for retrieving land surface temperature from remote sensing data. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, doi: 10.1029/2003JD003480
QIN, Z., KARNIELI, A., BERLINER, P. 2001. A mono-window algorithm for retrieving land surface temperature from Landsat TM data and its application to the Israel-Egypt border region. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 22, pp.3719-3746.
Srivastava, Majumdar and Bhattacharya. (2009).Surface temperature estimation in Singhbhum Shear Zone of India using Landsat-7 ETM+ thermal infrared data. Advances in Space Research, 431(10): 563-1574
Implementing using ENVI
Retrieval of surface temperature
Basic Tools Band MathDN Radiance
((12.650-3.200)/(255.0-1.0))*(B6-1.0)+3.200
Radiance Brightness Temperature1282.71D/(alog(666.09D/B6+1D))
Implementing using ENVI
Mapping submarine springs in Florida22 Aug 8 – 12, 2010© Abduwasit Ghulam
Implementing using ENVI
File Open Image file
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Implementing using ENVI
Color compositing
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Radiometric calibration
Radiometric calibration
DN at sensor temperature
Basic Tools Preprocessing Calibration Utilities Landsat Calibration
Mapping submarine springs in Florida25 Aug 8 – 12, 2010© Abduwasit Ghulam
ENVI Color Mapping
Display Window
Tools Color Mapping Envi Color Tables
Select RainBow
ArcGIS classification
ENVI Color Mapping
GIS Visualization
Save File AsSave Image AsExport to ArcMap
Export to ArcGIS
Mapping submarine springs in Florida28 Aug 8 – 12, 2010© Abduwasit Ghulam
Export Image to ArcMap
Save Image as Save File As
Mapping submarine springs in Florida29 Aug 8 – 12, 2010© Abduwasit Ghulam
Save Image As
Display Window
Tools Color Mapping Envi Color Tables
Select RainBow
Mapping submarine springs in Florida30 Aug 8 – 12, 2010© Abduwasit Ghulam
Export Image to ArcMap
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Visualization
Mapping submarine springs in Florida32 Aug 8 – 12, 2010© Abduwasit Ghulam
Visualization
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Visualization
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Visualization
Classification in ArcMap
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Visualization
From ENVI Color Mapping
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Validation
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Conclusion
Extensive field work, validation needed Geologic controls, e.g., fractures, aquifers
that channels groundwater to the oceans need to be indentified
Radar and Optical data fusion is helpful As stated earlier, the objective of this
lab is to teach students how to use thermal remote sensing, rather than presenting a “solid” scientific research
Mapping submarine springs in Florida38 Aug 8 – 12, 2010© Abduwasit Ghulam
Acknowledgements & References Locational information for the spring vents that were verified on the Taylor
County coast provided by Tom Greenhalgh from Florida Geological Survey Artis and Carnahan, 1982. Survey of emissivity variability in thermography
of urban areas, Rem. Sens. Environ. 12 (1982), pp. 313–329. JIMÉNEZ-MUÑOZ, J.C., SOBRINO, J.A. 2003. A generalized single-channel
method for retrieving land surface temperature from remote sensing data. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, doi: 10.1029/2003JD003480
QIN, Z., KARNIELI, A., BERLINER, P. 2001. A mono-window algorithm for retrieving land surface temperature from Landsat TM data and its application to the Israel-Egypt border region. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 22, pp.3719-3746.
Srivastava, Majumdar and Bhattacharya. (2009).Surface temperature estimation in Singhbhum Shear Zone of India using Landsat-7 ETM+ thermal infrared data. Advances in Space Research, 431(10): 563-1574
http://www.dep.state.fl.us/geology/programs/hydrogeology/springs/powerpoint/McClean.ppt
http://www.dep.state.fl.us/ http://glovis.usgs.gov/
Mapping submarine springs in Florida39 Aug 8 – 12, 2010© Abduwasit Ghulam
Questions and Discussion