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Short Course S-4:
Fundamentals of Touch Technologiesand Applications
Geoff WalkerPrincipal Analyst
IMS Research
© Copyright 2010 IMS Researchwww.imsresearch.com
S4: Fundamentals ofTouch Technologies
and ApplicationsGeoff Walker
Principal AnalystIMS Research
May 15, 2011
v1.1
File Download: www.walkermobile.com/SID_2011_Short_Course_S4.pdf
Agenda: Part 1
Admin [3] Introduction [7]Multi-Touch [9]Mainstream Touch Technologies
Analog Resistive [7] Projected Capacitive (Pro-Cap) [14] Surface Capacitive [6] Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) [7] Traditional Infrared (IR) [7]
Significant Emerging Touch Technologies Embedded (In-Cell, On-Cell & Out-Cell) [19] Camera-Based Optical [6]Multi-Touch Resistive [9]
[ ] = Number of content slides in each section
3
Agenda: Part 2
Other Emerging Technologies Acoustic Pulse Recognition (APR by Elo) [5] Dispersive Signal Technology (DST by 3M) [4]Waveguide Infrared (by RPO) [5] Vision-Based [5] Force-Sensing [4] Electromagnetic Resonance (EMR) Pen Digitizer [4]
Comparing Touch Technologies [4] Conclusions [3]
[Total = 128]
4
About IMS Research
IMS Research A leading independent supplier of market research and
consulting to the global electronics industry
Offices in UK (HQ), USA, China, Taiwan, Korea & Japan >100 analysts worldwide Clients in >50 countries Publishes >200 market-research reports per year Known for detailed, in-depth, highly analytical reports
5
Automotive & Transport Financial & ID Technologies Communications & Wireless Lighting & LEDs Computer & Office Equipment Medical (InMedica) Consumer Electronics Power & Energy Convergence Security & Fire Displays & Touch Semiconductor Factory Automation
9 of the top 10 semiconductor companies
8 of the top 10 automotive-electronics suppliers
8 of the top 10 telecomm-equipment providers
7 of the top 10 power-supply companies
All of the top 10 industrial-automation companies
7 of the top 10 set-top-box manufacturers
All of the top 10 video-surveillance companies
Key Customers
6
© Copyright 2010 IMS Researchwww.imsresearch.com
Introduction
Source: Elo TouchSystems
7
Two Basic Categories of Touch
Opaque touch Dominated by the controller chip suppliers
● Atmel, Cypress, Synaptics, etc.● One technology (projected capacitive)● Sensor is typically developed by the device OEM
Notebook touchpads are the highest-revenue application● Synaptics ~60% share; Alps ~30% share; Elan ~10% share● Sensors are all two-layer projected capacitive
There is no further discussion of opaque touch in this course
Transparent touch on top of a display Dominated by the touch module manufacturers
(100+ worldwide) 13 technologies
8
2010 Touchscreen Market bySize and Type of Technology
Revenue Units Small-Medium 76% 96% Large-Area 24% 4%
TOTAL 100% 100%
Revenue Units Mainstream 93% 99% Emerging 7% 1%
TOTAL 100% 100%
Technology Revenue Units Revenue Units Revenue UnitsResistive $646M 229M $263M 7.1M $908M 236MProjected Capacitive $2,853M 273M $287M 6.2M $3,140M 279MSurface Capacitive $0M 0M $162M 1.3M $162M 1.3MAcoustic (SAW & BW) $0M 0M $159M 2.6M $159M 2.6MInfrared $0M 0M $9.9M 0.3M $9.9M 0.3M
Mainstream $3,499M 502M $881M 18M $4,379M 519MEmerging $63M 0.1M $259M 1.8M $321M 1.8M
TOTAL $3,562M 502M $1,140M 20M $4,700M 521M
2010Small-Med (<10”) Large-Area (>10”) TOTAL
Market size estimates are based on DisplaySearch’s “Touch-Panel Market Analysis 2010 4Q Update Report” (January 2011)
9
2010 Touchscreen Marketby Technology
Technology
2010 Revenue
2010 Share
2010 Units
2010 Share
Projected Capacitive $3,140M 67% 279M 52% Analog Resistive (all forms) $908M 19% 236M 44% Optical (all forms, including vision-based) $228M 4.9% 1.0M 0.2% Surface Capacitive $162M 3.5% 1.5M 0.3% Acoustic (SAW, APR & DST) $159M 3.4% 2.6M 0.5% LCD In-Cell & On-Cell (all forms) $61M 1.3% 14M 2.6% Digitizer $33M 0.7% 0.5M 0.1% Infrared (all forms) $10M 0.2% 0.4M 0.1% Others $0M 0% 0M 0%
TOTAL $4,701M 100% 535M 100% Market size estimates are based on DisplaySearch’s “Touch-Panel Market Analysis 2010 4Q Update Report” (January 2011)
10
Touch Market Forecast 2010-2016
$0
$2
$4
$6
$8
$10
$12
$14
$16
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Mill
ions
Rev
enue
($B
)
In-CellOthersOn-CellInfraredDigitizerOptical ImagingAcousticSurface CapacitiveProjected CapacitiveResistive
DisplaySearch 2010 Touch Market Analysis
Forecast is from DisplaySearch’s “Touch-Panel Market Analysis 2010 Annual Report” (June 2010)
11
Touch Technologiesby Size & Application
M = Mainstream L = Low-volume E = Emerging
Touch Technology M
obile
(2
” –
17”)
Stat
iona
ry
Ente
rpris
e (1
0” –
30”
)
Stat
iona
ry
Con
sum
er
(17”
– 3
0”)
Larg
e-Fo
rmat
( >
30”)
Analog Resistive M M L Analog Multi-Touch Resistive (AMR) E E Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) M E L Traditional Infrared (IR) M E M Waveguide Infrared (from RPO) E Surface Capacitive M Projected Capacitive (P-Cap) (ITO) M E E Projected Capacitive (P-Cap) (wires on film) L L Camera-Based Optical M M Acoustic Pulse Recognition (APR from Elo) E L L Dispersive Signal Technology (DST from 3M) L Embedded (in-cell & on-cell) E Vision-Based (like Microsoft Surface) E Force Sensing E
12
Touch Technologiesby Materials & Process
Touch Technology
TransparentConductor (ITO)
No TransparentConductor
Continuous Patterned
Surface capacitive
HighResolution
LowResolution
Analogmulti-touchresistive(AMR)
ProjectedcapacitiveEmbedded(In-cell &on-cell)
Edge Conductors
Dispersive SignalTechnology (DST)
No EdgeConductors
Waveguide infrared
OpticalForce sensingVision-based
Surface acoustic wave (SAW)
Acoustic PulseRecognition (APR)
Analog resistive
Traditional infrared (IR)
= Emerging= Mainstream
13
Touch Is An Indirect Measurement
Touch Technology What’s Being Measured Resistive (all forms) & Embedded (voltage-sensing)
Voltage
Surface capacitive Current Surface acoustic wave Time delay Projected capacitive, Embedded (charge-sensing)
Change in capacitance
Optical & Infrared (all forms), Embedded (light-sensing) in high ambient
Absence of light
Embedded (light-sensing) in low ambient Presence of light Vision-based Image Acoustic Pulse Recognition (APR) & Dispersive Signal Technology (DST)
Bending waves
Force sensing Force The ideal method of detecting touch
has yet to be invented!
One Reason Why There Are So Many Technologies…
14
© Copyright 2010 IMS Researchwww.imsresearch.com
Multi-Touch
Sources: Engadget, Do Deviceand Good Times & Happy Days
15
Multi-Touch
Multi-touch is defined as the ability to recognizetwo or more simultaneous touch points
Multi-touch was invented in 1982 at the University of Toronto (not by Apple in 2007!)
“Pinching” gestures were first defined in 1983(not by Apple in 2007!)
Windows 7 (released 10/22/09) supports multi-touch throughout the OS and is structured to support an “unlimited” number (~100) of simultaneous touch points
Android, iOS and Linux currently support 4-5 touches
16
Multi-Touch Architecture
Touchscreen Sensor
TouchscreenController & Driver
Operating System
Application
Capable of sensing multiplesimultaneous points
Capable of delivering sets ofsimultaneous points to the OS
Capable of forwarding multiplestreams of moving points (and acting on a defined subset of them)
Capable of decoding multiple streams of moving points andtaking actions in response
17
Multi-Touch Technologies
Touch Technology
Multi-Touch Capable? (#)
Win-7 Logo Capable?
Commercial MT Product Example
Projected Capacitive Yes (unlimited*) Yes Apple iPhone; Dell Latitude XT
Analog Multi-Touch Resistive (AMR)
Yes (unlimited*) Yes Gateway ZX6910 AiO PC
LCD In/On-Cell (all forms) Yes (unlimited*) Yes Samsung Camera Vision-Based Yes (unlimited*) Yes Microsoft Surface Optical Yes (2+) Yes HP TouchSmart Surface Acoustic Wave (Elo TouchSystems)
Yes (2) Yes Lenovo A700 AiO PC
Waveguide Infrared (RPO)
Yes (2) Yes LG Display 13.3” Notebook (SID)
Traditional Infrared Yes (2) Yes Nexio 42” Monitor Acoustic Pulse Recognition (APR - Elo)
Future (2) Maybe Technology under development
Bending Wave (DST – 3M)
Future (2) Maybe Technology under development
Analog Resistive No No -- Surface Capacitive No No -- Force-Sensing No No -- * Controller-dependent, not sensor-dependent
18
Windows-7 Logo
A set of touch performance standards designed to ensure a high-quality user experience Test 1: Sampling Rate Test 2: Single-Touch Taps in 4 Corners Test 2: Single-Touch Taps in 5 Other Locations Test 3: Single-Touch Press-and-Hold Test 4: Double Taps Test 5: Multi-Touch Points Test 6: Press and Tap Test 7: Straight-Line Accuracy Test 8: Maximum Touch Lines Test 9: Multi-Touch Straight Lines Test 10: Line Accuracy Velocity Test 11: Single-Touch Arcs Test 12: Pivot Test 13: Multi-Touch Arcs Test 14: Ghost Point Test
19
Some Reasons Why Multi-Touch Has Become So Important Apple
Apple established multi-touch as a “must-have” for coolness.The result is that people of all ages expect every display theysee to be touchable with multiple fingers
Gaming Gaming is a natural for multi-touch. Try playing air hockey
without multi-touch…
Multi-user collaborationWhen two people want to collaborate on a large screen (e.g.,
a student and teacher on an interactive whiteboard display),multi-touch is essential. Identifying which touch belongs towhich user is still an unsolved problem, however.
20
More Reasons Why Multi-Touch Has Become So Important Unintended touches
One of the major values of multi-touch is to allow the system to ignore unintended touches (palm rejection, grip suppression, etc.). As desktop screens become more horizontal (recline) this will become even more important.
21
How Many Touches Are Enough?
Why multi-touch will expand beyond two touches Most research on multi-touch is being done with vision-based
hardware because it’s easy to develop the hardware yourself● Vision-based touch supports an unlimited number of touches● All other multi-touch-capable technologies are difficult to build & buy
Projected capacitive (which will shortly be the #2 touch technology) also supports an unlimited number of touches
Number of touches is one way for a touch technology vendor to differentiate themselves
Recognizing and ignoring more than two touches is avery useful capability
ISVs are creative; they’ll find ways to use more touches (games)(“If you build it, they will come”)
22
An Anomaly: Multi-Touch Gestureson Non-Multi-Touch Screens Elo TouchSystems: “Resistive Gestures”
Capable of sensing two-finger gestures on standard analog resistive touch-screens
Fingers must be moving to sense two points; two static touches don’t work
3M: “Multi-Touch Gestures on DST” Same capability & restriction as above on Dispersive Signal
Technology (DST) touch-screens
It’s not true multi-touch, but is it good enough? Gestures are HOT, so device manufacturers want them Today, multi-touch is mostly used to enable two-finger gestures For mobile devices, pro-cap is ~3X the cost of analog resistive,
so enabling gestures on analog resistive is attractive
Source: Elo TouchSystems
23
#1 Reference On Multi-Touch
“Multi-Touch Systems that I Have Known and Loved” www.billbuxton.com/multitouchOverview.html
“If you can only manipulate one point … you are restricted to the gestural vocabulary of a fruit fly.
We were given multiple limbs for a reason. It is nice to be
able to take advantage of them.”
Bill Buxton, 2008Principal Researcher,Microsoft Research
24
© Copyright 2010 IMS Researchwww.imsresearch.com
Analog Resistive Projected Capacitive (Pro-Cap) Surface Capacitive Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Traditional Infrared (IR)
MainstreamTouch Technologies
25
© Copyright 2010 IMS Researchwww.imsresearch.com
Source: Engadget
AnalogResistive
26
Analog Resistive…1
Source: Elo TouchSystems
(ITO)
(PET)
Source: Bergquist
27
Analog Resistive…2
4-Wire Construction
Voltagemeasured oncoversheet
Voltagegradientappliedacrossglass
X-AxisVoltagegradientappliedacrosscoversheet
Voltagemeasured on glass
Y-Axis
Equivalent circuit
Busbar
28
Analog Resistive…3
5-Wire ConstructionVoltagegradientappliedacrossglass
Contact pointon coversheet isa voltage probe
Y-Axis
Contact pointon coversheet isa voltage probe
Voltagegradientappliedacrossglass
X-AxisEquivalent circuit
Linearizationpattern
29
Analog Resistive…4
Types 4-wire (low cost, short life) is common in mobile devices 5-wire (higher cost, long life) is common in stationary devices
Constructions Film (PET) + glass (previous illustration) is the most common Film + film (used in some cellphones) can be made flexible Glass + glass is the most durable; automotive is the primary use Film + film + glass, others…
Options Surface treatments (AG, AR, AS, AP, AM),
rugged substrate, dual-force touch,high-transmissivity, surface armoring,many others… (50-uM glass) Source: Schott
30
Analog Resistive…5
Size range 1” to ~24” (>20” is rare)
ControllersMany sources Single chip, embedded in chipset/CPU,
or “universal” controller board Advantages
Works with finger, stylus or any non-sharp object Lowest-cost touch technologyWidely available (it’s a commodity) Easily sealable to IP65 or NEMA-4 Resistant to screen contaminants Low power consumption
Source: Liyitec
Source: Hampshire
31
Analog Resistive…6
Disadvantages Not durable (PET top surface is easily damaged) Poor optical quality (10%-20% light loss) No multi-touch
ApplicationsMobile devices Point of sale (POS) terminalsWherever cost is #1
Market share
1st time < 50%
32
2010 Revenue 19% Volume 44%
Analog Resistive…7
Suppliers Nissha, Young Fast, J-Touch, Gunze, Truly Semi, Fujitsu, EELY,
Elo TouchSystems, SMK, Swenc/TPO, eTurboTouch… 60+ suppliers
Market trends Analog resistive has lost the #1 revenue position to projected
capacitive● First time in ~40 years!
Analog resistive is still important in mobile phones in Asia● It supports a stylus; projected capacitive doesn’t (yet!)
33
© Copyright 2010 IMS Researchwww.imsresearch.com
ProjectedCapacitive
Source: Apple
34
Projected Capacitive…1
Types Self capacitance
● Controller measures capacitance of single electrode to groundMutual capacitance
● Controller measures capacitance between two electrodes
35
Self capacitance Mutual capacitance
Projected Capacitive…2
36
Self Capacitance Mutual Capacitance
Older technology, but still used Newer technology Limited to 1 or 2 touches with ghosting Two or more unambiguous touches
Lower immunity to LCD noise Higher immunity to LCD noise Lower touch accuracy Higher touch accuracy
Sensor is usually diamond pattern Allows more flexibility in pattern design Harder to maximize SNR Easier to maximize SNR
Simpler, lower cost controller More complex, higher-cost controller Usually a single-layer sensor Always a two-layer sensor (may change)
Projected Capacitive…3
Self-capacitance notebook touchpad (before Apple iPhone)
X-axis and then Y-axis electrodesare scanned sequentially,looking forpoint ofmaximum capacitanceto ground
Ghost pointsare a problemwith 2 touches
X-Scan
Y-Scan
MAX
MAXFinger
ITO transparent conductors
37
Projected Capacitive…4
Mutual capacitance touchscreen (Apple iPhone)
Output isan array ofcapacitancevalues foreach X-Yintersection
38
Projected Capacitive…5
Raw data including noise
Touch regionsTouch region coordinates
and gradient data
Filtered data Gradient data
Source: Apple Patent Application #2006/0097991
“10 fingers,2 palms
and3 others”
39
Projected Capacitive…6
Why “Projected”? Finger
A finger “steals charge” from the X-electrode,changing the capacitance between the electrodes
Electric-field lines are “projected” beyond the touchsurface when a finger is present
40
Projected Capacitive…7
Constructions & locations Bottom side of cover glass (“lens”)
● Not common yet, but industry is heading this way (“one glass”)● Good place for sensor with largest sensing area
Discrete glass or film substrate(s) between cover glass & LCD● Industry standard● Many different layer arrangements & configurations● Sometimes requires a shield layer
On top side of color filter (CF) glass● This is “on cell” allows integration with display● Requires two-sided CF processing, which reduces yield
Fully embedded in display ● This is “in-cell” most difficult integration● This isn’t actually projected capacitive
41
Projected Capacitive…8
Options (ITO-based ) Top surface treatment (AR, AG, AF, AC, AB…) Degree of indexing matching on ITO (invisibility) Number of electrodes per inch (resolution) Electrode patterns
One more variation: Wires vs. ITOWires (10 microns): Visible, acceptable for intermittent use ITO: Invisible, needed for continuous use
Wire-based uses slightly different concept (IP) ITO-based pro-cap directly measures a change in capacitanceWire-based pro-cap measures a change in RF signal frequency
caused by a change in capacitance
42
Projected Capacitive…9
Size range 2” to 100”+
● ITO up to 32”; wires up to 100”+
Controllers Key variable is number of electrodes
(matrix size)● Larger screens generally require multiple
(ganged) controller chips High signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is a key
characteristic enables stylus use Lots of innovation still happening, such
as synchronization with LCD timing● Three years from now pro-cap controllers
will be a commodity mostly supplied from Asia
LG-Prada mobile phone with Synaptics’projected-capacitive touch-screen; launched 3 months before iPhone
43
Projected Capacitive…10
Advantages Very durable (protected sensor) High optical quality (ITO) Unlimited multi-touch Unaffected by debris or contamination Enables “zero-bezel” industrial designWorks with curved substrates (on PET)
Disadvantages Finger or tethered pen only (changing now!) High cost (dropping as usage increases) Challenging to integrate due to noise sensitivity
44
Projected Capacitive…11
Applications Consumer devices
● Mobile phones● Tablets, netbooks, notebooks, AiOs● Almost any consumer device
Vertical-market devices● Signature-capture & other POS terminals● “Through-glass” interactive retail signage
Market share
Source: Verifone
Source: Mildex
DemyDigital
RecipeReader
(CES 2010)
45
2010 Revenue 67% Volume 52%
Projected Capacitive…12
Business models Sensor company buys controller, sells module
● Example = TPK Controller company buys sensor, sells module
● Example = SynapticsModule company buys sensor and controller, sells module
● Example = ? Display manufacturer builds sensor into display, buys controller,
and sells touch-display● Example = AUO
46
Projected Capacitive…13
Suppliers Sensors (only)
● Cando (part of AUO Group), Sintek Photronics, other formercolor-filter manufacturers, former STN LCD manufacturers(total number = ?)
Controllers (only)● Atmel, Cypress, Maxim, Avago, Pixcir, Sitronix, EETI, SIS,
Melfas, Broadcom, Texas Instruments, and >5 more…Modules
● TPK (biggest), Wintek, Synaptics, Nissha, Panjit, Digitech, CMI,Young Fast, Touch International, and >20 more
Supplier countries Taiwan, USA, China, Japan, Korea, UK, Israel, New Zealand…
47
Projected Capacitive…14
Market trends Device OEMs’ desire for multi-touch is a key driving force,
along with durability and high optical performance Extremely rapid sales growth worldwide Rapidly increasing number of suppliers Rapidly dropping pricesMassive capacity expansion (Apple is using 60% today) TPK’s amazing growth may change structure of industry Applications broadening beyond consumer electronics (verticals) Starting to see a few small-order suppliers Pro-cap has overtaken analog resistive, ending a 40-year reign Continued maturation – name has changed to just “capacitive”
48
© Copyright 2010 IMS Researchwww.imsresearch.com
SurfaceCapacitive
Source: 3M
49
Surface Capacitive…1
Source: Elo TouchSystems
Source: 3M
Scratch-resistanttop coat
Hard coat with AG
Electrode pattern
Conductive coating(ATO, ITO or TO)
Glass
Optional bottomshield (not shown)
Tail
50
Surface Capacitive…2
Variations Rugged substrate
Size range 6.4” to 32”
Controllers 3M, Hampshire, eGalax,
Digitech and Billabs (ISI) Advantages
Excellent drag performance with extremely smooth surfaceMuch more durable than analog resistive Resistant to contamination Highly sensitive
Source: 3M
Source: Billabs
51
Surface Capacitive…3
Disadvantages Finger-only (or tethered pen) Calibration drift Susceptible to EMI (no mobile use)Moderate optical quality
(85% - 90% transmissivity)
Applications Regulated (casino) gaming Kiosks ATMs
Market share
Source: 3M
52
2010 Revenue 4% Volume <1%
Surface Capacitive…4
Suppliers 3M, DanoTech, Elo TouchSystems, EELY, DigiTech, eTurbo,
Optera, Touch International, Higgstec… 16+ suppliers (dominated by 3M)
Market trends Surface capacitive isn’t growing with the touch market
● No multi-touch capability; other significant disadvantages● Casinos (major market) are starting to experiment with
other touch technologies Price is dropping due to Taiwanese and Chinese suppliers
who entered the market after 3M’s key patent expired
53
A New Spin: Wacom’s RRFC
Surface Capacitive Technology How it works
AC voltage on 2 adjacent corners; DC voltage on the other 2 corners
Creates a linear voltage AND a ramp-shaped electrostatic field on surface
Controller switches signals around all 4 corners, creating 4 ramp fields vs. single flat field in standard capacitive
Current flow is measured in each case Resulting signal representing touch
event is independent of all capacitance effects except those due to finger touch
Controller does additional digital signal processing to compensate for factors that affect accuracy and drift RRFC = Reversing Ramped
Field Capacitive
(Trademark = CapPLUS)Source: Wacom
54
Wacom’s RRFC Technology…2
Advantages Solves all the problems of traditional surface capacitive
● Works in mobile & stationary devices (10” to 32” now; 46” capable)● Unaffected by grounding changes, EMI, variations in skin dryness
& finger size, temperature, humidity, metal bezels, etc. ● Works through latex or polypropylene gloves● Allows 4X thicker hardcoat for improved durability● Screen works outdoors in rain and snow
Uses same ASIC as Wacom’s EMR pen digitizer, so dual-mode input is lower cost & more efficient (e.g., in Tablet PC)
Disadvantages No multi-touch Sole-source supplier
55
© Copyright 2010 IMS Researchwww.imsresearch.com
SurfaceAcoustic
Wave
Source: Kodak
56
Surface Acoustic Wave…1
Source: Onetouch
Rayleigh wave
(45°)
Glass substrate
Source: A-Touch
57
Surface Acoustic Wave…2
Source: Elo TouchSystems
58
Surface Acoustic Wave…3
Variations Ruggedization, dust-proofing, surface treatments, etc.
Size range 6” to 52” (but some integrators won’t use it above 32”)
Controllers Proprietary
Advantages Clear substrate (high optical performance) Very durable Can be vandal-proofed with tempered or CS glass Finger, gloved hand & soft-stylus activation
59
Surface Acoustic Wave…4
Disadvantages Very sensitive to any surface contamination, including water Requires “soft” (sound-absorbing) touch object Can be challenging to seal Relatively high activation force (80g typical) Projects slightly above touch surface (1 mm) so can’t be flush
Applications Kiosks Gaming
Market share
Source: Euro Kiosks Network
60
2010 Revenue 3% Volume <1%
Surface Acoustic Wave…5
Suppliers Elo TouchSystems, General Touch, Shenzhen Top-Touch,
Leading Touch, Shenzhen KeeTouch… 10+ suppliers
Market trendsMulti-touch SAW is now available from two suppliers SAW price is dropping due to Taiwanese and Chinese
suppliers who entered the market after Elo TouchSystem’s key patent expired
SAW’s growth is matching the market
61
Surface Acoustic Wave…6
Multi-touch SAW from Elo/Tyco Electronics Shipping in the 23” Lenovo A700 all-in-one desktop
2-fingerverticallines
2-fingerdiagonal
lines
“There is no perfect touch technology”
Source: Lenovo
Source: Photos by author
62
Surface Acoustic Wave…7
How two touches are supported by SAW
X & Y reflectors
Diagonal reflectorsfor “third axis” data
Source: US Patent Application 2010/0117993
7
63
© Copyright 2010 IMS Researchwww.imsresearch.com
TraditionalInfrared
64
Traditional Infrared…1
Source: Elo TouchSystems
65
Traditional Infrared…2
Variations Bare PCA vs. enclosed frame; frame width & profile height;
enhanced sunlight immunity; force-sensing
Size range 8” to 150”
ControllersMostly proprietary, except IRTouch
Advantages Scalable to very large sizesMulti-touch capable (2 touches, but with “ghost” points) Can be activated with any IR-opaque object High durability, optical performance and sealability Doesn’t require a substrate
66
Traditional Infrared…3
Multi-touch in traditional infrared 2+ touches “Ghost” points are the problem, and there’s no good solution
Source: Author
67
Traditional Infrared…4
Disadvantages Profile height (IR transceivers project above touch surface) Bezel must be designed to include IR-transparent window Sunlight immunity can be a problem in extreme environments Surface obstruction or hover can cause a false touch Low resolution High cost
Applications POS Kiosks Large displays (digital signage)
Market share
68
2010 Revenue 1% Volume <1%
Traditional Infrared…5
Selected suppliers Elo TouchSystems, IRTouch, Minato, Nexio… 10+ suppliers
Market trends Interest in IR is re-awakening
as Asian vendors bring down prices, large displays become more common, anddigital signage becomesmore affordable
IR is growing, but isn’t keepingup with the market
50” plasma display with infrared touch-screen from Netrax
69
Traditional Infrared…6
Elo’s “XYU” multi-touchtraditionalinfrared(two-touchversion firstshown in2008; launchexpected in2011)
70
Traditional Infrared…7
Special Case: Neonode mobilephone implemented with traditional IR touch (2009) Same battery life as iPhone Low profile height (~1.7mm) Finger-only No multi-touch
Neonode couldn’tcompete in the phone market and went bankrupt; thetechnology survivedand is in Sony’s eReader
Source: Neonode &
Pen Computing
Sony e-bookreaders (2010)
Source: PC World
71
© Copyright 2010 IMS Researchwww.imsresearch.com
Embedded (In-Cell, On-Cell & Out-Cell) Camera-Based OpticalMulti-Touch Resistive
Significant Emerging Touch Technologies
72
© Copyright 2010 IMS Researchwww.imsresearch.com
Source: TMD
Embedded(In-Cell,
On-Cell &Out-Cell)
73
Three Different Physical Integration Methods Used In Embedded Touch
Term Integration Method Fab Method
In-Cell Touch sensor is physically inside the LCD cell Touch sensor can be:
• Light-sensing elements (light-sensing) • Micro-switches (voltage-sensing) • Capacitive electrodes (charge-sensing)
Addition to TFT process
On-Cell Touch sensor is an array of ITO conductors on the top surface of the color filter substrate
• Capacitive (charge-sensing) • Analog resistive (voltage-sensing)
Addition to color filter process
Out-Cell Standard touchscreen laminated directly on top of the LCD during manufacture
• Key difference: An additional piece of glass • Typically only pro-cap or analog resistive • New term coined by AUO – Some LCD
manufacturers still refer to this configuration as “on-cell”
Addition to module assembly process
74
Four Different Technologies Used In Embedded Touch Light-sensing or “optical”
Addition of a photo-sensing element into some or all pixels
Voltage-sensing or “switch-sensing” Addition of micro-switches for X & Y into some or all pixels
Charge-sensing or “capacitive-sensing” Addition of electrodes in-cell or on-cell for capacitive sensing
Analog resistive Uses color filter glass as substrate for standard touch-screen
75
Who’s Working On What(January 2010)
LCD Manufacturer
Light- Sensing
Voltage- Sensing
Charge-Sensing (in-cell or on-cell)
Hybrid Charge & Voltage (in-cell)
AUO Chi Mei Innolux CPT HannStar LG Display NEC Samsung Seiko-Epson Sharp Sony TMD
= Primary = SecondaryBold = Most significant efforts
76
In-Cell Light-Sensing
Principle Photo-sensor in each pixel or group of pixels
● Visible-light sensor sees shadow of finger in bright light or reflection of backlight on finger in dim light
● Infrared-light sensor sees reflection of backlight Works with finger or light-pen; can work as a scanner Adding a cover-glass to protect the surface of the LCD reduces
touch sensitivity because the finger is further away
Source: DisplaySearch
77
In-Cell Voltage-Sensing
Principle Pressing LCD surface closes micro-switches in each pixel
● Similar principle as emerging multi-touch resistive Requires touching the LCD surface (cannot add a cover glass)Works with any touch object within damage limits of polarizer
Source: Samsung
78
In-Cell Charge-Sensing
Principle Pressing the LCD changes the dielectric constant of the liquid
crystal, which changes the capacitance between the electrodesWorks with finger or stylus; human body capacitance isn’t a factor Requires touching the LCD surface (cannot add a cover glass)
Source: LG Display
79
Hybrid In-Cell Voltage & Charge-Sensing (Samsung hTSP)
Principle Pressing the LCD…
(1) Closes the column-spacer contacts, which activates the circuit that measures a change in capacitance
(2) Changes the dielectric constant of the liquid crystal, which changes the capacitance between the pixel electrodes
Sensor signal line switch (X,Y)Source: Samsung
CRef
CLC
VOut
Column-spacerswitch
Blue pixel
VRef
VCom
X-YBias
Amplifier
2 sets(X&Y)
per pixelor groupof pixels
Source: Author
80
On-Cell Charge-Sensing
Principle Projected-capacitive X-Y electrode array added
on top of the color filter glass, under the top polarizer● Same function as standard projected-capacitive
Works only with finger; human body capacitance changesmutual capacitance between electrodes
Cover-glass (0.5 mm) can be added on top of polarizerto protect LCD surface
Source: Author
81
On-Cell Analog Resistive
Principle Analog resistive touch-screen added on top of the color filter
glass, under the top polarizer● Same function as standard analog resistive
Works with any touch object within damage limits of polarizer Adding cover-glass (0.5 mm) on top of polarizer to protect
LCD surface works but reduces touch-screen performance
Source: Author
82
Early Products with Embedded Touch…1 Samsung ST10 camera with 3-inch 480x320 (192 ppi)
transflective TFT with hybrid in-cell touch (4/09) First use of any in-cell touch
in a commercial productWorks with finger or stylus,
but with visible pooling Surface hardness = low Touch-screen includes
electrostatic haptic feedback Camera includes MP3,
PMP & text-viewer functions One sensor per 8 pixels
(60x40 sensing matrix)
Source: Samsung
83
Early Products withEmbedded Touch…2 Sharp’s PC-NJ70A netbook (5/09)
First use of light-sensing in-cell touch in a commercial product
Optical in-cell touch in 4” CG-silicon854x480 touchpad LCD (245 dpi)● 1 sensor per 9 pixels● LED backlight● Stylus & 2-finger multi-touch● Scanning (shape recognition)● Touch surface = ??● Japan-only; $815
Problems● Need IR from backlight● S L O W (25% of typical touchpad speed)● Short battery life
Source: Sharp
84
Early Products withEmbedded Touch…3 Samsung ST550 camera with 3.5-inch 800x480
(267 ppi) transflective TFT with hybrid in-cell (8/09)
“When you touch or drag on the screen, discolorations will occur. It is
not a malfunction but a characteristic of the touch screen. Touch or drag lightly
to reduce these annoying effects.”
(from the User’s Guide)Source: Samsung
“Do not use othersharp objects, such
as pens or pencils,to touch the
screen. Doing so may damage
the screen.”
“The touch screen may not recognize
your touchescorrectly when:
● You touch multipleitems at the same time● You use the camera
in high-humidityenvironments
● You use the camerawith an LCD protection
film or another LCDaccessory”
85
Early Products withEmbedded Touch…4 LGD’s 13.3” 1280x800 on-cell charge-sensing LCD (10/09)
Largest on-cell LCD● 1 sensor per 4x4 pixels● 10 gF activation force
Win-7 Touch Logo 2/10 Positioning
● High optical quality● Sunlight readability (AR?)● Preserving thinness● Two-touch multi-touch
Targeted at notebooks Production in 2H-2010 (?) Added price for touch
function = ??
Source: LG Displays
Prototype of same screen at SID 2009
Source: Photo by Geoff Walker86
Early Products withEmbedded Touch…5 Samsung S8500 Wave mobile
phone with Super OLED on-cell charge-sensing touch (2/10) 3.3-inch 800x480 (283 ppi) AMOLED “Super OLED” is Samsung’s
(weak) branding for on-cell touch Sunlight readable
● AR coating & no touchscreen overlay
“Window” here refersrefers to the cover
glass that’s laminatedon top of the display
Source: Samsung booth graphic atMobile World Congress 2010
Source: Samsung
87
Early Products withEmbedded Touch…6 Special case: Integrated Digital Technologies, Inc.
21.5” light-sensing in-cell monitor with IR light-pen Supports two-touch with two pens Backplane by Hannstar
Source: IDTI Source: Photo by author
88
Embedded TouchCharacteristics…1 Advantages (summary)
Integration, size, thickness, weight, ID (touch is “invisible”) Unlimited multi-touch (controller-dependent) Conceptually high performance
● Low parallax error (assuming no cover glass)● Very accurate & linear touch-point data● Potentially higher resolution than LCD
Lower manufacturing cost
Source: AUO
89
Embedded TouchCharacteristics…2 Disadvantages (summary)
Touching a black image doesn’t work in low ambient light(if the design uses only a visible-light sensor)
Can’t reliably detect touch over the full range of ambient The sensor consumes too much of the pixel aperture Unstable microswitch contact at the edge of the screen The amount of processing power required by the touch
function results in high power consumption in a mobile device Liquid-crystal pooling can be visually distracting Standard LCD polarizer is too soft for normal touch usage Successful integration can be very difficult due to LCD noise Lack of stylus support with on-cell limits some applications
90
Embedded TouchCharacteristics…3 Size range
3” to 13.3” (current); potentially to mid-20”
Variations Number of pixels per sensing element
Controller Proprietary/TBD (potential problem)
ApplicationsMobile (cellphones, tablets, cameras, netbooks, notebooks)
Market share Just starting
Suppliers AUO, CMI, CPT, LGD, NEC, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, TMD…
Source: Sharp
91
Embedded TouchCharacteristics…4 Trends
Light-sensing has the most unresolved problems● No successful end-user products yet
Voltage-sensing isn’t getting any traction● No successful products of any kind yet (IP restriction?)
Charge-sensing is where all the action is, mostly on-cell● LGD’s 13.3” notebook LCD (on-cell)● Samsung’s OLED cellphone (on-cell)● Samsung’s in-cell hybrid in-cell voltage & charge-sensing cameras
Analog resistive has been shown in demos only so far It is unlikely that LCD manufacturers will add embedded touch
to an entire LCD product line; it will just be in high-volume products with a high demand for touch
Conclusion It’s still early days – embedded touch has some distance to go
92
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Camera-BasedOptical
This picture was drawn on a 46" LCD equipped with a NextWindow optical touch-screen by a visitor to the AETI Exhibition in London on January 24, 2006.
Source: NextWindow
93
Camera-Based Optical…1
94
Camera-Based Optical…2
Variations OEM Bezel-integrateable Strap-on (aftermarket)
Size range 15” to 120”
Controllers Proprietary
Source: NextWindow
95
Camera-Based Optical…3
Advantages Stylus independence Scalability to large sizesMulti-touch (dependent on # of sensors) Object size recognition Low cost
Disadvantages Profile height (~3 mm on a 19” screen) The “unintended touch” problem Screen rigidity requirement
Applications Consumer touch monitors & AiOs (market leader) Interactive digital signage & education
HP TouchSmart all-in-one computerSource: HP
96
Camera-Based Optical…4
Two touches with two cameras (current market focus) has two main limitations
The quality of the touch experience depends on the sophisticationof the algorithms that handle ghost touches and occlusions
Ghost touches Occlusions
97
Camera-Based Optical…5
Market share
Suppliers NextWindow, Quanta, Qisda,
Lumio, Xiroku/eIT, Baanto, LGD, IRTouch, Sitronix
Market event NextWindow shipped more than 1M touchscreens in 2010
to the major PC OEMs ● Asus, Dell, HP, Lenovo, NEC, Samsung, Sony, etc.
Dell ST2220T Touch Monitor
98
2010 Revenue 3% Volume <1%
Camera-Based Optical…6
Market trends Touch on the consumer desktop (i.e., in AiOs) has failed to
take off due to lack of applications, which has limited the growth of camera-based optical
Camera-based optical touch is ideal for large-format, but…● The interactive digital-signage market hasn’t emerged yet● Interactive information on large screens is still a niche market● The education market (whiteboards) has been slow to adopt optical
because of entrenched resistive and electromagnetic technologies
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Multi-TouchResistive
100
Multi-Touch Resistive…1
Segmented type (for vertical applications)
Touch Sensor:Single-Layer (shown)or Two-Layer Matrix
Multi-Touch
Controller
Source: Apex
Opaque switch panel(the original purpose
of digital resistive)
101
Multi-Touch Resistive…2
Multi-Touch
Source: Wintek
All Points Addressable (APA) type(competes with projected capacitive)
102
Analog Multi-Touch Resistive (AMR)…3 AMR (also called “hybrid analog-digital”)
Suppliers: eTurboTouch, Mildex, Mutto, EETI, ATouch…
Limited IP on concept Number of touch points is
controller-dependent (2-10) Offered in 3” – 23”, but not
actually in production in allsizes
Can’t touch with two fingers on the same square
Source: Author
103
Analog Multi-Touch Resistive (AMR)…4
Gateway ZX6910 AiO with 23” AMR touchscreen from eTurboTouch
Drawing parallel lines with two closely held fingers (squares are 13 x 15 mm)
“There is no perfect touch technology”
Source: Photos by author
104
Analog Multi-Touch Resistive (AMR)…5
ActualProduct
21.5” analogmulti-touchresistive byeTurboTouch
28 x 17 lines= 17 mm x 16 mm squares(90 pins)
23” = 35 x 22 lines 15 mm x 13 mm (114 pins)
105
“Digital” Multi-Touch Resistive (DMR)…6 DMR (also called “digital matrix resistive”)
Stantum (in France) is primaryIP holder
Stantum’s strategy is to licensecontroller IP to IC manufacturers● Sitronix● ST Micro
Unlimited number of touch points Aimed at tablets & smartphones Fine pitch results in much
higher number of connections than AMR● 64 x 36 = 100 on 4.3” screen Intel-Quanta
“Redvale”Tablet
Source: Author
Source: Stantum106
“Digital” Multi-Touch Resistive (DMR)…7
9” slatedigital resistivetouchscreen byStantum(SID 2009)
107
Multi-Touch Resistive…8
Types (review) Segmented, for vertical-market applications All points addressable (APA), competes with pro-cap
● Analog (AMR)● “Digital” (DMR)
Constructions PET + Glass, PET + PET, etc. (same as analog resistive)
Options Technically same variety as analog resistive, but less demand
Size range 3” – 25”
Controllers AD Semi & others for analog type Stantum (Sitronix & ST Micro) for digital type
108
Multi-Touch Resistive…9
AdvantagesMulti-touch Simple & familiar resistive technology Lower cost than pro-cap
Disadvantages (same as resistive) Poor durability (PET top surface) Poor optical performance Non-zero touch force
ApplicationsMobile devices
Market share Just starting
Market trends Suppliers are gearing up to compete against pro-cap
Source: Jazz Mutant
Multi-touch musiccontrollers
(see US PatentApplication
2007-0198926
109
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Acoustic Pulse Recognition (APR) Dispersive Signal Technology (DST)Waveguide Infrared Vision-Based Force-Sensing Electromagnetic Resonance (EMR) Pen Digitizer
Other Emerging Touch Technologies
110
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AcousticPulse
Recognition(APR)
Source: Elo TouchSystems
“Zero-Bezel”
Single piece of glass (no bezel); black margin is
fired-on glass frit on underside
111
Acoustic Pulse Recognition (APR)…1
Source: Elo TouchSystems
Plain glass sensor with4 piezos on the edges
Table look-up of bendingwave samples (“acoustic touch signatures”)
112
Acoustic Pulse Recognition (APR)…2 Variations
“Stationary APR” from 10” to 52” with controller board “Mobile APR” from 2.8” to 10” with controller ASIC
Size range2.8” to 52”
Controllers Proprietary
AdvantagesWorks with finger, stylus or any other touch object Very durable & transparent touch sensor Resistant to surface contamination; works with scratches Totally flush top surface (“Zero-Bezel”) Very simple sensor (plain glass + 4 piezoelectric transducers)
113
Acoustic Pulse Recognition (APR)…3 Disadvantages
No “touch & hold”; no multi-touch (both are under development & may appear eventually)
Requires enough touch-force (tap) to generate sound Control of mounting method in bezel is critical
Applications POS, kiosks, gaming, mobile devices
Market share <1% (first production in Elo monitors was at the end of 2006)
Supplier Elo TouchSystems (sole source)
Market trends Elo has begun shipping APR to mobile device OEMs
114
Acoustic Pulse Recognition (APR)…4
Elo’s“Zero-Bezel”APR withcapacitivebuttons &scroll-wheelin lower-rightcorner, allon a singlesheet of glass(SID 2009)
115
Acoustic Pulse Recognition (APR)…5 APR and Sensitive Object
Elo/Tyco Electronics purchased Sensitive Object (www.sensitive-object.com) on 1/27/10 for $62M (wow!)
Sensitive Object’s technology is so similar to APR that the two companies cross-licensed in July, 2007
Source: Sensitive Object
But it’s beenmore than a yearand there’s nosign of any results from theacquisition…
116
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DispersiveSignal
Technology (DST)
Source: 3M
117
Dispersive Signal Technology…1
Source: 3M
Plain glass sensorwith 4 piezos inthe corners
Real-time analysis of bending waves in the glass (“timeof flight” calculation)
118
Dispersive Signal Technology…2
Variations None
Size range32” to 46” (3M may expand into larger sizes)
Controller Proprietary
Advantages Very simple sensor (plain glass + 4 piezoelectric transducers)Works with finger, stylus or any other touch object Very durable & transparent touch sensor Operates with static objects or scratches on the touch surface Fast response; highly repeatable touch accuracy; light touch
119
Dispersive Signal Technology…3
Disadvantages No “touch & hold”; no multi-touch Control of mounting method in bezel is critical
Applications Interactive digital signage; point-of-information (POI)
Market share < 1%
Supplier 3M (sole source)
Market trends DST still has a relatively low market profile due to 3M’s
very conservative rollout 3M avoids cannibalizing their surface-capacitive sales (<32”) 3M & Quanta working together on DST for mobile
120
APR vs. DST Technology Comparison
Characteristic APR DST Notes Size range 2.8”-52” 32”-46” 3M surface capacitive is 5.7”-32” Methodology Table lookup Real-time Measurement Bending waves Bending waves Multi-touch Under
development Gestures
announced 3M’s “multi-touch gestures” only work with two moving points
Touch & hold Under development
No
Activation force Moderate Light Controller Chip (mobile)
Board (fixed) Board (fixed)
Mounting Critical Critical Availability In monitors;
components for mobile devices
In monitors Neither technology has reached the “drop-in touch-screen” component state yet
Others Similar Similar Performance, materials, surface treatment, interface, etc.
121
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WaveguideInfrared
Source: RPO
122
Waveguide Infrared…1
Source: RPO
Principle
TraditionalInfrared
123
Waveguide Infrared…2
Photo source: RPO;annotation by author
IR LED
Waveguides
Line-scanoptical sensor
Substrate
Parabolicreflector
Light path(white)
Light path(uses TIRin substrate)
RPO’s actualconstruction(3.5” screen)
124
Waveguide Infrared…3
Variations None
Size range 3” to 14”
Controller Proprietary
AdvantagesMuch lower cost than traditional IR Very low profile height (0.5 mm) Higher resolution (depending on waveguide channel width)Much less pre-touch (IR is only 200µ above substrate)Works with a finger, stylus or any other touch object Object size recognition Limited multi-touch
Source: RPO
125
Waveguide Infrared…4
Disadvantages Can’t be scaled easily to large sizes (border width) Power consumption The “fly on the screen” problem (IR is only 200µ above substrate)
ApplicationsMobile devices & automotive (maybe)
Market share None
Suppliers RPO (Australian startup; sole source)
126
Waveguide Infrared…5
Market events RPO…
● Announced IR optical-waveguide touch at SID 2007● Showed improved performance at SID 2008● Showed larger sizes at SID 2009● Appeared in a 13.3” LG Display notebook at SID 2010● Went into “voluntary administration” (liquidation) in April 2011
Market trends RPO’s assets & intellectual property are now for sale
127
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Vision-Based
Source: Perceptive Pixel
128
Vision-Based…1
Principle (simplest version)
Source: Perceptive Pixel
Multiple touch points;Image taken without a diffuser
(Source: Perceptive Pixel)
Frustrated TotalInternal Reflection(FTIR)
129
Vision-Based…2
MicrosoftSurface (v1)
1 – Screen with diffuser2 – IR LED light source3 – Four IR cameras4 – DLP projector5 – Vista desktop
5
Projectorresolution1024x768-------------
Touchresolution1280x960
Source: Popular Mechanics
“Surface computing is about integrating the physical andvirtual worlds through the use of vision-based touch”
Source: Information Display
130
Vision-Based…3
Variations IR injected into the cover glass; touch points seen via FTIR IR illuminates underside of cover glass; touch points reflect IR
Size range As described, 30” and up
Substrates Glass or acrylic
Advantages Combination touch-screen and rear-projection screen Alternative to IR and projected-capacitive for rear projection Unlimited multi-touch (MS Surface spec is 52 touches max)
131
Vision-Based…4
Disadvantages As described, for use with rear-projection only Finger-only (FTIR) or IR-reflecting object (Surface)
Applications Interactive “video walls”; digital signage; high-end retail
Market share << 1%
SuppliersMicrosoft (Surface) Perceptive Pixel (Jeff Han’s famous videos) GestureTek & others “Build Your Own Multi-Touch Surface
Computer” – Maximum PC magazine (4/09)Source: NORTDwww.maximumpc.com/print/5878
132
Vision-Based…5
Market event The emergence of Microsoft’s Surface v1 product as an actual,
for-sale, shipping product rather than just a research platform The announcement of Microsoft/Samsung’s Surface v2 product
● Shipment expected “by the end of 2011”
Market trends Because a vision-based touch system can be assembled very
easily, it’s the most common platform used for research Interest in vision-based touch is rapidly increasing
● Google “touch table” for one view of related activity
133
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ForceSensing
Source: Vissumo
134
Force Sensing…1
Principle Suspend the touch-screen from force-sensors (strain gauges or
piezos) such that movement is constrained to only the z-axis
Variations IBM “TouchSelect”: Strain gauges
(early 1990s, unsuccessful) Vissumo: “Beam-mounted” sensors
(ran out of money in 2009) F-Origin: “Monofilament-mounted”
sensors (recovering after shrinkingto just one person)
FloatingTouch: “Flexible adhesivepad” sensors (just starting up)
Size range 5”-48”
Touch area
FrameSlot (4)Force sensor (4)
(Vissumo’s design)
135
Force Sensing…2
Vissumo’s Amazing Demo Box
Irregularly shaped,raised, textured,wooden touch surface
Glass-covered LCD integrated into touch panel with “soft keys” printed on back of glass
Raised, marbletouch surface with toggle switchespenetratingtouch panel
Multi-page “book” withtouchable & movablemetal pages
“Snap-dome” keys attached to touch panel; removable padded andtextured keys; speaker attached with holes through the touch panel.
Motor attached toand penetratingtouch panel withprinted speedcontrol keys andpush-pull controllever
4 strain gaugessupporting one
touch panel
Source: Photo by author136
Force Sensing…3
Advantages Complete substrate design freedom – no other touch
technology can handle three-dimensional substrateswith embedded moving objects
Disadvantages No vibration under 10 Hz; no rapid-fire touches
(>200 ms required between touches); no multi-touch (TBD) Applications
3D architectural applications Vertical-market applications
Market share Zero (F-Origin’s
undiscloseddesign)Source: Vissumo
137
Force Sensing…4
Market trends Vissumo’s “architectural” focus (e.g., a 3D elevator control panel
made of steel, glass & stone containing an embedded LCD with “soft keys” and a speaker) was strongly differentiated with some unique capabilities
One re-start (F-Origin) and one new startup (FloatingTouch)are tackling this technology again
138
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Source: Wacom
ElectromagneticResonance (EMR)
Pen Digitizer
139
EMR Pen Digitizer…1
Cordless penwithout battery
Sensor grid
Controllerchipset
LCD
many wires
5-8 wires
Serial/USB interfaceto host
Received RFTransmitted RF
LCTip
CMain
CSideSideswitch
Pen equivalent circuit
Pressure-sensitivecapacitor (CTip)
Coil (L)
Sensor grid schematic
Source: Wacom
Source: Wacom
(10µ copper)
140
EMR Pen Digitizer…2
Variations Sensor substrate (rigid FR4 vs. flexible 0.3 - 0.6 mm PET) Pen diameter (3.5 mm “PDA pen” to 14 mm “executive” pen)
Size range 2” to 14”
Controllers Proprietary
Advantages Very high resolution (1,000 dpi) Pen “hover” (mouseover = move cursor without clicking) Sensor is behind LCD = high durability & no optical degradation Batteryless, pressure-sensitive pen
2”
14”
Controller for 10.4”Source: Wacom
Single controller canrun both pen digitizer & pro-cap finger touch
141
EMR Pen Digitizer…3
Disadvantages Electronic pen = disables product if lost; relatively expensive Difficult integration requires lots of shielding in mobile computer Sensor can’t be integrated with some LCDs Single-source = relatively high cost
Applications Tablet PCs Opaque desktop graphics tablets Integrated tablet (pen) monitors E-book readers Smartphones… but zero traction
Market share 100% share in Tablet PCs
● Failed challengers: FinePoint/InPlay, Aiptek, Acecad, KYE, Synaptics, UC-Logic, Wintime
Majority share in graphics tablets & tablet monitors
Wacom “Bamboo” Tablet
142
EMR Pen Digitizer…4
SuppliersWacom, Hanvon, Waltop, UC-Logic/Sunrex
Market trendsMicrosoft significantly de-emphasized the pen in Windows 7,
so Wacom is selling into Tablet PCs against a headwind Pen in general is undergoing a lessening of importance
● iPhone and many imitators● Tablet PCs still a niche● iPad… doesn’t have a pen!
E-book readers are a naturalfit IF annotation is important…
E-Ink 9.7”PrototypeEMR Kit
143
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ComparingTouch
Technologies
144
Touch Technology vs. Application
Touch Technologies
Application
Example A
nalo
g R
esis
tive
Mul
ti-To
uch
Res
istiv
e
Surf
ace
Cap
aciti
ve
Proj
ecte
d C
apac
itive
SAW
Trad
ition
al IR
Wav
egui
de IR
Opt
ical
APR
DST
Forc
e Se
nsin
g
LCD
In-C
ell (
Ligh
t)
LCD
In-C
ell (
Volta
ge)
LCD
In-C
ell (
Cha
rge)
LCD
On-
Cel
l (C
harg
e)
Kiosk Point of Info (POI) Museum information O X O X O O X O O O X X X X X Kiosk Commerce Digital photo printing O X O O O X X X O O X X X X X Kiosk Ruggedized Gas pump X X O O O O X X X X O X X X X Point of Sale (POS) Restaurant; lottery O X O O O O X X O X O X X X X Office Automation Office monitor O X O X O X X X X X X X X X X Industrial Control Machine control O O O X O O X X X X O X X X X Medical Equipment Medical devices O X X O O X X X O X X X X X X Healthcare Patient info monitor O X X X O X X X O X X X X X X Military Fixed & Mobile Submarine console O X O X X O X X X X X X X X X Training & Conference Boardroom display O X X X O O X O X O X X X X X Legal Gaming Casino machine X X O X X X X X X X X X X X X Amusement Gaming Bar-top game X X O X O X X X O X X X X X X In-Vehicle GPS navigation O X X O X X O X X X X X X X X ATM Machine ATM machine X X O O O O X X X X X X X X X Mobile Device Smartphone O O X O X X O X O X O O O O O Appliance Refrigerator door O X X O X X X X O X X X X X X Architectural Elevator control X O X X X X X X X X O X X X X Consumer AiO & Monitor HP TouchSmart O X X X O X X O X X X X X X X Music Controller Jazz Mutant O O X O X X X X X X X X X X X Digital Signage Thru-window store X X X O O O X O O O X X X X X
145
13 Usability Characteristics
Touch Technologies
Desirable Characteristic A
nalo
g R
esis
tive
Mul
ti-To
uch
Res
istiv
e
Surf
ace
Cap
aciti
ve
Proj
ecte
d C
apac
itive
SAW
Trad
ition
al IR
Wav
egui
de IR
Opt
ical
APR
DST
Forc
e Se
nsin
g
LCD
In-C
ell (
Ligh
t)
LCD
In-C
ell (
Volta
ge)
LCD
In-C
ell (
Cha
rge)
LCD
On-
Cel
l (C
harg
e)
Usability Touch with any object H H L L M H H H H H H M M M L No unintended touch H H H H H L L L H H H H H H H Multi-touch L H L H M M M M L L L H H H H Touch & hold H H H H H H H H L L H H H H H High durability L L M H H H H H H H H M L L H High sensitivity (light touch) M M H H M H H H M H L H H H H Fast response & drag M M H H M M H H M H L L H M M Stable calibration M H L H H H H H H H H H H H H Very smooth surface L L H M M M M M M M M M L L M No liquid crystal pooling H H H H H H H H H H H H L L H Resistant to contaminants H H M H L M L M H H H L L L H Works in rain, snow & ice H H L H L L L L L L H L L L H Works with scratches L L M H H H H H M H H L L L H
There is…
146
13 Performance Characteristics
Touch Technologies
Desirable Characteristic A
nalo
g R
esis
tive
Mul
ti-To
uch
Res
istiv
e
Surf
ace
Cap
aciti
ve
Proj
ecte
d C
apac
itive
SAW
Trad
ition
al IR
Wav
egui
de IR
Opt
ical
APR
DST
Forc
e Se
nsin
g
LCD
In-C
ell (
Ligh
t)
LCD
In-C
ell (
Volta
ge)
LCD
In-C
ell (
Cha
rge)
LCD
On-
Cel
l (C
harg
e)
Performance
High optical performance L L M M H H H H H H H H H H M High resolution H M H H M L H H M M L M H L H High linearity H H M M M M H M M M H H H H M High accuracy & repeatability H M M H H M H M M M H H H H H Low power consumption H H L M L L M M H L H H L M M Insensitive to vibration H H H H H H H H H M L H H H H Insensitive to EMI & RFI H H L L H H H H H H H L L L M Insensitive to ambient light H H H H H M H M H H H L H H H Insensitive to UV light L L H H H H H H H H H H M M H Touch-object size recognition L M L H L L H H L L L M H M H Measures Z-axis L L L M M L L L L L H L L L M Handwriting recognition H M L M L L M H L L L M H L M Works with bi-stable reflective H H L H L L M L H L L M L L H
no perfect…
147
13 Integration Characteristics
Touch Technologies Desirable Characteristic A
nalo
g R
esis
tive
Mul
ti-To
uch
Res
istiv
e
Surf
ace
Cap
aciti
ve
Proj
ecte
d C
apac
itive
SAW
Trad
ition
al IR
Wav
egui
de IR
Opt
ical
APR
DST
Forc
e Se
nsin
g
LCD
In-C
ell (
Ligh
t )
LCD
In-C
ell (
Volta
ge)
LCD
In-C
ell (
Cha
rge)
LCD
On-
Cel
l (C
harg
e)
Integration
Substrate independence M M L H L H H H L L H L L L L Scalable M L M H M M L H H H H L L L L Easy integration H M L L M M M H L L M H H H H Flush surface (low profile) M M M H M L M L H H M H M M H Narrow border width H M M H L L M L H H M H H H H Thin and light H H L H L L M L L L L H H H H Easy to seal H H H H L M M L H H M M L L M Can be vandal-proofed L L M H H M M L H H H L L L L Works on curved surface M M L H L L L L L L H H L L H Can be laminated to LCD H H H H M M H H L L L H H H H HID (Plug & Play) interface L L L L L L L H L H L L L L L Simple controller H M L L L L M M M L H L H M M Controller chip available H H L H H L H L H L H L L L L
touch technology!
(Burma Shave)
148
© Copyright 2010 IMS Researchwww.imsresearch.com
Conclusions
Source: CG4TV
149
There Is No PerfectTouch Technology!
Technology
Major Advantage
Major Flaw
Analog (single-touch) Resistive Low cost Low durability Multi-Touch Resistive Multi-touch Low durability Surface Capacitive Touch sensitivity High drift Projected Capacitive Multi-touch Finger-only Surface Acoustic Wave Durability Soft touch object Traditional Infrared Reliability High cost Waveguide Infrared Low cost Contamination Camera-Based Optical Scalability Profile height Acoustic Pulse Recognition Any touch-object No touch & hold Dispersive Signal Technology Any touch-object No touch & hold Force-Sensing 3D substrate Vibration Vision-Based Multi-touch Rear projection LCD In-Cell (Light-Sensing) Integration Sensitivity LCD In-Cell (Voltage-Sensing) Integration Durability LCD In-Cell (Charge-Sensing) Integration Durability LCD On-Cell (Charge-Sensing) Integration Finger-only
150
A Prediction of Which Technologies Will Win in the Next Five Years
Application
Winning Technology
Runner-Up Technology
Automotive Analog Resistive Projected Capacitive Casino Gaming Projected Capacitive Surface Capacitive Consumer AiOs and Monitors
Projected Capacitive Camera-Based Optical
Consumer Tablets & Notebooks
Projected Capacitive Multi-Touch Resistive
Interactive Digital Signage
Camera-Based Optical
Traditional Infrared
Kiosks Surface Acoustic Wave
Surface Capacitive
Mobile Devices Projected Capacitive Analog Resistive POS Terminals Analog Resistive Traditional Infrared
151
Suggested Reading on Touch
March 2011
March 2010
December 2007
December 2006
http://www.informationdisplay.org/pastissue.cfm
152
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Thank You!Geoff Walker
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