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Experience in the Use of Nutrition forthe Management of HLB in China, with
a Reference to the Practice in Florida
Yulu Xia North Carolina State University
Ron Sequeira USDA APHIS PPQ CPHST
Santiago, Manzanillo, Mexico
August 18, 2011
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Content
The Big picture Why the topic?
A Brief on Citrus production, HLB, and ACP in China
Nutritional approach for HLB management inChina
Overall situation
Selected studies since 1937
Field practice and lessons learned Conclusions
Other considerations
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Why the topic?
Using nutritional approach
gathers momentum in Florida. Nutrition makes grove look
good (slides on right: top:GD/China, bottom: Florida)
The long time before thesymptom shows up after theinitial infection
The infected trees never die,just fade away
Data from field research is in earlystage or incomplete
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Why the topic?
Scientific community andgrowers
We must provide theanswers
Experience in China mayshortcut our experience
China experienced thesame frustration
Save our $, moreimportantly, time
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Citrus Growing Area in China
China has a much larger citrus production area.
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The Big Pictures ACP Occu.ACP Reported in at least 11 prov
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The Big Pictures HLB Occur.
HLB mainly occurs in the southern costalprovinces: Guangdong, Guangxi, andFujiang
Major HLB OccurrenceThe HLB Belt
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The first observations of diseased
citrus corresponding to what is nowrecognized as HLB werein southernChina in the late 19th century. In themid-20th century, the Chinese
researcher K.H. Lin provided ascientific description of HLB anddemonstrated its infectious nature.
--- National Research Council,Strategic Planning for the Florida CitrusIndustry: Addressing Citrus GreeningDisease (Huanglongbing), May 2010
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K. H. Lin promoted in China, in the middleof the 20th century, a three-prongedapproach to combating HLB after its
appearance in a region
(i)elimination of liberibacter inoculum byremoval of symptomatic trees,
(ii) insecticide treatments to keep psyllidvector populations as low as possible,and
(iii) production of healthy citrus trees
in closed, insect-proof nurseries for neworchards as well as for replacements ofremoved symptomatic trees
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Picture taken in 1930s showing HLBin Chaoshan, Guangdong
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Long and diverse citrus productionsystem
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Nutritional approach for HLB managementin China
A Brief of our current projects inChina
Overall situation Selected studies since 1937
Field practice and lessons learned
Conclusions & Questions
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Our current projects in China
Two grant projects by USDA APHIS
APHISs emphasis on methoddevelopment
ACP/HLB Field Method Development and
Outreach
Chinese HLB/ACP Literature Inventory
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Nutritional approach for HLB management inChina
A Brief of our current projectsin China
Overall situation Selected studies since 1937
Field Practice and Lessonslearned
Conclusions and Questions
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A Review of research on nutritionfor HLB management since 1937
- Overview
Using nutritional approach for HLBmanagement had been proposed since1930s
There were fierce debates on the issuesince 1950s all the way to 1980s
Numerous field studies, area-wide
programs, and surveys have beenconducted, no indication of effectiveness
Difference in response to nutrition amongcitrus species/cultivars
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Selected studies
First study was conducted during the
period of 1937 1941 by professor
CHEN Che Poh, in the middle of theworld II (Japan occupied China)
CHEN QB: 1943. A report of a study ofHuanglongbing in Chaoshan.Quarterly Bulletin of New Agriculture.
142 175
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Nutritions
zinc sulphate (ZnSo4), copper sulphate(CuSo4), boron(H3BO3), calcium sulphate(CaSo4), ferric sulphate(FeSo4), potassiumhydrophosphate (KH2PO4), magnesiumsulphate(MgSo4), soy bean residue, etc.
Application methods
foliar application
trunk injection
soil application
CHEN QB: 1943. A report of a study of Huanglongbing in Chaoshan. Quarterly Bulletin ofNew Agriculture. 142 175
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Conclusions
Application of various nutritions by threemethods did result any meaning differencesymptoms and growth, compared to theuntreated.
Problems with the experiment
Apparently no psyllid control
Relatively small experimental size and
duration
Fairly sick trees.
CHEN QB: 1943. A report of a study of Huanglongbing in Chaoshan. Quarterly Bulletin ofNew Agriculture. 142 175
A l b f fi ld t di
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A large number of field studies wereconducted using nutrition/fertilization andother cultural practices for managing HLB
from early 1940s to 1980s in China, nolong-term success or benefit had beendemonstrated.
LIN KH 1977. The Key Issues in Management of HLB.Bulletin of Citrus Technology and Technology 3-4: 28 37
ZHAO XY & YH JIANG. 1986. Effective HLBmanagement is a key step in Liuzhous citrus production
Chinese Southern Fruit. 2: 21 - 22
Again, they didnt pay much attention to 1)psyllid management, 2) differentiation of citruscultivars, 3) HLB infection rate, 4) age of the
plants, 5) citrus cultivation
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Nutritional approach for HLB managementin China
A Brief of our current projects inChina
Selected studies since1937
Field practice and lessonslearned
Conclusions and Questions
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Field Practice and Lessons Learned
The three-pronged approach, e.g. 1)using pathogen free seedlings, 2)removal of the infested plants, and3) control of vector insects, was
proposed by Dr. Lin and otherresearchers in 1950s.
However, this approach was notwidely adopted in China, even at
minority sometimes, using nutritionand other culture practice wasrepeatedly advocated by growersand event scientists.
LIN KH 1956, 1957, and 1962
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A test of removal infested tree, conducted byDr. Lin KH.
08-1956 to 03-1961
LIN KH 1962. Ten Year Debate on HLB and the Future. TheSouth Daily. March 29, March 30, March 31, 1962.
# of Citrus Tree Removal Area Control
Total plants at start 229 197
Total infested plants at start 11 (4.8%) 13 (6.6%)
Newly Infested - 1958 8 (3.5%) 19 (9.6%)
Newly infested - 1961 67 (29.2%) 112 (56.8%)
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Removal of the infected citrus
plants is no doubt the fundamentalin an effective HLB managementprogram.
In my view, current argumentis not about whether, butabout WHEN
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LIN KH 1956. Observation on yellow
shoot of citrus: aebiological studies ofyellow shoot of citrus. ActaPhytopathologica Sinica 2: 1 42.
LIN KH 1962. Ten Year Debate on HLBand the Future. The South Daily. March29, March 30, March 31, 1962.
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This view became widespread by the late
of 1950s, lead to local governmentsponsored Mass Area-wide of HLBManagement Program, mainly by
increasing fertilization, cutting the heavily
infested branches, and removingdecayed roots, across the huge HLBoccurrence area in southern China,
especially in Fujian and GuangdongProvinces, started in 1958. As expected,the program failed. HLB became evenmore serious.
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1960s and later Nutrition and other cultural practice have
been practiced among the small-scale,family-own groves. The three-prongedapproach is not widely used by thesegrowers.
Few scientists, especially those whodidnt conduct field study on the issue,
advocated the approach.
E.g. HOU XY 1985, distinguished botanist
and An Academician of CAS. This is the main reason that HLB is still a
problem there.
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Credit: Bai XJ
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The three-pronged approach adopted bythe bigger, professional growers, andworks well across China.
23.45%
8%
5%
1% 1% 0.44% 0.23% 0.13% 0.05%
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
HLB Occurrence in Li Xing Citrus Plantation, Guangxi Prov. credit: Bai XJ
HLB Rate
Year: 1 = 2001
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WU DY 2010HLB and Integrated
Management.
Pp. 177. Guangdong
Scientific Press.
LIN KH 1962. Ten Year Debate on HLB andthe Future. The South Daily. March 29,March 30, March 31, 1962.
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Nutritional approach for HLB managementin China
A Brief of our current projectsin China
Selected studies since1937
Field practice and lessonslearned
Conclusions
HLB i bl di if f ll
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HLB is a manageable disease if you follow
the principle
Nutrition/fertilization is not effective
generally. However, we find a number ofanecdotal evidences that the approachmay have value in following case
1. Mature plants, still look healthy,2. Vigorous psyllid management
3. And sound citrus management
4. Pomelo > sweet orange > mandarin >Limon
5. Then, you have to consider all otherfactors such as infection rate, age of
grove, etc.
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1. Ponkan and Jiaogan mandarins (Citrusreticulata), regarded as the most succeptibleto HLB , planted in 1967, in Fujian, China
2. Infection occurred in 2010 -2011.
3. By using foliar nutritional appli., keep psyllidvery low, lots of the infected trees still w/
decent production
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Other considerations
1. If you have to nutritionalapproach, it almost certain youCANT reduce the bacterium titer
in the plants, so??
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City/Country High temp Temp mean Hottest Record
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mean value
(C)value (C) month highest
temp (C)Guangzhou/China 32.7 28.5 July 39.1
Miami/US 31.7 28.2 August 37.8So Paulo/Brazil 28.0 22.4 February 37.0Bangalore/India 34.2 28.0 April 38.9Taipei/Taiwan 32.0 28.4 July 38.8Bali/Indonesia N/A N/A N/A 35.2Manzanillo/Comila/
MexicoN/A N/A July 33.0
Okinawa/Japan 30.7 28.1 August 35.6Ho Chi Min City/Vietnam N/A N/A N/A 39.4
New York City /USA 28.2 24.2 July 41.7Bakersfield(CA)/USA 36.9 28.9 July 47.2McAllen(TX)/USA 36.0 N/A July 43.0Jeddah/Saudi Arabia 37.6 32.4 July 52.0
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Other considerations
R 1 ()
R 1 ()
R 2 ()
R 2 ()
R 7 ()
R 7 ()
R 8 ()
R 8 ()
R 1 2 ()
R 1 2 ()
R 1 4 ()
R 1 4 ()
R 1 8 ()
R 1 8 ()
R 1 9 ()
R 1 9 ()
R 2 4 ()
R 2 4 ()
R 1 5 ()
R 1 5 ()
R 2 6 ()R 2 6 ()
R 3 4 ()
R 3 4 ()
0
0 . 0 5
0 . 1
0 . 1 5
0 . 2
0 . 2 5
0 . 3
0 . 3 5
0 . 4
0 . 4 5
1
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Other considerations
Since vector control is critical innutritional approach. Other citrusfeeding psyllids?
the pomello psyllids, Cacopsylla (Psylla) citrisuga, we find in
China, is likely another vector of HLB, pending furthertransmission study
Th k !
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Thank you!