Upload
lamdiep
View
240
Download
7
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
Nonexperimental Research: Qualitative Methods
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
� Explain the difference between qualitative and quantitative research.
� Discuss the different types of research sources that are regularly used in qualitative research.
� List the advantages and disadvantages of the case study method.
� List four ways ethnographies differ from case studies.
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
� List six steps involved in historical research.
� Discuss primary and secondary sources.� Given an historical data source, identify whether the source is primary or secondary.
� Explain why authenticity and accuracy are important to historical research.
� Discuss internal and external criticisms of historical research.
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
�Conducting Qualitative Research
� Research Sources
�Case Studies
� Ethnographies
�Historical Research
�Qualitative Research Tools
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
�Qualitative research
◦ Uses descriptions rather than numerical measurements of behavior
◦ Asks different kinds of questions
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
�Documents are often saved to provide a record for later use
◦ Public documents are usually readily available
◦ Availability of internal documents may be restricted
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
� Provide descriptive data about an organization
� Can be a “gold mine” of useful information
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
� Physical traces that are usually not purposely left behind
�Can provide insight into behavior that cannot be observed directly
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
� Researchers actually watch the behavior of interest
�Usually unobtrusive—the researcher does not interfere with or participate in the behavior
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
�Observers are members of the group being observed
�Observers can become biased—maintaining objectivity is essential
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
� Focus groups are formed to address specific issues
� A focus group has four main functions:
◦ Gather information
◦ Generate insight
◦ Understand how a group’s members reach decisions
◦ Encourage interaction
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
� Study one (or a few) persons, institutions, or events
�Are designed to gather as much detail about a subject as possible
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
� Limited focus allows detailed examination of subject
� Use several different techniques to gather data
� Best way to gather detailed information about subject
� Can suggest directions for future research
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
� Time-consuming
� Subject to biases in observing and recording data
� Lack breadth
� Cannot demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships
� Limited generalizability
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
�A good way to study a culture
� Provide rich detail about their subject
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
� The holistic perspective is more concerned with the “big picture”
◦ Looks at the entire group’s behavior rather than at individual behaviors
� Frequently uses participant observation
� Ethnographers avoid proposing hypotheses
◦ Researchers begin with only enough information to “fit in”
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
� “Those who forget the past are condemned to repeat it!”(George Santayana, 1905)
�Historical research is also called historiography
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
� Define a topic
� Form a hypothesis
� Decide on useful and appropriate sources
� Determine how to evaluate evidence
� Integrate and synthesize data
� Interpret results with reference to the original hypothesis
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
� Primary sources
◦ Originate with the people or animals actually involved in the historical event
◦ Are direct results of the historical event
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
� Secondary sources
◦ Are at least “once removed” from the historical event
◦ Result from “after-the-fact” reports of an historical event
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
�Authenticity or external criticism asks whether data originated as described
◦ Did the person who signed a document actually write it?
◦ Was an artifact found where it was left, or was it “planted” or moved?
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
�Authenticity or internal criticism asks whether the source of the data was objective and trustworthy
◦ Do archival documents “fairly” represent what actually happened?
◦ Do surviving artifacts adequately reflect an entire culture or only a small part of it?
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
�Generalizability is limited
�Data are not observed by trained observers, and so may be questioned
� Time-consuming
� Evaluated by different criteria than quantitative research
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
�Help manage large, qualitative data sets
� Enable plain text analysis
� Link between documents
� Search documents
�Code and analyze data
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
� Explain the difference between qualitative and quantitative research?
� Discuss the different types of research sources that are regularly used in qualitative research?
� List the advantages and disadvantages of the case study method?
� List four ways ethnographies differ from case studies?
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
� List six steps involved in historical research?
� Discuss primary and secondary sources?
� Given an historical data source, identify whether the source is primary or secondary?
� Explain why authenticity and accuracy are important to historical research?
� Discuss internal and external criticisms of historical research?