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Course No. & Title : SEWP ZG512 Object Oriented Analysis and Design

Instructor : Prof. Santosh Chobe

Contact details :sanchobe@yahoo.com

DISTANCE LEARNING PROGRAMMES DIVISION

BIRLA INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY& SCIENCE, PILANI

MS in Software Engineering

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PROCEDURALPROGRAMMING

Concentrates more on actions and logic

No data hiding

Reusability is difficult

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OBJECT-ORIENTEDPROGRAMMING

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming language

model organized around "objects" rather than "actions" and data

rather than logic.

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DATA

METHOD METHOD

METHOD METHOD

Object = data + method

OBJECT

Data

Methods

Bicycle as an Object

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A classis the blueprint from which individual objects are created.

CLASS

A classdefines the characteristics of a thing (object), including its

attributes or properties and the thing's behaviors (the things it can do,

or methods, operations).

The properties and methods defined by a class are called members.

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CLASS

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Functions and Procedures are attached to an Object andallow the object to perform actions.

Unlike structures, OOP allows you to attach functions and

procedures to your code.

This means that not only can you store details about you

car (the attributes), you can also allow for sub routines such

as drive() and refuel(), which are attached to each class.

METHODS

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CLASSSTRUCTURE

struct room

{

int length,breadth;};

class room

{

private:int length,breadth;

public:

void getdata();

}

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A particular instance of a class.

OBJECT

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Features of Object-Oriented Language

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ENCAPSULATION

The wrapping up of data and methods into a single unit (called class)

Encapsulation is the mechanism that binds together code andthe data it manipulates, and keeps both safe from outside

interference and misuse.

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ENCAPSULATION

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DATA HIDING

The insulation of the data from direct access by the program.

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The process by which one object acquires the properties

of another object.

Child Classes can inherit attributes and behaviors from

their parent classes, and can introduce their own.

INHERITANCE

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INHERITANCE

Bird

Attributes:Features

Lay eggs

Flying Bird

Attributes:

______

______

Non Flying

Bird

Attributes:

_______

_______

Robin

Attributes:

______

Swallow

Attributes:

______

Penguin

Attributes:

______

Kiwi

Attributes:

______

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POLYMORPHISM

The ability to take more forms.

e. g. + is used for addition and

concatenation.

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POLYMORPHISM

Shape

Draw()

Triangle ObjectDraw(triangle)

Box ObjectDraw(box)

Circle Object

Draw(circle)

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BENEFITS OF OOP

Reusability

Information Hiding

Software Complexity can be managed

Systems can be easily upgraded from small to

large systems.

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WHATISANALYSISANDDESIGN?

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Analysis emphasizes an investigation of the problem and

requirements, rather than a solution.

For example, if a new computerized library information

system is desired, how will it be used?

"Analysis" is a broad term, best qualified, as in

requirements analysis (an investigation of the requirements)

or object analysis (an investigation of the domain objects).

ANALYSIS

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Design emphasizes a conceptual solution that fulfills the

requirements, rather than its implementation.

For example, a description of a database schema and

software objects.

Ultimately, designs can be implemented.

DESIGN

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Analysis and design have been summarized in the phase

do the right thing (analysis), and do the thing right (design).

ANALYSISANDDESIGN

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WHATISOBJECTORIENTEDANALYSIS?

The emphasis is on finding and describing the objects

(or concepts) in the problem domain.

In a Library Information System, some of the conceptsinclude Book, Library, and Student.

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WHATISOBJECTORIENTEDDESIGN?

The emphasis is defining software objects and how they

collaborate to fulfill the requirements.

In a Library Information System, a Book software object

may have a titleattribute and a getChaptermethod.

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IMPLEMENTATION

During Implementation, or Object-Oriented Programming,

design objects are implemented, such as a book class in

Java.

Implementation is also known as Codingor Construction.

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ITERATIVEANDWATERFALLPROCESSES

The essential difference between the two is how you break

up a project into smaller chunks.

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WATERFALLPROCESSES

The waterfall style breaks down a project based on activity. To build Software, you have to do certain activities :

requirements analysis, design, coding, and testing.

Our 1-year project might thus have a 2-month analysis

phase, followed by a 4-month design phase, followed by a

3-month coding phase, followed by a 3-month testing

phase.

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ITERATIVEPROCESSES

In this lifecycle approach, development is organized into aseries of short, fixed-length (for example, three-week) mini-

projects called iterations; the outcome of each is a tested,

integrated, and executable partial system.

Each iteration includes its own requirements analysis,

design, implementation, and testing activities.

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ITERATIVEPROCESSES

The iterative style breaks down a project by subsets of

functionality . You might take a year and break it into 3-month iterations.

In the first iteration, you'd take a quarter of the requirements

and do the complete software life cycle for that quarter :

analysis, design, code, and test .

At the end of the first iteration, you'd have a system that does

a quarter of the needed functionality .

Then you'd do a second iteration so that at the end of 6

months, you'd have a system that does half the functionality .

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BENEFITS OFITERATIVEDEVELOPMENT

less project failure, better productivity, and lower defect rates;

shown by research into iterative methods

early rather than late mitigation of high risks (technical,

requirements, objectives, usability, and so forth)

early visible progress early feedback, user engagement, and adaptation, leading to a

refined system that more closely meets the real needs of the

stakeholders

the learning within an iteration can be methodically used to

improve the development process itself, iteration by iteration