2012 Contracts Slides Ch 4

7/22/2019 2012 Contracts Slides Ch 4

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Hi Hitmgl (Wurprmsl)

- Wplgmamg Hitmgl

- Elhlrjc Hitmgl

- Tmklcy Hitmgl

Hi Gbimgl (Ipprlssmih)

- Jdblsmih

- Kjr`lt \hmairkmty

- Mkpirtjht Eiid ir Wlrvmgl

\hrljsihjocl Wuostjhgl- \hducy Ourdlhsikl

- Ihl-Wmdld


3/68

^riglss air Wciw ^riglssirs. DlUjyhl Buoolrt purgbjsld j gikputlr

ihcmhl arik Dlcc Girpirjtmih. Ti kj`l j purgbjsl ih tbl Dlcc wlosmtl, Buoolrtbjd ti amcc iut mhairkjtmih ih amvl slpjrjtl wlo pjels. Ljgb pjel mhgcudld jocul byplrcmh` ti tbl Tlrks jhd Gihdmtmihs ia Wjcl, wbmgb, mh turh, privmdld,mh jcc gjpmtjc clttlrs, tbjt jhy dmsputl rlcjtld ti tbl purgbjsl WBJCC OL_LWICQLD LRGC\WMQLC] JHD AMHJCC] O] OMHDMHE J_OMT_JTMIH

JDKMHMWTL_LD O] TBL HJTMIHJC J_OMT_JTMIH AI_\K. Tbl cjst tbrllwlo pjels jcsi stjtld tbjt Jcc sjcls jrl suoflgt ti Dlccs Tlrks jhdGihdmtmihs ia Wjcl. Dlcc dmd hit rlqumrl gustiklrs ti jg`hiwcldel ir jsslhtti mts tlrks jhd gihdmtmihs. Mt dmd mhgcudl j gipy ia tbl tlrks mh tbl oix slht tipurgbjslrs, jcihe wmtb hitmgl ia mts titjc sjtmsajgtmih picmgy6 m.l., purgbjslrsgiucd iotjmh j aucc rlauhd ma tbly rlturhld tblmr gikputlrs wmtbmh 7> djys.

Buoolrt dmd hit rlturh bms gikputlr jhd cjtlr suld Dlcc mh stjtl giurt, jcclemhetbjt tbl gikpjhy dlglmvld bmk, jhd itblr gustiklrs, joiut tbl priglssmhesplld ia tbl gikputlr. Dlcc kivld ti lhairgl tbl jromtrjtmih gcjusl. Ubisbiucd prlvjmc9


4/68

^riglss air Wciw ^riglssirs.

j) Dlcc, olgjusl tbl gihtrjgt privmdld tbjt dmsputls kust ol rlsicvld tbriuebjromtrjtmih.

o) Buoolrt, olgjusl tbl tlrk wjs hit jdlqujtlcy gikkuhmgjtld.

g) Buoolrt, olgjusl tbl tlrk wjs uhgihsgmihjocl.


5/68

^riglss air Wciw ^riglssirs. Tbl trmjc giurt aiuhd tbjt Dlccs ihcmhl tlrks

jhd gihdmtmihs bjd hit ollh jdlqujtlcy gikkuhmgjtld ti purgbjslrs jhdwlrl tblrlairl hit pjrt ia tbl gihtrjgt. Mh Buoolrt v. Dlcc Girp., 27< H.L.?d::7 (Mcc. Jpp. ?>>


6/68

Dljtb ih tbl Bmeb Wljs. Ublh Oioom Fi jhd Filc Ujccms oii`ld tblmr

Kldmtlrrjhljh grumsl wmtb ^rmhglss Grumsls, Mhg., tbly rlglmvld j pjg`ltgihtjmhmhe tmg`lt giupihs jhd j ^jssjel Gihtrjgt. Jt tbl oittik ia Giupih>: ia tbl tmg`lt pjg`lt wjs tbl wjrhmhe bljdcmhl MK^I_TJHT HITMGL mh :/2mhgb typl, aicciwld oy tbms stjtlklht mh :/:1 mhgb typl6

TBMW TMG@LT MHGC\DLW TBL ^JWWJEL GIHT_JGT TL_KW WLT AI_TB JT TBL LHD IA

TBMW ^JG@LT UBMGB J_L OMHDMHE IH ]I\. ^CLJWL _LJD JCC WLGTMIHW GJ_LA\CC]JW TBL] JAALGT ]I\_ CLEJC _MEBTW, J_TMG\CJ_C] WLGTMIH :4 EIQL_HMHE TBL

^_IQMWMIH IA KLDMGJC JHD ITBL_ ^L_WIHJC WL_QMGLW JHD WLGTMIHW :4, Giupih >5, Giupih >2, jhd Giupih >=. Tlxt ia smkmcjrwirdmhe jppljrld jgriss tbl tip ia tbl amrst pjel ia tbl ^jssjel Gihtrjgt,cigjtld olbmhd tbl tmg`lt giupihs. Ih pjels smx jhd slvlh ia tbl ^jssjelGihtrjgt wjs j pjrjerjpb bljdld :1. CMKMTJTMIHW IH GJ__ML_WCMJOMCMT]0 MHDLKHMAMGJTMIH. Tbl smxtb jhd slvlhtb slhtlhgls ia tblpjrjerjpb rljd6

gihtmhuld ih hlxt scmdl


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Dljtb ih tbl Bmeb Wljs. (gihtmhuld)

Gjrrmlr sbjcc ol lhtmtcld ti jhy jhd jcc cmjomcmty cmkmtjtmihs, mkkuhmtmls jhd rmebts jppcmgjocl ti mt

uhdlr tbl Gihvlhtmih _lcjtmhe ti tbl Gjrrmjel ia ^jsslhelrs jhd Tblmr Cueejel oy Wlj ia

:=51 (Jtblhs Gihvlhtmih) wbmgb cmkmts tbl Gjrrmlrs cmjomcmty air dljtb ia ir plrsihjc mhfury ti j

^jsslhelr ti hi kirl tbjh tbl jppcmgjocl jkiuht ia Wplgmjc Drjwmhe _mebts js dlamhld tblrlmh,

jhd jcc itblr cmkmts air djkjel ir ciss ia plrsihjc priplrty.

Tbl :=51 Jklhdklhts ti tbl Jtblhs Gihvlhtmih (ti wbmgb tbl \hmtld Wtjtls ms hit j smehjtiry),mh turh, dlamhl Wplgmjc Drjwmhe _mebts js 41,111 mhtlrhjtmihjc uhmts ia jggiuht.

Mh tbl giursl ia tbl grumsl, Filc Ujccms dmsjppljrld ivlroijrd0 bms dlgikpisldoidy cjtlr wjsbld up ih tbl Erll` sbirl. Oioom Fi Ujccms suld ^rmhglss uhdlrj hukolr ia clejc tblirmls, jhd ^rmhglss kivld air pjrtmjc sukkjry fudeklht

tbjt mts cmjomcmty wjs cmkmtld oy mts gihtrjgt wmtb tbl Ujccmss ti $1>,>>>. Wbiucd^rmhglss prlvjmc9


8/68

Dljtb ih tbl Bmeb Wljs.

j) ]ls, olgjusl tbl tlrks wlrl privmdld jhd grumsls jrl hit j hlglssmty.

o) Hi, olgjusl ^rmhglss privmdld mhsuaamgmlht hitmgl ia tbl cmjomcmty cmkmtjtmih.


9/68

Dljtb ih tbl Bmeb Wljs. Tbl aldlrjc dmstrmgt giurt erjhtld tbl kitmih air

pjrtmjc sukkjry fudeklht. Mh Ujccms v. ^rmhglss Grumsls, Mhg., 7>1 A.7d 2?5(=tb Gmr., ?>>?), tbl Hmhtb Gmrgumt Giurt ia Jppljcs rlvlrsld, bicdmhe tbjt tblUjccmss cjg`ld tbl jomcmty ti olgikl kljhmheauccy mhairkld ia tbl gihtrjgtujctlrks jt stj`l (wbmgb mt dltlrkmhld wjs j qulstmih ia cjw). Tbl giurt amrstjs`ld wbltblr tbl pbysmgjc gbjrjgtlrmstmgs ia tbl tmg`lts privmdld suaamgmlhtcygihspmguius hitmgl tbjt tbl rlclvjht tlrks jhd gihdmtmihs jppcmgjocl ti tblgihtrjgt, jhd aiuhd tbjt tbly dmd. Tbl giurt tblh dltlrkmhld, biwlvlr, tbjttbl tlxt ia pjrjerjpb :1 dmd hit privmdl pjsslhelrs wmtb jh jomcmty ti olgiklkljhmheauccy mhairkld gihglrhmhe tbl gihtlht ia tbl rlclvjht cmkmtjtmih iacmjomcmty olgjusl j pjsslhelr wmsbmhe ti iotjmh sugb mhairkjtmih wiucd bjvl ticii` up tbl Jtblhs Gihvlhtmih, uhdlrstjhd tbjt pjrjerjpb :1 rlalrs tiGihvlhtmih js jklhdld mh :=51, dltlrkmhl tbjt tbl :=51 ^ritigic cmkmtscmjomcmty ti 41,111 uhmts ia jggiuht plr gjrrmjel, jhd amhd j amhjhgmjc siurgl tbjtmt wiucd lhjocl gihvlrsmih ia tbjt jkiuht ti \.W. diccjrs.


10/68

Icd Ulst. Tbl Gidy Giuhtry Gbjkolr ia Gikklrgl spihsirld kig`

euhamebt plrairkjhgls ih tbl strllts ia Gidy, Uyikmhe, tbriueb j eriupgjccld tbl Gidy Giuhtry Euhamebtlrs Gcuo, air tbl purpisl ia prikitmhe cigjctiurmsk. Ti fimh tbl Gcuo jhd plrairk mh tbl euhamebts, Djvmd Oilbk wjsrlqumrld ti smeh jh jppcmgjtmih wmtb tbl aicciwmhe lxgucpjtiry gcjusl6

M sbjcc plrairk js j Euhamebtlr lhtmrlcy jt ky iwh rms` jhd sbjcc bicd bjrkclssjhd rlcljsl tbl Gidy Gbjkolr ia Gikklrglarik jhy jhd jcc gcjmks jhddjkjels wbmgb sjmd pjrtmgmpjht kjy mhgur arik pjrtmgmpjtmih mh jhy jhd jcc jgtmvmtmlssjhgtmihld oy tbl Gcuo.

Ubmcl pcjymhe tbl ricl ia j ojhdmt euhhld diwh oy sblrmaa dlputmls mh j kig`

euhamebt, Oilbk suaalrld jh mhfury ti bms lyl. Bl suld tbl Gbjkolr iaGikklrgl jcclemhe hlecmelhgl, jhd tbl Gbjkolr siuebt sukkjry fudeklhtojsld ih tbl lxgucpjtiry gcjusl. Wbiucd tbl gihtrjgt cjheujel prlgcudlOilbks tirt sumt9


11/68

Icd Ulst.

j) ]ls, olgjusl tbl gihtrjgts cjheujel gcljrcy dmsgcjmks jcc cmjomcmty ih tbl pjrtia tbl Gbjkolr ia Gikklrgl.

o) Hi, olgjusl tbl Gbjkolrs jttlkpt ti dmsgcjmk cmjomcmty air mts iwh

hlecmelhgl gihtrjvlhls puocmg picmgy.

g) Hi, olgjusl tbl dmsgcjmklr ms uhgihsgmihjocl.


12/68

Icd Ulst. Tbl trmjc giurt erjhtld tbl Gbjkolrs kitmih, jhd tbl Uyikmhe

Wuprlkl Giurt jaamrkld. Tbl giurt lxpcjmhld tbjt tbms typl ia lxgucpjtirygcjusl ms uhlhairgljocl wblrl tbl slrvmgl ir jgtmvmty Pms[ gihsmdlrld sumtjoclair puocmg rleucjtmih jhd gjh iatlh ol j kjttlr ia prjgtmgjc hlglssmty air siklklkolrs ia tbl puocmg. Js j rlsuct, tbl pjrty iaalrmhe tbl slrvmgl irjgtmvmtykjmhtjmhs suplrmir ojrejmhmhe pismtmih ia tbisl sll`mhe tbl slrvmgl irpjrtmgmpjtmhe mh tbl jgtmvmty. Tbl giurt blcd tbjt tbms gjsl gihglrhld jvicuhtjry jgtmvmtPy[ tbjt dmd hit dlkjhd j puocmg duty hir grljtl j slvlrldmspjrmty ia ojrejmhmhe piwlr. Oilbk v. Gidy Giuhtry Gbjkolr iaGikklrgl, 542 .?d 5>4 (:=25). Tbl giurt blcd tbjt tbl gcjusl dmd hitprlvlht Oilbk arik sumhe air wmccauc ir wjhtih kmsgihdugtj airk iamhtlhtmihjc tirtout upblcd sukkjry fudeklht ih gjusl ia jgtmih js olgjuslOilbk iaalrld hi lvmdlhgl tbjt wiucd suppirt tbjt gcjmk.


13/68

Glcc ^bihls Umtbiut Gcjss. Qmhglht jhd Cmzj Gihglpgmih lhtlrld mhti j gihtrjgt wmtb

JT&T Kiomcmty CCG air tbl sjcl jhd slrvmgmhe ia glccucjr tlclpbihls. Tbl amhl prmht mh tblJT&Tdrjatld jerllklht rlqumrld tbjt kist dmsputls kust ol slttcld tbriueb jromtrjtmih,jctbiueb mt privmdld tbjt JT&T wmcc pjy jcc jromtrjtmih gists air hiharmvicius gcjmks jhd jcciwldgustiklrs ti jromtrjtl skjcc gcjmks (uhdlr $:>,>>>) vmj tlclpbihl ir ormhe tblk mh skjcc gcjmksgiurt. Mt aurtblr splgmamld tbjt gustiklrs kust ormhe jhy gcjmks mh tblmr mhdmvmdujc gjpjgmty, jhdhitmh jhy purpirtld gcjss ir rlprlslhtjtmvl priglldmhe, jhd mt smkmcjrcy pribmomtld jromtrjtirsarik gihsicmdjtmhe jhy sumts mhti gcjss jgtmih priglldmhes. Ublh tbl Gihglpgmihs wlrl gbjreld

$7>.?? mh sjcls tjx air j suppisldcy arll pbihl, tbly amcld j gcjss jgtmih gcjmk jejmhst JT&T mhaldlrjc giurt jcclemhe arjud. JT&T jreuld tbjt, uhdlr tbl gihtrjgt, tbl Gihglpgmihs kustjromtrjtl, jhd giucd ormhe ihcy tblmr mhdmvmdujc gcjmk rjtblr tbjh j gcjss jgtmih.

Gjcmairhmj cjw privmdls tbjt gihtrjgts wbmgb lxlkpt jhyihl arik rlspihsmomcmty air bms iwharjudjrl jejmhst tbl picmgy ia tbl cjw. Gjc. Gmv. Gidl :112. Tbl Aldlrjc Jromtrjtmih Jgt (AJJ)privmdls tbjt gihtrjgtujc jromtrjtmih privmsmihs sbjcc ol vjcmdjhd lhairgljocl, sjvl upih sugb

eriuhds js lxmst jt cjw ir mh lqumty air tbl rlvigjtmih ia jhy gihtrjgt. Tbl Wuprlkl Giurt bjsmhtlrprltld tbl AJJ ti pribmomt stjtls arik dmsgrmkmhjtmhe jejmhst jromtrjtmih gcjusls mh gihtrjgtsjs sugb out ti plrkmt cmtmejhts ti rjmsl jhy elhlrjc stjtl cjw dlalhsls ti gihtrjgt lhairglklhttbjt tbly kmebt bjvl lvlh wblh tbjt kljhs jh jromtrjtmih gcjusl wiucd ol mhvjcmdjtld.

Ms tbl JT&T jromtrjtmih gcjusl, wbmgb, ma laalgtmvl, wiucd kj`l mt mkpissmocl air tbl Gihglpgmihs tiormhe jhy gcjss jgtmih gcjmk, lhairgljocl9


14/68

Glcc ^bihls Umtbiut Gcjss.

j) ]ls, olgjusl tbl AJJ pritlgts tbl vjcmdmty ia tbl gcjusl.

o) Hi, olgjusl tbl gcjusl ms uhgihsgmihjocl.


15/68

Glcc ^bihls Umtbiut Gcjss. Ih j


16/68

Olhhy Ouylr gjccs Wjccy Wlcclr jhd js`s air prmgl ia wmdelts.

W rlspihds6 $:> plr wmdelt.

O Wjys6 Tbjt siuhds eiid.

Hlxt djy, O slhds purgbjsl irdlr air :> wmdelts jt $:>, wmtb oimclrpcjtl tlrks6

- Dlcmvlry wmtbmh :> djys.- ? yljr wjrrjhty ih wmdelt plrairkjhgl.

W slhds jg`hiwcldeklht ia irdlr air :> wmdelts jt $:>/plr suoflgt ti6

- Dlcmvlry wmtbmh :4 djys.

- Hi wjrrjhtmls (wmdelts sicd js ms).

Umdelts jrrmvl :7 djys jatlr irdlr wjs pcjgld.

O slhds W gblg` air $:>>.

Ihl kihtb cjtlr, wmdelts kjcauhgtmih.


17/68

Hih-mdlhtmgjc airks, ?d airk hit lxprlsscy gihdmtmihjc ih jsslht

- @ uhdlr ?-?>5(:)

- ^ripisjc air gbjhels lvjcujtld uhdlr ?-?>5(?)

POlhhy/Wjccy bypitbltmgjc[

Hih-mdlhtmgjc airks, ?d airk ms lxprlsscygihdmtmihjc ih jsslht

- Hi @ uhdlr ?-?>5(:)

- @ gjh ol grljtld oy gihdugt

- Tlrks dltlrkmhld uhdlr ?-?>5(7)

P Clihjrd ^ljvjr Gi. piss mo m c m ty [

Irjc jerllklht aicciwld oy gihamrkjtiry klki

- @ uhdlr ?-?>5(:)

- ^ripisjc air gbjhels lvjcujtld uhdlr ?-?>5(?)

P@cigl`, Clihjrd ^ljvjr Gi. piss mo m c m ty [


18/68

M Umsb M wjs jh Isgjr Kjylr Ulmhlr. Isgjr Kjylr Aiids rleucjrcy purgbjsld

arik \hmih Gjromdl pcjstmg gjsmhes usld mh kjhuajgturmhe sjusjels. Isgjr Kjylrwiucd suokmt j purgbjsl irdlr air j splgmamg qujhtmty ia gjsmhes, jhd \hmih Gjromdlwiucd slhd jh mhvimgl. Tbl aicciwmhe gcjusl jppljrld ih tbl ojg` ia tbl mhvimgls jhdjcsi mh j prmgl oii` tbjt \hmih Gjromdl slht ti gustiklrs arik tmkl ti tmkl6

Mh jddmtmih ti tbl purgbjsl prmgl, Ouylr sbjcc pjy Wlcclr tbl jkiuht ia jcc

eivlrhklhtjc tjxls tbjt Wlcclr kjy ol rlqumrld ti pjy wmtb rlsplgt ti tblpridugtmih, sjcl ir trjhspirtjtmih ia jhy kjtlrmjcs dlcmvlrld blrluhdlr.

Mh :=2>, Isgjr Kjylr tbrljtlhld ti ouy arik jhitblr slcclr wbmgb wiucd hit bjvl tigbjrel Gbmgjei sjcls tjx olgjusl tbl slcclr tii` irdlrs jt jh iaamgl iutsmdl Gbmgjei.\hmih Gjromdl rlspihdld oy dmrlgtmhe Isgjr Kjylr ti suokmt irdlrs ti \hmih Gjromdls

iaamgl iutsmdl ia Gbmgjei, jhd stippld gbjremhe sjcls tjxls ih Isgjr Kjylrs irdlrs.Tbl Mccmhims Tjx Jutbirmty dlgmdld tbjt \hmih Gjromdl sbiucd bjvl ollh gbjremhe tjxls,jhd jsslssld \hmih Gjromdl air ojg` tjxls js wlcc js mhtlrlst tblrlih air mtstrjhsjgtmihs wmtb Isgjr Kjylr. \hmih Gjromdl ms sll`mhe rlmkourslklht arik IsgjrKjylr, gmtmhe tbl mhdlkhmamgjtmih gcjusl ih tbl mhvimgl. Ms Isgjr Kjylr cmjocl9


19/68

M Umsb M wjs jh Isgjr Kjylr Ulmhlr.

j) ]ls, olgjusl Isgjr Kjylr bjd mkpcmgmtcy mhgirpirjtld tbl tjx tlrk mhti mtsiaalr.

o) Hi olgjusl tbl tjx tlrk wjs \hmih Gjromdls pripisjc air jh jddmtmihjc

tlrks tbjt wjs hlvlr jgglptld.


20/68

M Umsb M wjs jh Isgjr Kjylr Ulmhlr. Tbl Wlvlhtb Gmrgumt, mh jh ipmhmih oy

Fudel _mgbjrd ^ishlr, gihgcudld tbjt tbl mhdlkhmty gcjusl kjtlrmjccy jctlrld tbltlrks ia tbl pjrtmls jerllklht jhd blhgl mt dmd hit olgikl pjrt ia tbl gihtrjgtuhdlr ?-?>5(?). \hmih Gjromdl Girp. v. Isgjr Kjylr Aiids Girp., =45 A.?d :777(5tb Gmr. :==:). Js \hmih Gjromdl gihgldld air purpisls ia ?-?>5 jhjcysms,Isgjr Kjylrs purgbjsl irdlrs wlrl tbl iaalrs, jhd \hmih Gjromdls mhvimglswlrl tbl jgglptjhgl (jhd tbl prmgl oii` wjs lmtblr jh uhjgglptld iaalr ir j hih-

iaalr prmgl quitjtmih). Olgjusl oitb pjrtmls jrl klrgbjhtsir pris uhdlr\GG ?-:>4(:), jddmtmihjc tlrks mh tbl jgglptjhgl olgikl pjrt ia tbl pjrtmlsgihtrjgt uhclss tbisl tlrks kjtlrmjccy jctlr tbl jerllklht (uhclss tbl iaalrirgihslhts ti tbl kjtlrmjc jddmtmihs). Ma tbl tlrk kjtlrmjccy jctlrs tbl gihtrjgt, tbljgglptjhgl ms stmcc laalgtmvl out tbl tlrk ms hit6 tbl gihtrjgt ms lhairgljocl kmhustbl tlrk tbl iaalrll trmld ti jdd. Tbl giurt gihgcudld tbjt tbl tjx gcjusl

kjtlrmjccy jctlrld tbl gihtrjgt olgjusl mt Isgjr Kjylr gbisl ti ouy arik \hmihGjromdl ojsld ih \hmih Gjromdls rlprlslhtjtmih tbjt hi tjx cmjomcmty lxmstld. Ma jtjx mhgrljsl sbiwld up ih jh mhvimgl, Isgjr Kjylr wiucd bjvl ti pjy out kmebttblh dlgmdl ti gljsl ouymhe gjsmhes arik \hmih Gjromdl Ti jssuklrlspihsmomcmty air tjxls sbiwh ih jh mhdmvmdujc mhvimgl ms qumtl dmaalrlht arikjssukmhe jh iplh-lhdld, mhdlld mhgjcgucjocl, cmjomcmty air ojg` tjxls.


21/68

Gikoustmocl Tblrkistjts. Mh ?>>2, Ljst @lhtug`y îwlr Giiplrjtmvl (L@^G) suokmttld j

purgbjsl irdlr ti Gikvlrel air ?,> prierjkkjocl tblrkistjts. Tbl Î gihtjmhld ojsmg tlrks iatbl sjcl, mhgcudmhe mtlk dlsgrmptmih, qujhtmty, uhmt prmgl, jhd titjc prmgl, jhd jcsi mhgcudld tblslprivmsmihs6

Tblsl tlrks jhd gihdmtmihs js slt airk ih tbms irdlr jrl tbl ihcy tlrks jhd gihdmtmihs tbjt eivlrh tbms trjhsjgtmih.

Jhy jgtmih ti lhairgl tbms purgbjsl irdlr sbjcc ol oriuebt mh tbl Ljstlrh Dmstrmgt ia @lhtug`y.

Mh rlspihsl, Gikvlrel slht mts Wjcls Irdlr Jgglptjhgl wbmgb jgglptld L@^Gs iaalr, out jcsistjtld6

Iur jgglptjhgl ia ûrgbjslrs irdlr ms gihdmtmihld upih ûrgbjslrs jerllklht wmtb tblsl tlrks jhd gihdmtmihs.

Umtb tbl lxglptmih ia prmgl, pridugt typl, jhd qujhtmty, wl rlflgt jhy tlrks jhd gihdmtmihs mh ûrgbjslrs irdlr wbmgb

jrl dmaalrlht arik ir jddmtmihjc ti tblsl tlrks jhd gihdmtmihs.

Tbl pjrtmls jerll tbjt tbl jppriprmjtl giurts smttmhe mh Hirtblrh Dmstrmgt ia Eliremj sbjcc bjvl sicl jhd lxgcusmvljutbirmty ti bljr jhd jdfudmgjtl jhy dmsputl jrmsmhe iut ia tbms jerllklht.

Gikvlrel suoslqulhtcy sbmppld ti L@^G ?,> tblrkistjts wbmgb wlrl mhstjccld mh bikls mh@lhtug`y. Jatlr slvlrjc Gikvlrel tblrkistjts ourst mhti acjkls, L@^G rlkivld jcc ia tbltblrkistjts jhd amcld j orljgb ia wjrrjhty sumt jejmhst Gikvlrel mh tbl Ljstlrh Dmstrmgt ia @lhtug`y.Gikvlrel amcld j kitmih ti dmskmss ir trjhsalr tbl sumt ti tbl Hirtblrh Dmstrmgt ia Eliremj. Biwsbiucd tbl giurt rucl9


22/68

Gikoustmocl Tblrkistjts.

j) Tbl giurt sbiucd rucl air Gihvlrel, olgjusl mts airuk slclgtmih gcjusl wjspjrt ia tbl gihtrjgt airkld wblh L@E jgglptld dlcmvlry ia tbl tblrkistjts.

o) Tbl giurt sbiucd rucl air L@E, olgjusl Gihvlrelsjgglptld L@Es iaalr

wbmgb kjdl gcljr tbjt mt wiucd hit jerll ti Gihvlrelsairuk slclgtmih gcjusl.

g) Tbl giurt sbiucd rucl air L@E, olgjusl hlmtblr pjrtys airuk slclgtmihgcjusl wjs pjrt ia tbl gihtrjgt, tbus jcciwmhe L@E ti amcl sumt mh jhy priplrairuk.


23/68

Gikoustmocl Tblrkistjts. GikvlrelsWjcls Irdlr Jgglptjhgl wjs hit jh

jgglptjhgl uhdlr ?-?>5 olgjusl mt stjtld tlrks jddmtmihjc ti ir dmaalrlht ariktbisl iaalrld oy L@^G jhd lxprlsscy kjdl Pmts jgglptjhgl[ gihdmtmihjc ihPL@^Gs[ gihslht ti tbl jddmtmihjc ir dmaalrlht tlrks. ?-?>5(:). Ljst@lhtug`y ^iwlr Giiplrjtmvl v. Gikvlrel, Mhg., ?>:: UC :??1545 (L.D. @y.?>::). Tbl dmstrmgt giurt rlflgtld Gikvlrelsjreuklht tbjt tbl Wjcls Irdlr

Jgglptjhgl jkiuhtld ti j giuhtlriaalr wbmgb wjs jgglptld oy L@^Gs

rlglmpt ia tbl tblrkistjts. Tbl dmstrmgt giurt ioslrvld tbjt tbms wiucd rlturhsjcls jerllklhts ti tbl prl-\GG cjst-sbit rucl. Tbl giurt mhstljd cii`s ti ?-?>5(7) jhd amhds tbjt tbl wrmtmhes oltwllh L@^G jhd Gikvlrel dmd hit airk jgihtrjgt olgjusl ljgb airk kjdl tbl pjrtys jerllklht gihdmtmihjc ih jsslhtti tbl gihacmgtmhe airuk slclgtmih gcjusls. Wmhgl tbl pjrtmls gihdugtrlgiehmzls tbl lxmstlhgl ia jh jerllklht, tbl tlrks ia tbl gihtrjgt jrl tbislih wbmgb tbl airks jerll (qujhtmty, prmgl, dlcmvlry, jhd itblr tlrks) jhd tbl\GG ejpamcclrs air tlrks ih wbmgb tbl pjrtmls dmsjerll. Umtbiut jhyeivlrhmhe airuk slclgtmih gcjusl, L@^G ms lhtmtcld ti ormhe tbms jgtmih mh tbmsdmstrmgt, wblrl mt rlsmdls jhd dils mts ousmhlss jhd wblrl tbl djkjeljccleldcy iggurrld.


24/68

Cist Hlejtmvls. Hlwswll` Kjejzmhl gihtjgtld pbitierjpblr Djhmlc Kmcclr ti

lxprlss jh mhtlrlst mh ouymhe Kmcclrs pbitis ia tbl suoflgt ia j pissmocl priamcl.Durmhe j pbihl gihvlrsjtmih wmtb Hlwswll`s pbiti ldmtir, Kmcclr jerlld tislhd 5? hlejtmvls ti Hlwswll` tbl sjkl djy oy giurmlr, jhd Hlwswll`jerlld ti pjy Kmcclr j stjhdjrd rjtl ia $:>>-$?>> air jhy pbiti usld mh tbljrtmgcl. Hlwswll` uctmkjtlcy dmd hit ruh tbl stiry, jhd Kmcclrs pbitis wlrl hitusld. Hlwswll` hlvlr rlturhld tbl hlejtmvls, wbmgb wlrl prlsukld cist.

Kmcclr oriuebt sumt jejmhst Hlwswll` air gikplhsjtmih ojsld ih tbl aicciwmheprivmsmihs wbmgb wlrl mh j Dlcmvlry Klki jggikpjhymhe tbl hlejtmvls6

Hlejtmvls kjy ol blcd air :4-djys jpprivjc. J cjtl all ia $< plr wll` plr hlejtmvlwmcc ol gbjreld jatlr sugb :4-djy plrmid.

_lgmpmlht jerlls tbjt tbl rljsihjocl kmhmkuk vjcul ia jhy cist ir djkjeldhlejtmvl sbjcc ol hi clss tbjh $:>.

Ma tbl giurt gihgcudls tbjt Jrtmgcl ? eivlrhs tbms trjhsjgtmih, kust Hlwswll`pjy djkjels gihsmstlht wmtb tblsl privmsmihs9


25/68

Cist Hlejtmvls.

j) ]ls, olgjusl Hlwswll` ms j klrgbjht jhd tbl tlrks mh qulstmih wlrl hitkjtlrmjc.

o) Hi, olgjusl Hlwswll` hlvlr jerlld ti tbl tlrks mh qulstmih.


26/68

Cist Hlejtmvls. Tbl \.W. Dmstrmgt Giurt air tbl Dmstrmgt ia Dlcjwjrl amrst

gihgcudld tbjt tbl pjrtmls airkld j gihtrjgt durmhe tbl tlclpbihl gihvlrsjtmiholtwllh Kmcclr jhd Hlwswll`s pbiti ldmtir. Kmcclr v. Hlwswll`, Mhg., 11> A.Wupp. 25. Jhd, Pt[bl ajgt tbjt tbl gihamrkjtmih gihtjmhs

jddmtmihjc tlrks bjs hi laalgt ih tbl vjcmdmty ia tbl irmemhjc jgglptjhgl. Oitbpjrtmls jrl klrgbjhts wmtb rlsplgt ti tbl purgbjsl ia pbitierjpbs, tbus tblcjtl plhjcty jhd cmqumdjtld djkjels privmsmihs olgikl pjrt ia tbl gihtrjgtihcy ma tbly di hit kjtlrmjccy jctlr tbl jerllklht. Tbl giurt gihgcudld tbjt tblgcjuslslsplgmjccy emvlh tbl smzl ia tbl plhjcty jhd djkjels js gikpjrldti tbl vjcul ti Hlwswll` ia tbl pbitiswiucd surprmsl Hlwswll` jhd wir`jh uhdul bjrdsbmp.


27/68

Wlpjrjtl

Trjhsjgtmih

Tbl Trjhsjgtmih

Dlsgrmold mh Urmtmhe

_lsicvl

Jkomeumty

Kmstj`l,

Airkjtmih

Dlalhsls

Lxmstlhgl ia

Tlrk

\hmhtlerjtld^jrtmjccy

Mhtlerjtld

Gikpcltlcy

Mhtlerjtld

Ms ^jric Lvmdlhgl Jdkmssmocl9


28/68

Tbl \hauhdld Lsgriw Jggiuht. Fibh jhd Oltty Fi Olczlc bmrld Aiuhtjmh Bmcc

Kmccwir` Oumcdmhe Wuppcy Gikpjhy ti gihstrugt tblmr bikl. Tbl Olczlcs ojh`jerlld ti amhjhgl tbl gihstrugtmih jhd privmdl sgblducld pjyklhts tiAiuhtjmh Bmcc ojsld ih gists mhgurrld. Tbl ojh` rlqumrld tbl Olczlcs ti pcjgl$4>,>>> mh lsgriw mh gjsl tblrl wlrl uhjhtmgmpjtld gists mh lxglss ia tbl cijhjkiuht. Tbl Olczlcs dmd hit bjvl tbl gjsb ih bjhd ti kj`l tbl lsgriwdlpismt. Mh cmlu ia tbl Olczlcs lsgriw pjyklht, Aiuhtjmh Bmcc jerlld ti dlalr j

sgblducld pjyklht ia $4>,>>>. Mh lxgbjhel, tbl Olczlcs lxlgutld j wrmttlhprikmssiry hitl air $4>,>>> pjyjocl ti Aiuhtjmh Bmcc mh => djys. Jt tbl tmkl ialxlgutmih ia tbl hitl, tbl Olczlcs jhd Aiuhtjmh Bmcc irjccy jerlld tbjt tblOlczlcs wiucd hit ol cmjocl air tbl $4>,>>> ma tbl kirtejel jhd jhy dmrlgtpjyklhts oy tbl Olczlcs givlrld tbl titjc gist ia gihstrugtmih. Tbl wrmttlhprikmssiry hitl dmd hit klhtmih tbms irjc jerllklht, hir dmd mt klhtmih tbjt tblprikmssiry hitl wjs emvlh mh lxgbjhel air Aiuhtjmh Bmccs prikmsl ti dlalr tbl$4>,>>> pjyklht. Tbl Olczlcs pjmd Aiuhtjmh Bmcc $2,>>> dmrlgtcy air jhuhjhtmgmpjtld lxplhsl. Tbl kirtejel wjs suaamgmlht ti givlr jcc itblr gists iagihstrugtmih, jhd Aiuhtjmh Bmcc wjs pjmd mh aucc. Dlspmtl tblsl pjyklhts,Aiuhtjmh Bmcc suld tbl Olczlcs ih tbl uhpjmd hitl. Dils tbl pjric lvmdlhglrucl ojr tbl Olczlcs arik mhtridugmhe lvmdlhgl ia tblmr irjc jerllklht9


29/68

Tbl \hauhdld Lsgriw Jggiuht.

j) ]ls, olgjusl tbl irjc prikmsl gihglrhmhe tbl gihdmtmih ia pjyklhtgihglrhld j kjttlr tbjt hjturjccy wiucd ol mhgcudld mh j gihtrjgt ti pjy$4>,>>>.

o) Hi, olgjusl tbl hitl wjs hit mhtlerjtld.


30/68

Tbl \hauhdld Lsgriw Jggiuht. Mh Aiuhtjmh Bmcc Kmccwir` Oumcdmhe Wuppcy Gi.

v. Olczlc,


31/68

Twi ]jrds Wbirt. Tbl ^mttsoureb Wtllclrs prialssmihjc aiitojcc tljk, j Hjtmihjc Aiitojcc Cljeul

arjhgbmsl, pcjhhld ti oumcd j hlw stjdmuk jhd stjrtld slccmhe stjdmuk oumcdlr cmglhsls (WOCs) tbjt wiucd erjhttbl cmglhsll tbl rmebt jhd iocmejtmih ti purgbjsl sljsih tmg`lts air tblmr jssmehld sljts. Mh Igtiolr :==2,_ihjcd ]iggj rlglmvld j origburl (WOC Origburl) arik tbl Wtllclrs. Mt mhgcudld j dmjerjk ia tbl elhlrjccigjtmihs ia tbl slgtmihs mh tbl stjdmuk jhd sbiwld tbjt tbl Gcuo M Wlgtmih wjs cigjtld wmtbmh tbl twlhty-yjrdcmhls. Tbl origburl lxpcjmhld tbjt jhy plrsih mhtlrlstld mh purgbjsmhe jh WOC wiucd ol rlqumrld ti suokmt jhjppcmgjtmih rjh`mhe tblmr prlalrrld slgtmihs, jcihe wmtb j hihrlauhdjocl dlpismt lqujcmhe ihl-tbmrd ia tblpurgbjsl prmgl ia tbl dlsmrld sljt. Tbl origburl jcsi stjtld tbjt hi WOC jppcmgjht wjs jssurld tbl rmebt tipurgbjsl jh WOC jhd tbjt tbl jppcmgjhts amrst sljtmhe prlalrlhgl wjs hit eujrjhtlld. WOC jppcmgjhts wiucd ol

emvlh tblmr jgtujc sljt jssmehklhts mh tbl sprmhe ia ?>>: wblh tbl sljts bjd ollh mhstjccld mh stjdmuk.

]iggj suokmttld tbl jppcmgjtmih wmtb tbl dlpismt jhd wjs jssmehld j sljt wmtbmh tbl Gcuo M Wlgtmih. MhWlptlkolr :===, tbl Wtllclrs slht ]iggj j Wtjdmuk Oumcdlr Cmglhsl jhd Gcuo Wljt Jerllklht (WOCJerllklht), jh Jddmtmihjc Tlrks jhd Gihdmtmihs ia Wtjdmuk Oumcdlr Cmglhsl jhd Gcuo Wljt Jerllklht, jhd jslt ia dmjerjks tbjt sbiwld tbl Gcuo M Wlgtmih hiw mhgcudld sljts oltwllh tbl tlh-yjrd cmhls. Tbl WOCJerllklht gihtjmhld jh mhtlerjtmih gcjusl6

Lhtmrl Jerllklht0 Kidmamgjtmih. Tbms Jerllklht gihtjmhs tbl lhtmrl jerllklht ia tbl pjrtmls wmtb rlsplgtti tbl kjttlrs privmdld air blrlmh jhd sbjcc suplrsldl jhy rlprlslhtjtmihs ir jerllklhts prlvmiuscykjdl ir lhtlrld mhti oy tbl pjrtmls blrlti. Hi kidmamgjtmih blrlti sbjcc ol lhairgljocl uhclss mh wrmtmhe,smehld oy oitb pjrtmls.

]iggj smehld tbl jerllklht jhd pjmd tbl rlkjmhmhe dlpismts. Bl wjs jssmehld sljts jt tbl lmebtllh-yjrdcmhl, jhd bl suld. Dils tbl pjric lvmdlhgl rucl prlgcudl bmk arik mhtridugmhe tbl WOC Origburl js lvmdlhglmh suppirt ia bms gcjmk9


32/68

Twi ]jrds Wbirt.

j) ]ls, olgjusl tbl WOC origburl gihtrjdmgtld tbl tlrks ia tbl amhjcjerllklht.

o) Hi, olgjusl tbl WOC origburl wjs wrmttlh, hit irjc tlstmkihy.

g) Hi, olgjusl bl mhtlhdld ti usl tbl WOC origburl ti rlsicvl jh jkomeumtygihglrhmhe oiuhdjrmls ia tbl Gcuo : sljtmhe jrlj.

d) Hi, olgjusl bl mhtlhdld ti usl tbl WOC ti suppirt bms jcclejtmih tbjt tbl

Wtllclrs gikkmttld arjud.


33/68

Twi ]jrds Wbirt. Tbl ^lhhsycvjhmj Wuprlkl Giurt blcd tbjt tbl WOC

Jerllklht rlprlslhtld tbl pjrtmls gihtrjgt air tbl sjcl ia WOCs js mt wjs jprikmsl ti jgtujccy slcc j splgmamg hukolr ia WOC sljts mh j splgmamg slgtmih.Tbl WOC Jerllklht klrelr gcjusl lxpcmgmtcy stjtld tbjt mt gihtjmhld tbl lhtmrljerllklht. Tbl giurt tbus aiuhd tbjt tbl pjric lvmdlhgl rucl ojrrld tbljdkmssmih ia jhy lvmdlhgl ia prlvmius irjc ir wrmttlh jerllklhts rlejrdmhetbl sjcl ia WOCs, mhgcudmhe tbl WOC Origburl. ]iggj v. ^mttsoureb Wtllclrs,

2>4).


34/68

Tbl Wlpjrjtl Jromtrjtmih Jerllklht. Flhhmalr _mttlr oiuebt j gjr arik

Erjdy Jutikitmvl Eriup. Tbl purgbjsl gihtrjgt gihtjmhld j klrelr gcjuslstjtmhe tbjt Ph[i irjc rlprlslhtjtmihs jrl omhdmhe uhclss wrmttlh ih tbms airkjhd jcc tlrks ia tbl jerllklht jrl prmhtld ir wrmttlh blrlmh. _mttlrsmkuctjhliuscy lxlgutld j slpjrjtl diguklht stjtmhe tbjt jcc dmsputls jrmsmheiut ia tbl sjcl jhd rlcjtld trjhsjgtmihs, sugb js hleitmjtmihs jhd amhjhgmhe,wiucd ol jromtrjtld. Wlvlrjc kihtbs cjtlr, _mttlr wjs mhvicvld mh jh jggmdlht

jhd suld Erjdy Jutikitmvl mh giurt air dlalgts mh tbl gjr. Erjdy Jutikitmvlkivld ti gikplc jromtrjtmih, gmtmhe tbl jromtrjtmih jerllklht. _mttlr jreuldtbjt tbl klrelr gcjusl mh tbl purgbjsl gihtrjgt rlhdlrld tbl jromtrjtmih gcjuslmhvjcmd. Dils tbl pjric lvmdlhgl rucl ojr Erjdy Jutikitmvl arik mhtridugmhetbl jromtrjtmih jerllklht js lvmdlhgl9


35/68

Tbl Wlpjrjtl Jromtrjtmih Jerllklht.

j) ]ls, olgjusl tbl cjheujel ia tbl purgbjsl gihtrjgt lstjocmsbls tbjt mt wjsj gikpcltlcy mhtlerjtld jerllklht.

o) Hi, olgjusl tbl jromtrjtmih jerllklht dils hit gihtrjdmgt tbl purgbjsl

jerllklht.


36/68

Tbl Wlpjrjtl Jromtrjtmih Jerllklht. Mh _mttlr v. Erjdy Jutikitmvl Eriup, Mhg.,

=57 Wi. ?d :>>5), tbl Jcjojkj Wuprlkl Giurt jcciwld Erjdy Jutikitmvl tiprlslht tbl jromtrjtmih jerllklht js lvmdlhgl. Tbl giurt jppcmld tbl Kmtgbmcc v. Cjtb tlstjhd gihgcudld tbjt jctbiueb klrelr gcjusl grljtls j prlsukptmih ia gikpcltl mhtlerjtmih,tbl pjric lvmdlhgl rucl dils hit ojr mhtridugmhe tbl jromtrjtmih jerllklht js lvmdlhgl.

Amrst, tbl giurt lxpcjmhld tbjt tbl jromtrjtmih jerllklht wjs giccjtlrjc ti tbl purgbjsl

gihtrjgt olgjusl mt wjs ia j dmaalrlht hjturl. Tbl purgbjsl gihtrjgt ihcy givlrld tblpurgbjsl ia tbl jutikiomcl, out tbl jromtrjtmih jerllklht givlrs tbl sjcl jhd rlcjtldtrjhsjgtmihs, sugb js hleitmjtmih jhd amhjhgmhe. Tbl giurt cm`lhld tbl jromtrjtmih jerllklhtti _mttlrs slpjrjtlcy lxlgutld amhjhgmhe jerllklht6 jctbiueb tbl amhjhgmhe jerllklht wjsgiccjtlrjc ti tbl purgbjsl, tbl klrelr gcjusl gcljrcy dils hit rlhdlr mt mhvjcmd.

Wlgihd, tbl jromtrjtmih jerllklht dmd hit gihacmgt wmtb jhy ia tbl tlrks mh tbl purgbjsl

gihtrjgt olgjusl mt kj`ls hi klhtmih ia dmsputls oltwllh tbl pjrtmls. Tbmrd, tbl giurtpimhts iut tbjt, jctbiueb mt wiucd bjvl ollh priplr ti mhgcudl tbl jromtrjtmih jerllklht mhtbl purgbjsl gihtrjgt, mt wjs hit si rlcjtld jhd tbl pjrtmls wiucd hit irdmhjrmcy ollxplgtld ti lkoidy tbl jromtrjtmih jerllklht mh tbl purgbjsl gihtrjgt. Tbus, tbl giurtjcciwld Erjdy Jutikitmvl ti mhtridugl tbl jromtrjtmih jerllklht js lvmdlhgl.


37/68

Tbl Tipclss Tlhhms ^cjylr.Jhjtjsmj Kys`mhj, j _ussmjh prialssmihjc tlhhms

pcjylr, jerlld ti di j pbiti sbiit air tbl givlr ia Gihdl Hjst ^uocmgjtmihsElhtclkjhs Zujrtlrcy (EZ) kjejzmhl. Ih tbl djy ia tbl pbiti sbiit jhdolairl jhy pbitierjpbs wlrl tj`lh, Kys`mhj smehld j rlcljsl stjtmhe tbjt sblblrloy mrrlvigjocy gihslhtPld[ ti tbl usl ia Pblr[ hjkl jhd tbl pmgturls tj`lhia Pblr[ ih Ptbjt djtl[ oy PGihdl Hjst[ . . . jhd itblrs mt kjy jutbirmzl. Tblpbitierjpblr, Kjr` Wlcmelr, amrst tii` pbitierjpbs air tbl EZ givlr, mh wbmgb

sbl wjs dlpmgtld js Cjdy Eidmvjhudl ih birslojg`, lxglpt air blr bjmrjhd hudl-gicirld uhdlrwljr, wbmgb givlrld `ly pcjgls (tbl Cjdy Eidmvjpbitierjpbs). Tblh, Wlcmelr js`ld ma bl giucd tj`l kirl pbitierjpbs airbmkslca ia Kys`mhj tipclss mh ocul fljhs (tbl tipclss pbitierjpbs). Wbljerlld ih gihdmtmih tbjt tbl tipclss pbitierjpbs wiucd hit ol puocmsbldjhywblrl. Gihdl Hjst usld tbl Cjdy Eidmvj pbitierjpbs air mts kjejzmhls

jhd cmglhsld jhitblr puocmsblr ti usl oitb tbl Cjdy Eidmvj pbitierjpbs jhdtbl tipclss pbitierjpbs. Kjy Kys`mhj mhtridugl lvmdlhgl ia tbl irjcjerllklht mh jh laairt ti stip puocmgjtmih ia tbl tipclss pbitierjpbs9


38/68

Tbl Tipclss Tlhhms ^cjylr.

j) Hi, olgjusl tbl jccleld irjc jerllklht gihtrjdmgts tbl wrmttlh gihtrjgt.

o) ]ls, olgjusl tbl jccleld irjc jerllklht wjs kjdl suoslqulht ti tblsmehmhe ia tbl wrmttlh jerllklht.


39/68

Tbl Tipclss Tlhhms ^cjylr.Mh Kys`mhj v. Gihdl Hjst ^uochs., Mhg., 721 A.

Wupp. ?d 4>= (W.D.H.]. ?>>


40/68

UUU Jssigmjtls lmtblr pjrty sbjcc bjvl tbl rmebt ti gjhglc

^E&L mhdlkhmay

Wiplr wmal

Armejcmklht gbmg`lh

Jktlc dmrlgtcy ir mhdmrlgtcy sicmgmt, rlgrumt, ir jttlkpt tiplrsujdlti cljvl

Oljhstjc` 7< plrglht ia eriss rlglmptsih CmglhslJerllklhts

Iswjcd Wwmss gimh gicclgtmih


41/68

Mhtlrprltjtmih Jmds6

Dmgtmihjry dlamhmtmih

Mhalrlhgls arik itblr tlrks mh tbl gihtrjgt

Trjdl gustik/usjel

Mhalrlhgls arik kjr`lt gihdmtmihs/surriuhdmhe gmrgukstjhgls

Giursl ia plrairkjhgl

Giursl ia dljcmhe

^jric lvmdlhgl

Mhtlrprltmvl prlsukptmihs6 m.l., gihtrj prialrlhtlk

Ourdlh ia priia (9)


42/68

Tbl ^rlpjyklht ^lhjcty. Trmdlht Glhtlr (Trmdlht) iotjmhld j cijh arik

Gihhlgtmgut Elhlrjc Cmal Mhsurjhgl Gi. (Gihhlgtmgut Elhlrjc) ti amhjhglgihstrugtmih ia jh iaamgl oumcdmhe gikpclx. Tbl tlrks ia tbl gihtrjgt stjtld jhmhtlrlst rjtl ia :?.?% prlpjyklht all, ma

Trmdlht wlrl ti dlajuct ih tbl cijh wmtbmh tbl amrst :? yljrs. Aiur yljrs mhti tblcijh plrmid, mhtlrlst rjtls dlgcmhld sbjrpcy, jhd Trmdlht wmsbld ti prlpjy tblcijh jhd iotjmh gbljplr amhjhgmhe lcslwblrl. Mt amcld j cjwsumt jejmhstGihhlgtmgut Elhlrjc sll`mhe j dlgcjrjtiry fudeklht tbjt mt wjs lhtmtcld tiprlpjy tbl cijh ma mt jddld j :>% prlpjyklht all. Gihhlgtmgut Elhlrjc amcld jkitmih ti dmskmss Trmdlhts cjwsumt, jhd Trmdlht ioflgtld ih tbl eriuhd tbjt mt

wjs lhtmtcld ti prlslht lvmdlhgl suppirtmhe mts mhtlrprltjtmih ia tbl gihtrjgt.Tbl \.W. Dmstrmgt Giurt erjhtld Gihhlgtmgut Elhlrjcs kitmih, jhd Trmdlhtjppljcld. Biw sbiucd tbl jpplccjtl giurt rucl9


43/68

Tbl ^rlpjyklht ^lhjcty.

j) Tbl giurt sbiucd jaamrk, olgjusl jhy lvmdlhgl prlslhtld wiucd gihtrjdmgttbl pcjmh cjheujel ia tbl gihtrjgt.

o) Tbl giurt sbiucd rlvlrsl, olgjusl cjheujel bjs hi amxld kljhmhe, jhd

Trmdlht sbiucd bjvl tbl ippirtuhmty ti try ti privl tbjt tbl mts mhtlrprltjtmih mstbl kist rljsihjocl mhtlrprltjtmih ia tbl gihtrjgt.


44/68

Tbl ^rlpjyklht ^lhjcty. Tbl \.W. Giurt ia Jppljcs air tbl =tb Gmrgumt

rlvlrsld, jhd irdlrld tbl Dmstrmgt Giurt ti jcciw Trmdlht jh ippirtuhmty tiprlslht lxtrmhsmg lvmdlhgl js ti tbl mhtlhtmih ia tbl pjrtmls mh drjatmhe tblgihtrjgt. Tbl giurt writl tbjt Pm[t ms dmaamguct ti mkjemhl cjheujel tbjt kirlgcljrcy ir uhjkomeuiuscy lxprlssls tbl mdlj tbjt Trmdlht kjy hit uhmcjtlrjccyprlpjy tbl cijh durmhe mts amrst :? yljrs. Mt jcsi lxprlssld tbl vmlw tbjt tblcjheujel ia tbl gihtrjgt wjs hit rljsihjocy susglptmocl ti Trmdlhts gcjmk tbjt

mt bjd tbl rmebt ti jgglclrjtl pjyklht0 rjtblr, tbl gihtrjgt kjdl gcljr mhslvlrjc pcjgls tbjt tbms iptmih olciheld ihcy ti Gihhlgtmgut. Hihltblclss, tblgiurt blcd tbjt mt wjs oiuhd oy tbl Gjcmairhmj Wuprlkl Giurts rucmhe mh ^jgmamgEjs & Lclgtrmg Gi. v. E.U. Tbikjs Drjyjel & _meemhe Gi. rlqumrmhe tbljdkmssmih jhd gihsmdlrjtmih ia lxtrmhsmg lvmdlhgl ma ihl smdl ms wmccmhe ti gcjmktbjt tbl pjrtmls mhtlhdld ihl tbmhe out tbl jerllklht privmdls air jhitblr.


45/68

Hit Wugb j Oih Qiyjel. Dloom @rlh`lc jhd blr busojhd Elirel hlldld j orlj` arik

tblmr cihe djys jt @rlh`lcsDjyHmtl Aiid Wtirl mh Hlptuhl, Hlw Flrsly, jhd dlgmdld ti trljt

tblkslcvls ti j rlcjxmhe vjgjtmih jt tbl cuxury Jtcjhtms Ojbjkjs _lsirt, iwhld oy @lrzhlrMhtlrhjtmihjc Bitlcs. Jatlr ruhhmhe tblmr grldmt gjrd jhd gblg`mhe tblmr pjsspirts, tbl rlsirtsjelht js`ld tblk ti smeh j ihlpjel airk olairl bl wiucd bjhd tblk tblmr riik `lys.Lhtmtcld Jg`hiwcldeklht, Jerllklht jhd _lcljsl, tbl lmebtpjrjerjpb diguklht stjtldtbjt tbly wiucd ol cmjocl air j splgmamld djmcy riik rjtl air tbl djtls ia tblmr stjy, jcciwld tblkti slclgt j hlwspjplr ti ol dlcmvlrld ti tblmr riik, jhd, aurtblr diwh tbl diguklht, privmdld

tbjt6

M jerll tbjt jhy gcjmks M kjy bjvl jejmhst tbl _lsirt ^jrtmls rlsuctmhe arik jhy lvlhts iggurrmhe mh TblOjbjkjs sbjcc ol eivlrhld oy jhd gihstrugtld mh jggirdjhgl wmtb tbl cjws ia tbl Gikkihwljctb ia TblOjbjkjs, jhd aurtblr, mrrlvigjocy jerll ti tbl Wuprlkl Giurt ia Tbl Ojbjkjs js tbl lxgcusmvl vlhul air jhysugb priglldmhes wbjtsilvlr.

Tbl @rlh`lcs js`ld tbl jelht ma tbl jerllklht ihcy jppcmld ti wjtlr spirts jgtmvmtmls, jhd bl

sjmd yls. Tbly tblh smehld tbl jerllklht olciw oicd, gjpmtjcmzld clttlrs stjtmhe _LJDOLAI_L WMEHMHE. Tbl hlxt djy, Dloom wjs slrmiuscy mhfurld wblh sbl scmppld jhd alcc ihjh iutdiir pjtb mh tbl piic cjeiih jrlj. Ms sbl cmkmtld ti amcmhe sumt mh tbl Ojbjkjs9 Uiucdyiur jhjcysms ol dmaalrlht ma tbl @rlh`lcs bjd prlvmiuscy vmsmtld tbl Jtcjhtms tbrll yljrs ljrcmlrjhd smehld j smkmcjr stjhdjrd airk gihtrjgt9 (Bmht6 ]iur jhjcysms sbiucd gikomhl tbl digtrmhldlvlcipld mh tbl Wtjhdjrd Airk Gihtrjgt gjsls wmtb tbl mhtlrprltjtmih digtrmhls dlvlcipld mhtbms slgtmih.)


46/68

Hit Wugb j Oih Qiyjel.

j) Hi, olgjusl tbl olst mhtlrprltjtmih ia tbl airuk slclgtmih gcjusl gikomhldwmtb tbl rlsirt jelhts lxpcjhjtmih wjs tbjt tbl gcjusl dmd hit plrtjmh tijggmdlhts ih tbl prlkmsls ia tbl rlsirt.

o) ]ls, olgjusl tbl wrmttlh jerllklht ms hit cmkmtld ti jggmdlhts mhvicvmhewjtlr spirts.


47/68

Hit Wugb j Oih Qiyjel. Dloom @rlh`lc amcld sumt mh Acirmdj Dmstrmgt Giurt.

Tbl dmstrmgt fudel rucld tbjt tbl airuk-slclgtmih gcjusl wjs vjcmd jhdjppcmgjocl ti @rlh`lcscjwsumt, jhd bms dlgmsmih wjs jaamrkld mh @rlh`lc v.@lrzhlr Mhtc Bitlcs Ctd., >=). Tbl jppljcs giurtgihgcudld tbjt tbl gcjusl wjs hit bmddlh ir jkomeuius jhd tblmr prmir trmpput tblk ih hitmgl ia tbl gcjusl. Gihglrhmhe suostjhgl, tbl giurt blcd tbjttbl gcjusl gcljrcy dmd hit gihamrk wmtb tbl dls` jelhts rlprlslhtjtmih.


48/68

J Whiw Fio. îcjrms Mhdustrmls, Mhg., j shiwkiomcl kjhuajgturlr, sbmppld mts

vlbmgcls mh dmspisjocl gihtjmhlrs out wjs gihsmdlrmhe usmhe rlturhjocl gihtjmhlrsmhstljd. GihAicd ^jgmamg, Mhg., wjhtld ti pridugl tblsl rlturhjocl gihtjmhlrs jhdgihdugtld j rlvlrsl ciemstmgs jhjcysms ia îcjrmss sbmppmhe hllds. Tbl jhjcysms wjseivlrhld oy j Kutujc Hih-Dmsgcisurl Jerllklht-Ciemstmgs Gihsuctmhe Qlrsmih, jgihtrjgt tbjt wjs prlpjrld oy GihAicd jhd lxlgutld oy îcjrms. Tbl prljkocl ia tbljerllklht stjtld tbjt GihAicd jhd îcjrms Pwlrl[ dlsmrius ia lxgbjhemhemhairkjtmih air purpisls ia oitb gikpjhmls dlvlcipmhe auturl ousmhlss wmtb ljgbitblr. Tbl jerllklht pritlgtld mhairkjtmih rlcjtmhe ti PGihAicds[ priprmltjrysiatwjrl systlks, diguklhtjtmih, jhd rlcjtld gihsuctmhe slrvmgls, jhd gihtjmhld jhmhtlerjtmih gcjusl stjtmhe tbjt mt wjs tbl lhtmrl Jerllklht oltwllh tbl twi pjrtmlsgihglrhmhe tbl lxgbjhel jhd pritlgtmih ia priprmltjry mhairkjtmih rlcjtmhe ti tblprierjk.

Twi kihtbs jatlr tbl jerllklht wjs smehld, îcjrms rlqulstld pripisjcs air dlsmehsia rlturhjocl gihtjmhlrs arik slvlrjc amrks, mhgcudmhe GihAicd. îcjrms dmd hit jgglptjhy ia tbl pripisjcs, out, slvlrjc yljrs cjtlr, mt dlsmehld j rlturhjocl gihtjmhlr jhdbjhdld mts dlsmeh ti jhitblr kjhuajgturlr. GihAicd jcclels tbjt îcjrms usld mtsdlsmeh jhd orljgbld tbl hih-dmsgcisurl jerllklht oy dmsgcismhe mts dlsmeh ti jhitblramrk. Dils tbl Kutujc Hih-Dmsgcisurl Jerllklht givlr GihAicdsdlsmeh9


49/68

J Whiw Fio.

j) ]ls, olgjusl tbl gcljr purpisl ia tbl jerllklht wjs ti prlvlht ^icjrmsarik kj`mhe uhjutbirmzld usl ia GihAicdstrjdl slgrlts jhd mhtlcclgtujcpriplrty.

o) Hi, olgjusl tbl GihAicd gihtjmhlr dlsmeh dmd hit plrtjmh ti priprmltjrysiatwjrl ir gihsuctmhe slrvmgls.


50/68

J Whiw Fio. Mh GihAicd ^jgmamg, Mhg. v. ^icjrms Mhdustrmls, Mhg., 477 A.7d =


51/68

Tbl Cis Jhelcls Jhelcs ia Jhjblmk. Gmty ia Jhjblmk (Jhjblmk) jhd Dmshly

Ojslojcc Lhtlrprmsls (Dmshly) lhtlrld mhti j stjdmuk cljsl jerllklht mh gihhlgtmih wmtbDmshlys purgbjsl ia tbl Gjcmairhmj Jhelcs Kjfir Cljeul Ojslojcc tljk. Wlgtmih ::(a) iatbl jerllklht rlqumrld Dmshly ti gbjhel tbl tljk hjkl ti mhgcudl tbl hjklJhjblmk tblrlmh. Wbirtcy jatlr lxlgutmhe tbl cljsl, Dmshly rlhjkld tbl tljk tblJhjblmk Jhelcs. Wlvlh yljrs cjtlr, Dmshly sicd tbl tljk ti dlalhdjht JhelcsOjslojcc. Mh ljrcy ?>>


52/68

Tbl Cis Jhelcls Jhelcs ia Jhjblmk.

j) Tbl tljk, olgjusl tbl hjkl Jhjblmk rlkjmhld mh tbl tljk hjkl jsrlqumrld oy tbl gihtrjgt.

o) Tbl gmty, olgjusl mhgcudmhe tbl hjkl Cis Jhelcls mh tbl tljk hjkl

gihstmtutld j orljgb ia gihtrjgt.


53/68

Tbl Cis Jhelcls Jhelcs ia Jhjblmk. Tbl trmjc giurt slht tbl mssul ti j fury,

jhd tbl fury rlturhld j vlrdmgt mh ajvir ia dlalhdjht Jhelcls Ojslojcc, C. ..Tbl Gmty ia Jhjblmk jppljcld, gbjcclhemhe slvlrjc ia trmjc giurts lvmdlhtmjryrucmhes jhd fury mhstrugtmihs. J Gjcmairhmj Giurt ia Jppljc pjhlc upblcd tbl furyvlrdmgt, rucmhe tbjt tbl trmjc giurts rucmhes ih tbl jdkmssmomcmty ia lvmdlhgl jhdfury mhstrugtmih dmd hit gihstmtutl jh jousl ia dmsgrltmih. J dmsslht dmsjerlldjhd aurtblr jreuld tbjt Jhjblmk sbiucd bjvl prlvjmcld js j kjttlr ia cjw, js

hi rljsihjocl fury giucd bjvlmhtlrprltld tbl cljsl ti jcciw air jhixykirihmg tljk hjkl tbjt rlhdlrs tbl hjkl ia Jhjblmk dl ajgti mhvmsmocl.Gmty ia Jhjblmk v. Jhelcs Ojslojcc, C.^., ?>>2 UC


54/68

Lkmhlk Hiw air Wjcl ih mTuhls. ^rmir ti tbl mhvlhtmih ia dmemtjc kusmg diwhcijds,

rlgird gikpjhy Jatlrkjtb jgqumrld ti lxgcusmvl rmebts ti tbl wir`s ia rlgirdmhe jrtmst KjrsbjcKjtblrs, olttlr `hiwh js Lkmhlk. Tbl gihtrjgt gihtjmhld j si-gjccld _lgirds Wicd privmsmih,wbmgb privmdld tbjt tbl jrtmst wiucd rlglmvl oltwllh :?% jhd ?>% ia tbl jdfustld rltjmc prmgl iajcc aucc prmgl rlgirds sicd mh tbl \hmtld Wtjtls tbriueb hirkjc rltjmc gbjhhlcs. Tbl gihtrjgtjcsi gihtjmhld j Kjstlrs Cmglhsld privmsmih, wbmgb privmdld tbjt Ph[itwmtbstjhdmhe tblairleimhe, tbl jrtmst wiucd rlglmvl % ia rlvlhuls ljrhld ih kjstlrs cmglhsld oy PJatlrkjtb[ tiitblrs air tblmr kjhuajgturl jhd sjcl ia rlgirds ir air jhy itblr usls. Ublh tbl mhdustry mhvlhtlddmemtjc diwhcijds js j wjy ia dmstrmoutmhe kusmg, Jatlrkjtb lhtlrld mhti j cmglhsmhe jerllklhtwmtb Jppcl Gikputlr, Mhg. tbjt plrkmttld Jppcl ti usl tbl kjstlr rlgirdmhes (kjstlrs) iaLkmhlks sihes ti slcc dmemtjc diwhcijds ti gihsuklrs tbriueb mts mTuhls ih-cmhl stirl. Jatlrkjtbpjmd Lkmhlk riyjctmls jggirdmhe ti tbl _lgirds Wicd privmsmih. Lkmhlks jssmehll oriuebt sumtair orljgb ia gihtrjgt, gcjmkmhe tbjt tbl Kjstlrs Cmglhsld privmsmih lhtmtcld mt ti bjca ia tblrlvlhuls Jatlrkjtb rlglmvld arik Jppcl. Tbl pjrtmls jerlld tbjt hlmtblr smdl bjd gihtlkpcjtldtbl mhvlhtmih ia dmemtjc diwhcijd tlgbhiciey jt tbl tmkl ia gihtrjgtmhe.

J aldlrjc dmstrmgt giurt fudel aiuhd tbl gihtrjgt jkomeuius jhd rljsihjocy susglptmocl ti lmtblrmhtlrprltjtmih jhd dlhmld oitb pjrtmls kitmihs air sukkjry fudeklht. Jt trmjc, Jatlrkjtbs lxplrtwmthlss tlstmamld tbjt, jggirdmhe ti kusmg mhdustry gustik, tbl Kjstlrs Cmglhsld privmsmihgihglrhld tbl usl ia rlgirdmhes ihcy mh tbmrd-pjrty pridugts, sugb js kuctmpcl-jrtmst gikpmcjtmihjcouks, kivmls jhd tlclvmsmih gikklrgmjcs. Tbl fury rlturhld j vlrdmgt air Jatlrkjtb, jhdLkmhlks jssmehlls jppljcld ti tbl =tb Gmrgumt Giurt ia Jppljcs. Biw sbiucd tbl jpplccjtl giurtrucl9


55/68

Lkmhlk Hiw air Wjcl ih mTuhls.

j) Mt sbiucd upbicd tbl vlrdmgt air Jatlrkjtb olgjusl tblrl wjs suaamgmlhtlvmdlhgl air tbl fury ti gihgcudl tbjt Jatlrkjtbs mhtlrprltjtmih girrlspihdldwmtb mhdustry gustik.

o) Mt sbiucd rucl air Jatlrkjtb olgjusl, js j kjttlr ia cjw, mts mhtlrprltjtmihwjs tbl kist rljsihjocl emvlh jcc tbl lvmdlhgl.

g) Mt sbiucd rucl air Lkmhlks jssmehll, olgjusl tbl Jatlrkjtbs gihtrjgt wmtbJppcl amt tbl dlamhmtmih ia j cmglhsl jhd, jggirdmhe ti tbl gihtrjgt, tblKjstlrs Cmglhsld privmsmih iplrjtls hitwmtbstjhdmhe jhy itblr privmsmihs.


56/68

Lkmhlk Hiw air Wjcl ih mTuhls. Mh A.O.T. ^ridugtmihs, CCG v. Jatlrkjtb

_lgirds, 1?: A.7d =:>), tbl giurt blcd tbjt tbl dmstrmgt giurtlrrld oy hit erjhtmhe tbl pcjmhtmaas kitmih air sukkjry fudeklht emvlh tbjtJatlrkjtb bjd cmglhsld tbl Lkmhlk kjstlrs ti Jppcl6

Tbl pjrtmls usl ia tbl wird hitwmtbstjhdmhe Pmh tbl Kjstlrs Cmglhsldtlrk[ pcjmhcy mhdmgjtls tbjt lvlh ma j trjhsjgtmih jreujocy ajccs wmtbmh tblsgipl ia tbl _lgirds Wicd privmsmih, A.O.T. ms ti rlglmvl j % riyjcty maJatlrkjtb cmglhsls jh Lkmhlk kjstlr ti j tbmrd pjrty air jhy usl.Tblprivmsmih ms jdkmttldcy orijd, out mt ms hit uhgcljr ir jkomeuius. Tblgiurt aiuhd tbjt Jatlrkjtbs lvmdlhgl ia biw tbl Kjstlrs Cmglhsldprivmsmih bjd ollh jppcmld mh tbl pjstdmd hit gjst diuot ih mts

jppcmgjtmih ti plrkjhlht diwhcijds.


57/68

J Airtuhl mh Gjsb _lemstlrs. Irvmccl Airtuhl wir`ld js j sjclskjh air Tbl

Hjtmihjc Gjsb _lemstlr Gikpjhy air ?< yljrs. HG_ pjmd bmk j wll`cy sjcjrypcus j oihus ojsld ih sjcls mh bms tlrrmtiry. Mh :=12, Amrst Hjtmihjc, j rleucjrgustiklr, smehld jh irdlr ti purgbjsl $< kmccmih wirtb ia rlemstlrs ivlr tblhlxt aiur yljrs, wbmgb wiucd ol wirtb j titjc oihus ia $=?,>5=.==. Twikihtbs cjtlr, HG_ slht j clttlr ti Airtuhl tlrkmhjtmhe bms lkpciyklht uhdlr jtlrk ia bms jerllklht tbjt privmdld tbjt lmtblr pjrty giucd tlrkmhjtl jt wmcc jhd

wmtbiut gjusl. Tbl Gikpjhy rltrjgtld tbl tlrkmhjtmih wblh mt rljcmzld bmsgihtmhuld lkpciyklht wiucd blcp wmtb tbl Amrst Hjtmihjc irdlr, jhd `lptAirtuhl mh tbl fio uhtmc Fuhl :=5> wblh mt amrld bmk. Bl hlvlr rlglmvld jhyoihus pjyklhts air Amrst Hjtmihjc gjsb rlemstlrs dlcmvlrld jatlr bl wjs amrld.Airtuhl bjs suld Hjtmihjc Gjsb _lemstlr air orljgb ia gihtrjgt ih tbl eriuhdtbjt tbl gikpjhy orljgbld jh mkpcmld givlhjht ia eiid ajmtb mh tbl gihtrjgt.

Ms sugb j gcjmk jvjmcjocl emvlh tbl tlrks ia tbl pjrtmls jerllklht9 Jhd, ma mtms, ms tblrl suaamgmlht lvmdlhgl ti suppirt j amhdmhe ia ojd ajmtb orljgb9


58/68

J Airtuhl mh Gjsb _lemstlrs

j) ]ls, olgjusl Airtuhl giucd privl tbjt tbl gikpjhy amrld bmk ti jvimdpjymhe bmk auturl oihusls ih tbl jggiuht.

o) Hi, olgjusl tbl lkpciyklht gihtrjgts jrl tlrkmhjocl jt wmcc uhclss

itblrwmsl privmdld, si Hjtmihjc Gjsb _lemstlr kjy amrl Airtuhl air jhyrljsih.


59/68

J Airtuhl mh Gjsb _lemstlrs. Mh Airtuhl v. Hjtmihjc Gjsb _lemstlr Gi., 757

Kjss. =1, 714 H.L.?d :?


60/68

^jyklht air ^ipgirh. Mh :=57, Oj`lr ^ipgirh Gikpjhy jerlld ti ouy

ajrklr Fjkls _jtzcjaaslhtmrl pipgirh grip air $4.5< plr buhdrldwlmebt. Tblpipgirh wjs ti ol sbmppld mh kuctmpcl mhstjccklhts, jhd pjyklht wjs dulupih dlcmvlry ia ljgb. Ma Oj`lr ajmcld ti pjy ih dlcmvlry, _jtzcjaa bjd tbliptmih ti gjhglc tbl gihtrjgt. _jtzcjaa sbmppld pipgirh twmgl uhdlr tbljerllklht, out hlmtblr tmkl dmd Oj`lr pjy ir dmd _jtzcjaa rlqulst pjyklht.Ublh dlcmvlrmls stippld, Oj`lr gjccld joiut tbl dlcjy jhd _jtzcjaa gcjmkld ti

bjvl lqumpklht prioclks jhd hlvlr klhtmihld Oj`lr's ajmcurl ti pjy. Ihlwll` cjtlr, _jtzcjaa tlrkmhjtld tbl jerllklht ih tbl eriuhds tbjt Oj`lr bjdajmcld ti kj`l pjyklht jt tmkl ia dlcmvlry. _jtzcjaa sicd tbl rlkjmhmhe grip jttwmgl tbl jkiuht bl wiucd bjvl rlglmvld arik Oj`lr. Mh j sumt oy Oj`lrjejmhst _jtzcjaa, wbjt rlsuct uhdlr tbl \hmairk Gikklrgmjc Gidl9


61/68

^jyklht air ^ipgirh

j) _jtzcjaa orljgbld tbl duty ia eiid ajmtb jhd ajmr dljcmhe.

o) _jtzcjaasjgtmihs dmd hit gihstmtutl j orljgb ia tbl duty ia eiid ajmtb jhdajmr dljcmhes.


62/68

^jyklht air ^ipgirh. Tbl trmjc aiuhd _jtzcjaa orljgbld tbl duty ia eiid

ajmtb, jhd tbl jpplccjtl giurt jaamrkld. Tbl giurt ia jppljcs ioslrvld tbjt tbl?>>7 jklhdklhts ti Jrtmgcl : ia tbl \.G.G. mhgcudl jh lxpjhdld dlamhmtmih iaeiid ajmtb6 Eiid ajmtb kljhs bihlsty mh ajgt jhd tbl ioslrvjhgl iarljsihjocl gikklrgmjc stjhdjrds ia ajmr dljcmhe. :-?>:(?>). Tbl giurt tblhgihgcudld tbjt suaamgmlht lvmdlhgl suppirtld tbl trmjc giurts amhdmhe tbjt tbldlalhdjht bjd orljgbld mts iocmejtmih ia eiid ajmtb. Bms ajmcurl ih dlcmvlry ia

lmtblr cijd ia pipgirh ti dlkjhd pjyklht, bms ajmcurl mh tbl suoslqulhttlclpbihl gihvlrsjtmihs wmtb POj`lr[ ti dlkjhd pjyklht, jhd bms bjsty rlsjclia tbl pipgirh ti jhitblr ouylr jt j prmgl hljrcy diuocl tbl gihtrjgt prmgl,privmdld tbl trmjc giurt wmtb jkpcl lvmdlhgl upih wbmgb ti amhd jh joslhgl iaeiid ajmtb. Oj`lr v. _jtzcjaa,


63/68

Tbl Cis Jhelcls Jhelcs ia Jhjblmk (_lprmsl). Mh jddmtmih ti gcjmkmhe tbjt

gbjhemhe tbl hjkl ia tbl Jhjblmk Jhelcs ti tbl Cis Jhelcls Jhelcs iaJhjblmk vmicjtld slgtmih ::(a) ia tbl gihtrjgt mh qulstmih, tbl Gmty ia Jhjblmkjccleld tbjt tbl hjkl gbjhel jhd Jhelcs Ojslojccs systlkjtmg rlkivjc ia tblhjkl Jhjblmk arik tbl tljks rijd flrslys, tmg`lts, klrgbjhdmsl, jhdsiuvlhmrs orljgbld tbl mkpcmld givlhjht ia eiid ajmtb jhd ajmr dljcmhe.Wbiucd tbl giurt trljt tbms gcjmk dmaalrlhtcy tbjh Jhjblmks gcjmk tbjt tbl hjkl

gbjhel orljgbld tbl lxprlss privmsmih ia ::(a)9


64/68

Tbl Cis Jhelcls Jhelcs ia Jhjblmk (_lprmsl).

j) ]ls, olgjusl lvlh ma tbl hjkl gbjhel dmd hit orljgb lxpcmgmt privmsmihs mhtbl gihtrjgt, mt dmd orljgb tbl tljks duty hit ti mhtlralrl wmtb tbl gmtysrljsihjocl lxplgtjtmih ia kjr`ltmhe olhlamts.

o) Hi, olgjusl ma tbl gmty dmd hit bjvl j rmebt ti lhfiy j tljk hjkl tbjt dmd hitmhgcudl tbl dlsmehjtmih ia Cis Jhelcls, mt dmd hit bjvl jhy rljsihjocllxplgtjtmih ia tbl erljtlr kjr`ltmhe olhlamts tbjt mt wiucd lhfiy wmtbiut tbjtdlsmehjtmih.


65/68

Tbl Cis Jhelcls Jhelcs ia Jhjblmk (_lprmsl). Tbl trmjc giurt privmdld tbl

aicciwmhe mhstrugtmihs ti tbl fury6

Mh lvlry gihtrjgt ir jerllklht tblrl ms jh mkpcmld prikmsl ia eiid ajmtb jhd ajmr dljcmhe. Tbms kljhs tbjtljgb pjrty wmcc hit di jhytbmhe ti uhajmrcy mhtlralrl wmtb tbl rmebt ia jhy itblr pjrty ti rlglmvl tbl olhlamts iatbl gihtrjgt0 biwlvlr, tbl mkpcmld prikmsl ia eiid ajmtb jhd ajmr dljcmhe gjhhit grljtl iocmejtmihs tbjt jrlmhgihsmstlht wmtb tbl tlrks tbl gihtrjgt.

Gmty ia Jhjblmk gcjmks tbjt Jhelcs Ojslojcc, C.^. vmicjtld tbl duty ti jgt ajmrcy jhd mh eiid ajmtb. Ti

lstjocmsb tbms gcjmk, Gmty ia Jhjblmk kust privl...Pt[bjt Jhelcs Ojslojcc, C. . uhajmrcy mhtlralrld wmtb Gmty iaJhjblmks rmebt ti rlglmvl tbl olhlamts ia tbl gihtrjgt.

Tbl fury rlturhld j vlrdmgt air tbl dlalhdjht. Tbl Giurt ia Jppljc jaamrkld, bicdmhe tbjttbl fury rlflgtld Jhjblmks jreuklht tbjt JOC^s gihdugt wjs ioflgtmvlcyuhrljsihjocl jhd orljgbld tbl mkpcmld givlhjht. Hi clejc ojsms tblrlairl lxmsts tiivlrturh tbl furys dlgmsmih ih tbms mssul.

Tbl dmsslht gjccld tbl hjkl Cis Jhelcls Jhelcs ia Jhjblmk j ajrgl6 PT[blArjhgbmsl bjs, mh laalgt, ollh jcciwld ti elt jwjy wmtb j cmtlrjcmst josurdmty tbjt dlprmvlstbl gmty ia jhy kljhmheauc mdlhtmamgjtmih wmtb tbl tljk. Gmty ia Jhjblmk v. JhelcsOjslojcc, C.^., ?>>2 UC


66/68

Dljclr Tjh` Ujeih ^rmgl. Dihjcd Gjsslrcml cljsld j Gclvlcjhd (Ibmi) ejs

stjtmih arik Wblcc Imc Gikpjhy, j ejsicmhl dmstrmoutir, jhd iplrjtld tbl stjtmihjs j arjhgbmsll. Gjsslrcmlsgihtrjgt privmdld tbjt bl wiucd ouy ejs ihcy arikWblcc jhd wiucd pjy Wblcc j prmgl, mhgcudmhe dlcmvlry gists, slt oy Wblcc jt tbltmkl ia dlcmvlry. Wblcc slt tbl prmgl (`hiwh js tbl dljclr-tjh`-wjeih prmgl(DTU) olgjusl mt mhgcudld dlcmvlry gists) ojsld ih kjr`lt ajgtirs mhgcudmhegikpltmtir prmgls. Wblcc jcsi sicd Wblcc-orjhdld ejsicmhl ti hih-Wblcc-iwhld

ejs stjtmihs mh Gclvlcjhd, gbjremhe tbl rjg` prmgl wbmgb dmd hit mhgcudldlcmvlry gists. Tbl rjg` prmgl wjs iatlh suostjhtmjccy ciwlr tbjh tbl DTUprmgl. Mh ajgt, tbl DTU prmgls wlrl tii bmeb air dljclrs ti rlkjmh priamtjocljhd gikpltl wmtb tbl hih-Wblcc iwhld ejs stjtmihs. Gjsslrcml jhd itblrGclvlcjhd-jrlj Wblcc clssll-dljclrs suld Wblcc, jcclemhe tbjt mt bjd lhejeld mhojd ajmtb mh slttmhe tbl prmgl. Tbl dljclrs jreuld tbjt Wblcc bjd hit sjtmsamld

tbl \hmairk Gikklrgmjc Gidls rlqumrlklht ia bihlsty mh ajgt olgjusl mt slttbl prmgl wmtb tbl mhtlht ia drmvmhe tblk iut ia ousmhlss si tbjt mt giucd tj`livlr iplrjtmihs ia tbl cljsld stjtmihs. Dils tbl \GG rlqumrl tbjt Wblcc jgt mheiid ajmtb oitb ioflgtmvlcy jhd suoflgtmvlcy9 (Bmht6 ]iu sbiucd gihsmdlr oitbtbl elhlrjc rlqumrlklht mh tbl \GG ia eiid ajmtb js wlcc js tbl splgmamgprivmsmih eivlrhmhe iplh prmgl tlrks.) Dils Wblcc kllt oitb stjhdjrds9


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Dljclr Tjh` Ujeih ^rmgl.

j) Tbl giurt sbiucd rucl air Gjsslrcml olgjusl Wblccs dmsgrltmih ti slt prmglsuhdlr tbl arjhgbmsl jerllklht kust ol lxlrgmsld si js hit ti put arjhgbmsllsjt j dmsjdvjhtjel rlcjtmvl ti Wblccs itblr gustiklrs.

o) Tbl giurt sbiucd rucl air Wblcc olgjusl hih-arjhgbmsll prmgls di hit mhgcudldlcmvlry gbjrels jhd tbl rlqumrlklht ia eiid ajmtb jhd ajmr dljcmhe dils hitrlqumrl tbjt Wblcc lhsurl tbjt arjhgbmslls ljrh j priamt.


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Dljclr Tjh` Ujeih ^rmgl. Tbl Ibmi Wuprlkl Giurt upblcd tbl ciwlr giurts erjht

ia sukkjry fudeklht mh ajvir ia Wblcc Imc. Gjsslrcml v. Wblcc Imc Gikpjhy, =>? H.L. ?d: (Ibmi ?>>=). Tbl Gjsslrcml giurt blcd tbjt ihcy tbl ioflgtmvl stjhdjrd jppcmld mh tbmsgjsl olgjusl mt wjs uhdlr ?-7>< ms hit syhihykius wmtb jajmr kjr`lt prmgl ir tbl ciwlst prmgl jvjmcjocl. Tbl dmsslht ioslrvld tbjt tbl orijdlrdlamhmtmih ia eiid ajmtb, wbmgb mhgcudls oitb ioflgtmvl jhd suoflgtmvl gikpihlhts, sbiucdjppcy olgjusl tbl \GG dils hit lhvmsmih j dmaalrlht eiid ajmtb stjhdjrd air iplh prmgltlrks tbjh air itblr tlrks mh tbl jerllklht. Tbl dmsslht tblh gihgcudls tbjt tbldmsputl sbiucd ol rlkjhdld ti tbl trmjc giurt ti gihsmdlr tbl lvmdlhgl uhdlr tbl

suoflgtmvl stjhdjrd. Tbl dmsslht lhds oy wjrhmhe Pj[atlr tbms ipmhmih olgikls puocmg,jcc arjhgbmslls mh Ibmi sbiucd wjtgb tblmr wjcclts vlry gjrlauccy olgjusl tblmr arjhgbmsirswmcc hi cihelr ol blcd ti suoflgtmvl eiid-ajmtb stjhdjrds. Mhstljd, tbl cjw ia tbl igljhjppcmls6 tbl ome amsb jrl arll ti gihsukl skjcclr amsb jt wmcc. Jppjrlhtcy, hit uhtmc tblwjtlrs jrl lxgcusmvlcy mhbjomtld oy j alw erljt wbmtl sbjr`s wmcc tbl kjfirmty dlgmdl tblyhlld j omeelr oijt ir j kirl rioust mhtlrprltjtmih ia tbl \GG. (Tbms kjy giuht js tblkist grljtmvl rlalrlhgl ti Fjws )

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