2012 ED I T I O N GUDIW - Kentucky Department of Fish … 2 ED I T I O N &RS\ULJKW .DONRPH\(QWHUSULVHV //&DQGLWVGLYLVLRQVDQGSDUWQHUV ZZZ NDONRPH\ FRP GUDIW Boating in Kentucky America’s

$Page 1: 2012 ED I T I O N GUDIW - Kentucky Department of Fish … 2 ED I T I O N &RS\ULJKW .DONRPH\(QWHUSULVHV //&DQGLWVGLYLVLRQVDQGSDUWQHUV ZZZ NDONRPH\ FRP GUDIW Boating in Kentucky America’s$
A Course on Responsible

Boating

Boating Safety Manual Boating Safety Manual

SPONSORED BY

2012 EDITION

Copyright © 2016 Kalkomey Enterprises, LLC and its divisions and partners, www.kalkomey.com

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Boating in KentuckyAmerica’s No. 1 family sport, boating, is enjoyed by thousands of new

enthusiasts each year. For mid-Americans, Kentucky is the place to go to

enjoy cruising, sailing, skiing, fishing and floating on its broad waterway

system of lakes, rivers and streams.

In 1960, the Kentucky legislature enacted the first boating law in

Kentucky, and thus set out to educate, patrol and regulate boaters on the

waterways of this state. At first, Kentucky registered only a few thousand

motorboats and there were fewer than a dozen officers patrolling the

waterways.

Since the mid-1960s, many lakes have been created, such as Barkley,

Malone, Barren, Green, Laurel, Cave Run, Fishtrap, Dewey and numerous

other state and federal impoundments. During this period, motorboat

registration has climbed to over 170,000. In addition to these registered

boats, there are thousands of non-registered vessels such as canoes, rowboats,

sailboats, large houseboats and cruisers that are registered by the Federal

Government. Also, thousands of tourists from neighboring states bring

their boats into Kentucky. Although our waterways are not yet crowded, it

is obvious that boating is growing rapidly.

Today the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources

has officers stationed at all major impoundments and streams throughout

the state. They inspect boats, patrol, instruct boaters and water enthusiasts

in safety and give aid in time of need and when disasters occur.

In order to safely participate and enjoy the various water-oriented

activities, boaters should become familiar with laws that govern them and

learn good safety practices which help to avoid accidents and unpleasant

experiences.

Kentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife Resources

Mission

We are stewards of Kentucky's

fish and wildlife resources and

their habitats. We manage

for the perpetuation of these

resources and their use by

present and future generations.

Through partnerships, we

will enhance wildlife diversity

and promote sustainable use,

including hunting, fishing,

boating and other nature-

related recreation.


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Boating Safety Manual

A C o u r s e o n r e s p o n s i b l e b o At i n g

SPONSORED BY

2012 EDITION

Published by Boat Ed, a division of Kalkomey Enterprises, Inc., 14086 Proton Road, Dallas, TX 75244, 214-351-0461. Printed in the U.S.A.

Copyright © 2012 by Boat Ed. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any process without permission in writing from Boat Ed. Effort has been made to make this publication as complete and accurate as possible. All references contained in this publication have been compiled from sources believed to be reliable, and to represent the best current opinion on the subject. Boat Ed is not responsible or liable for any claims, liabilities, damages, or other adverse effects or consequences to any person or property caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly from the application or use of the information contained in this publication. NS10-P0312

Danforth is a registered trademark of Tie Down Engineering, Inc.

www.kalkomey.com

Contents are approved by the National Association of State Boating Law Administrators and recognized by the U.S. Coast Guard, contingent on state-specific information being included with this course and course approval by the Boating Law Administrator of the state where it is taught.


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• Maximum horsepower limits and other boat motor and lake usage regulations apply on many small public fishing lakes.

• 150 hp: Boat motors greater than 150 hp are not permitted on Lake Beshear.

• 10 hp at slow speeds which cause no disturbance or interference with fishing are permitted on: Beaver Creek Lake, Boltz Lake, Bullock Pen Lake, Corinth Lake, Elmer Davis Lake, Kincaid Lake, Shanty Hollow Lake, Swan Lake.

• Operation of internal combustion motors prohibited: Ballard WMA lakes, Bert T. Combs Lake, Briggs Lake, Carpenter and Kingfisher lakes, Carter Caves State Park Lake (a.k.a. Smoky Valley Lake), Lebanon City Lake (a.k.a. Fagan Branch Lake), Fishpond Lake, Lincoln Homestead State Park Lake, McNeely Lake, Marion County Lake, Martin County Lake, Metcalfe County Lake, Mauzy Lake, Mill Creek Lake, Peabody WMA’s Goose Island and South lakes, Lake Reba, Spurlington Lake, Swan Lake, WMA lakes (excluding Swan Lake), Washburn Lake, Pikeville City Lake.

• Operation of electric or internal combustion motors prohibited: Lake Chumley, Dennie Gooch Lake, Kingdom Come State Park Lake.

• Idle speed only: Carnico Lake, Greenbo Lake, Pan Bowl Lake, Wilgreen Lake and all Peabody WMA lakes except Goose, Island and South.

• Lake Malone: No horsepower restrictions on boat motors.

• On all Kentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife Resources-owned/managed lakes:

1. Boaters must use idle speed (slowest speed possible to maintain maneuverability of a boat) where an occupant is actively engaged in fishing.

2. The centerline of boats on the water cannot exceed 22 feet as measured on deck or bow to stern on all lakes owned or managed by Kentucky Fish and Wildlife. On Cedar Creek Lake, Lake Beshear and Lake Malone only, float boats may have decking and pontoons up to 30 feet. There is no size restriction on canoes.

3. Houseboats are not permitted.

4. Personal watercrafts are prohibited on Cedar Creek Lake.

5. Swimming is permitted only in designated areas when a qualified lifeguard is on duty.

6. Skin or scuba diving is not permitted.

7. Boat motors without underwater exhaust are not permitted.

• Water skiing permitted as designated by signs on Guist Creek Lake and Lake Beshear from 10:00 a.m. to sunset beginning the third Thursday in May through September 30. Similarly, water skiing is permitted in designated areas on Lake Malone beginning the third Thursday in May through October 31. Water-skiing and tubing are prohibited on Cedar Creek Lake.

• NOTICE: All regulations are subject to change. Please consult the Department of Fish & Wildlife Resources regarding the latest information on boating laws in Kentucky.

KentucKy DepartMent of fish & WilDlife resources


...boat, motor and lake usage regulations(301 KAR1:012, 1:015)


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How To Complete This Course1. Review each chapter of this manual. Complete the chapter exercise on

pages 54-56.2. Check your answers for the exercise on page 57.3. Review the information you may have answered incorrectly.4. Continue in this manner until all chapters have been covered.5. When taking the Certification Exam on page 61, follow the directions of your

instructor.6. Upon successful completion, you will receive your boater education certifi-

cation card from the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources.

What’s Included in This CourseThis manual presents a wide variety of information, including:

◆ General information concerning boats and maintenance ◆ Information to make your boating experience safer and more comfortable ◆ Tips on how to be a more courteous boat operator ◆ Laws and regulations to which you must adhere

In general, this information applies to all vessels (powerboats, personal watercraft, and manually driven boats such as sailboats, canoes, etc.). However, in some places, information may apply specifically to personal watercraft.

Where To Find Additional InformationThis manual is designed to be an introductory course to meet the boater

education needs of recreational boaters. We encourage you to continue to learn more about boating safety.

◆ For more advanced information, the following publications may be useful:• U.S. Coast Guard’s Navigation Rules• Chapman Piloting: Seamanship and Boat Handling by Elbert S. Maloney• The Annapolis Book of Seamanship by Mark Smith and John Rousmaniere ◆ For additional courses, contact the following organizations: • U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary• U.S. Power Squadrons• American Sailing Association• U.S. Sailing Association

1

How To Use This Book

Chapter One Know Your Boat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pages 2-4

Chapter Two Before You Get Underway . . . . Pages 5-9

Chapter Three Operating Your Boat . . .Safely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pages 10-24

Chapter Four The Legal Requirements Of Boating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pages 25-38

Chapter Five Boating Emergencies . . .What To Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pages 39-46

Chapter Six Enjoying Water Sports With Your Boat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pages 47-53

Chapter Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pages 54-56

Answers to Chapter Review Exercises . . . . . . Page 57

Notes Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pages 58-60

Exam Answer Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 61

Required Equipment Checklist . . . Inside Back Cover

Stay up to date on new boating laws!Be sure to stay abreast of new boating laws and requirements.

For state boating law information, call the Kentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife Resources, Division of Law Enforcement: • 1-800-858-1549For federal boating laws, visit the U.S. Coast Guard’s Boating safety website: • www.uscgboating.orgInformation in this manual does not replace what is specifically legal for boating in Kentucky which is found in the Kentucky Statutes and federal law.


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Chapter 1: Know Your Boat2

The Many Parts of a BoatBoats come in many styles and shapes, but the names of the different parts remain

consistent. Every boat operator should know the following terms and definitions.

Types of Boat HullsThere are two basic types of boat hulls—displacement and planing.

◆ Displacement Hulls: Boats with displacement hulls move through the water by pushing the water aside and are designed to cut through the water with very little propulsion.• If you lower a boat into the water, some of the water moves out of the way to

adjust for the boat. If you could weigh that displaced water, you would find it equals the weight of the boat. That weight is the boat’s displacement.

• Boats with displacement hulls are limited to slower speeds. • A round-bottomed hull shape acts as a displacement hull. Most large cruisers

and most sailboats have displacement hulls, allowing them to travel more smoothly through the water.

◆ Planing Hulls: Boats with planing hulls are designed to rise up and glide on top of the water when enough power is supplied. These boats may operate like displacement hulls when at rest or at slow speeds but climb towards the surface of the water as they move faster. • Boats with planing hulls can skim along at high speed, riding almost on top

of the water rather than pushing it aside. • Flat-bottomed and vee-bottomed hull shapes act as planing hulls. Most small

power-driven vessels, including personal watercraft (PWCs) and some small sailboats, have planing hulls, allowing them to travel more rapidly across the water.

How Planing Hulls Operate

Displacement ModeA planing hull, when operated at very slow speeds, will cut through the water like a displacement hull.

Planing ModeYour boat is in planing mode when enough power is applied so that the hull glides on top of the water. Different boats reach planing mode at different speeds.

Plowing ModeAs speed increases, a planing hull will have a raised bow, reducing the operator’s vision and throwing a very large wake. Avoid maintaining a speed that puts your boat in plowing mode.

propeller: Rotates and powers a boat forward or backward

stern: Rear of a vessel

bow: Front of a vessel

red and greensidelights

gunwale: Upper edge of vessel’s side

cleat: Metal fitting on which a rope can be fastened

all-round white light

port: Left side of a vessel

starboard: Right side of a vessel

hull: Body of a vessel

keel

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freeboard

beam


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3Chapter 1 ■

Length of a VesselA vessel’s length overall dictates the equipment the vessel must have to comply

with federal and state laws. Length overall is measured from the tip of the bow in a straight line to the stern of the vessel. Bow sprits; rudders; outboard motors and motor brackets; handles; and other fittings, attachments, and extensions are not included in the measurement.

Types of Engines and DrivesOutboards

◆ An outboard is a portable, self-contained package of an engine, gear case, and propeller that is attached to the transom of a boat. ◆ A growing number of outboard engines are of four-stroke design, but many are still conventional two-stroke engines that burn oil as a lubricant along with the fuel. New-technology two-stroke outboards are direct-injection engines and burn over 75% cleaner than conventional two-stroke outboards. ◆ Steering of outboard boats is controlled by a tiller or steering wheel that swivels the entire engine to direct propeller thrust.

Inboards ◆ An inboard is a four-stroke automotive engine adapted for marine use. Inboard engines are mounted inside the hull’s midsection or in front of the transom. ◆ The engine turns a drive shaft that runs through the bottom of the hull and is attached to a propeller at the other end. ◆ Many personal watercraft (PWCs) have two-stroke inboard engines that burn oil as a lubricant along with the fuel. New-technology two-stroke PWC engines are direct-injection engines and burn cleaner than conventional PWC engines. ◆ Steering of most inboard vessels, except PWCs and jet-drive boats, is controlled by a rudder behind the propeller.

Stern Drives ◆ Stern drives are known also as inboard/outboards (I/Os) because they combine features found on both inboard and outboard engines. Stern-drive engines are four-stroke automotive engines adapted for marine use and are mounted inside the boat. ◆ A stern-drive engine is attached through the transom to a drive unit (also called an “outdrive”) that is essentially the lower unit of an outboard. The engine turns a drive shaft that is attached to a propeller at the other end. ◆ Steering of stern-drive boats is controlled by the outdrive, which swivels like an outboard engine to direct propeller thrust.

Outboards Inboards

length overall (LOA) Length of the hull excluding any attachments

Length ClassesSome states have laws that refer to vessel lengths as “classes.”

Class LengthClass A less than 16 feet Class 1 16 feet to less than 26 feet Class 2 26 feet to less than 40 feetClass 3 40 feet to less than 65 feet

However, the U.S. Coast Guard no longer uses these designations to indicate length.

transom Vertical surface at the back of the hull

tiller Lever used to turn a rudder to steer a boat

rudder Steering device, usually a vertical blade attached to a post at, or near, the stern of the boat

Leng

th

Leng

th

Outboards... have more power per pound of weight than

do inboard engines.

Stern Drives... have quieter and more fuel-efficient engines.

Inboards... have automotive engines adapted to operate

in marine environments.


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4 ■ Chapter 1

Jet Drives ◆ Jet drives propel a vessel by forcing a jet of water out the back of the vessel. Directing this jet of water steers the vessel. ◆ Personal watercraft are the most common type of vessels that use a jet drive. ◆ Jet drives also may power larger vessels (jet boats) and are used commonly for vessels designed for shallow water conditions. Jet boats can have inboard or outboard jet drives.

Personal Watercraft ◆ A PWC is a small vessel that uses an inboard jet drive as its primary source of propulsion and is designed to be operated by a person or persons sitting, standing, or kneeling on the vessel rather than inside the vessel. The U.S. Coast Guard includes personal watercraft in the group of inboard vessels less than 16 feet in length. ◆ PWCs are subject to all of the same laws and requirements of any other vessel plus a few laws specific to PWCs. See Chapter 4 for the legal requirements for PWCs.

SailboatsUse of the wind is one of the oldest forms of powering a vessel. Sailboats range in

size and complexity, but all have basically the same four components. ◆ The hull carries the passengers and supports the rigging. ◆ The rigging includes many parts of the sailboat, such as the lines (sheets and halyards), mainsail, headsail (jib), boom, and mast. ◆ The keel or centerboard is attached to the bottom of the hull and keeps the boat from sliding sideways through the water. ◆ The rudder is used to steer the sailboat, turned by a tiller or steering wheel.

halyards Lines (ropes) used to raise and lower the sails

sheets Lines (ropes) used to control the angle of the sails to the wind

impeller Device used to pump and force water under pressure through a steering nozzle at the rear of the vessel

rudder

keel

mainsail

halyards

hull

sheets

boom

headsail(jib)

mast

steering control: Means of controlling the steering nozzle

starboard: Right side of a vessel

port: Left side of a vessel

safety lanyard: Short cord for attaching the ignition safety switch to the operator’s wrist or personal flotation device (life jacket)

impeller drive shaft jet pump intake grate

bow: Front of a vessel

stern: Rear of a vessel

steering nozzle

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Jet drives use an engine to power a strong water pump, which sucks up water and then forces the water out the back to thrust the vessel forward.

Outboard Jet

Jet

ImpellerIntake

Inboard Jet

JetImpeller

Intake

Jet Drive


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Chapter 2: Before You Get Underway

5

Your Boat’s CapacityA boat operator should never take a boat on the water with too many people or

too much gear on board. Boats loaded beyond their capacity will swamp or capsize more easily and will be more difficult to control.

◆ Look for a capacity plate near the operator’s position or on the transom of the boat. This plate indicates the maximum weight capacity and/or the maximum number of people that the boat can carry safely in good weather.• You should not exceed either the stated maximum weight capacity or the

maximum number of people.• Maximum weight is the combined weight of passengers, gear, and motors.• In many states, it is a violation to exceed capacity (see Chapter 4). ◆ Federal law requires single-hull boats less than 20 feet in length to have a capacity plate. (However, PWC and sailboat manufacturers are not required to attach a capacity plate.) Always follow the recommended capacity found in the owner’s manual and on the manufacturer’s warning decal. Never exceed these capacity recommendations. ◆ On vessels with no capacity plate, use the following rule of thumb to calculate the number of persons (weighing 150 lbs. each, on average) the vessel can carry safely in good weather conditions.

Number of people = vessel length (ft.) x vessel width (ft.) ÷ 15For example, for a vessel 18 feet long by 6 feet wide, the number of persons is 18 times 6 (or 108) divided by 15, which equals seven 150-lb. persons (or a total person weight of 7 x 150, or 1050 lbs.). ◆ On outboard boats, the capacity plate also will display the recommended maximum horsepower rating of the boat. Your boat’s motor should never exceed this rating.

File a “Float Plan”Before going out on a boat or PWC, it is always a good idea to tell someone

where you are going and ask them to take action if you fail to return on time. ◆ For shorter daytime outings on the water, at a minimum you should:• Contact a responsible person before you go out and tell him or her where

you will be boating and when you plan to return.• Give your contact the phone number for local authorities in case you fail to

return when expected. • Contact this person again when you return or if you decide to extend your

time out on the water. ◆ For extended outings on the water, leave a float plan with a relative or friend, or at least a local marina. You should leave a float plan that:• Describes the vessel, including its registration number, length, make, horse-

power, and engine type.• Includes the description and license plate of the tow vehicle and trailer. • Gives the number of passengers, their names and addresses, and a contact

in case of emergency. • States where you are going, the detailed route, your planned departure

time, and your expected return time. Include the location of all stopping points, dates, and times.

• Gives the phone number for local authorities in case you fail to return when expected. If boating on waters under U.S. Coast Guard juris-diction, give the phone number of the U.S. Coast Guard.

Maximum Capacity Plate

swamp To fill with water

capsize To turn on the side or turn completely over

FLOAT PLAN1. name and telephone number of person filing the plan ________________________________2. Description of boat type__________ Color________ trim_____

registration no.___________ length_______ name __________ Make___ other ________3. engine type______________ H. p._________ no. of engines __________ Fuel capacity___4. survival equipment ❑ pFDs ❑ paddles ❑ smoke signals ❑ Anchor 5. radio ❑ Yes ❑ no type ________ Frequency ________6. Mobile phone ❑ Yes ❑ no tel. #_______________________7. Vehicle license number ________________ type_____________ trailer license___________ Color___________ Make of vehicle________ Where parked__________________________8. persons on board ________ # ______ name Age Address & telephone

__________________________________________ __________________________________________9. Do any of the persons on board have a medical problem? ❑ Yes ❑ no if yes, what? ____________________________10. trip expectations. leave at_________________ From ___________ going to________________ expect to return by (time) _____________

and not later than ____________________11. Any other pertinent information?____________12. if not returned by (time)________, call the Coast guard or (local authority) ______________13. telephone numbers _______________________________________ _______________________________________

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Although federal law requires capacity plates only on boats less than 20 feet in length, the National Marine Manufacturers Association (NMMA) requires a capacity plate on all boats less than 26 feet in order to be certified by NMMA.

MAXIMUM CAPACITIES

tHis boAt CoMplies WitH u.s. CoAst guArD sAFetY stAnDArDs in eFFeCt on tHe DAte

oF CertiFiCAtionAbC boAts

XYZ MAnuFACturing, inC.

AnYWHere, usA 99999

7 PERSONS OR 1050 LBS.1400 LBS. PERSONS, MOTORS, GEAR130 H. P. MOTOR


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6 ■ Chapter 2

Fuel Selector Switch on a PWCThis switch can help you avoid becoming stranded without fuel. In order to work effectively, the switch must be set in the correct position: • The “Off” position should be used when the PWC’s engine is turned off.

• The “On” position should be used while you are underway.

• The “Reserve” position should be used if you run out of fuel while underway. This will allow you to return to shore. Don’t forget to switch back to the “On” position after refueling.

bilge Interior of the hull below the floorboards

Fuel Your Vessel . . . SafelySerious accidents can occur when fueling. Never fuel at night unless it is an

emergency. If you must refuel after dark, use only electric lights. To protect the water environment, try to refuel away from the water or on a commercial fueling ramp. Follow these procedures in order to fuel safely and responsibly.

◆ Before beginning to fuel:• Tie the boat securely to the fuel dock.• Ask all passengers to leave the boat and go onto the dock.• Do not allow anyone in your group or others at the fuel dock to smoke or

strike a match.• Check to see that fuel lines, connections, and fuel vents are in good

condition. • Turn off anything that might cause a spark—engines, fans, or electrical

equipment.• Shut off all fuel valves and extinguish all open flames, such as galley stoves

and pilot lights.• Close all windows, ports, doors, and other openings to prevent fumes from

entering the boat.• Remove portable fuel tanks from the boat and fill them on the dock.• Make sure that your fire extinguisher is within reach. ◆ While filling the fuel tank:• Keep the nozzle of the fuel-pump hose in solid contact with the tank opening

to prevent producing a static spark.• Use caution and fill the tank slowly to avoid spilling fuel into the boat’s bilge

or into the water. Use an oil-absorbent pad to catch drips or spills.• Never fill a tank to the brim—leave room for fuel to expand. ◆ After fueling:• Put the fill cap on tightly to prevent vapors from escaping.• Wipe up any spilled fuel and properly dispose of the used paper towels or

rags on shore.• Open all windows, ports, doors, and other openings.• If your boat is equipped with a power ventilation system (exhaust blower),

turn it on for at least four minutes before starting your engine. This will help eliminate fuel vapors in the bilge.

• Before starting the engine, sniff the bilge and engine compartment for fuel vapors. Continue ventilating until you cannot smell any fuel vapors. Consider installing a gas vapor detection and alarm device.

• Start the engine and then reload your passengers.

Fueling Issues for a PWCSerious accidents also can occur when fueling a personal watercraft (PWC).

Spilled or leaked fuel can ignite and explode, especially in an enclosed space. PWC operators should pay particular attention to these fueling guidelines.

◆ Check the entire fuel system for leaks and inspect fuel system connections frequently. Engine vibrations and the pounding from operating on rough water can loosen connections. ◆ Avoid fuel spills when fueling in or near the water. ◆ Do not tip the PWC in order to fill it all the way up. The tank is designed to leave space for the fuel to expand. If the tank is overfilled, the fuel may expand and spill into the water. ◆ After fueling, open the door of the engine compartment and sniff to check for any evidence of gas fumes. Do this before starting the engine. If you do smell gas fumes, determine the source and make repairs immediately.

REMEMBER …Evaporating gasoline creates vapors or fumes that are heavier than air. These fumes settle to the bottom of the vessel where they could explode if enclosed areas, such as the bilge, are not ventilated properly to remove fumes.

BOATER’S TIP Make sure you have enough fuel before casting off. Operating at two-thirds throttle instead of full throttle will conserve fuel. The following rule will help prevent running out of fuel: • One-third to get out • One-third to get back • One-third in reserve for emergencies


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7Chapter 2 ■

Trailering Your VesselChoose the Right Trailer and Vehicle To Tow Your Vessel

◆ The trailer and towing vehicle should be designed to fit your vessel.• Use the size of your vessel to determine the dimensions of

the trailer needed. Today, most trailerable boats are sold as a package with a trailer of the appropriate size.

• Look at the load capacity of the trailer stated by the trailer’s manufacturer. If the combined weight of your vessel and its engine is more than 90% of the recommended load capacity, buy the next larger trailer. This is because your gear (fuel, life jackets, anchors, lines, etc.) will increase the overall weight by at least 10%.

• Check the owner’s manual of your towing vehicle to ensure that your vehicle is rated to tow the combined weight of your vessel, engine, and trailer.

◆ The towing hitch must be appropriate for the loaded trailer.• The coupler on a trailer connects to a ball hitch on the towing vehicle.

A frame-mounted hitch on the towing vehicle is better than a bumper-mounted hitch. If you are using a bumper-mounted hitch, do not exceed the weight rating of the bumper.

• Make sure the size stamped on the ball hitch on the towing vehicle is the same size that is stamped on the trailer’s coupler. If the ball hitch is too small, a bump in the road could cause the coupler to lift off the hitch.

• “Tongue weight” is the amount of the loaded trailer’s weight that presses down on the towing hitch. The tongue weight should be about 10% of the combined weight of the vessel and trailer (“gross trailer weight” or GTW). If the tongue weight is too light, the trailer will tend to swing from side-to-side (or “fishtail”). If the tongue weight is too heavy, the rear wheels of the towing vehicle will be weighted down, making it difficult to steer.

◆ Two strong safety chains should be crisscrossed to support the trailer’s coupler if it becomes disconnected from the towing vehicle. The chains should be strong enough to hold the combined weight of the vessel, engine, and trailer.

Before Leaving Home ◆ Secure the vessel on the trailer and the gear within the vessel.• Secure all gear in the vessel firmly to keep it from shifting. Arrange the gear

so that its weight is balanced side-to-side and front-to-back.• Secure the vessel to the trailer with several tie-down straps and/or safety lines

to prevent the vessel from shifting. Use extra tie-down straps in case one fails. Never trust the bow winch alone to hold your vessel onto the trailer.

• Put the engine or drive unit in the raised position and secure it.• Attach the safety chains between the trailer and the towing vehicle,

crisscrossing them under the trailer tongue. ◆ Inspect and maintain trailering equipment.• Check the pressure of all tires on the towing vehicle and the trailer. Make

sure you have a spare tire in good condition for both the vehicle and the trailer.

• Tighten the lug nuts/bolts on the wheels of both the towing vehicle and the trailer, and grease wheel bearings.

• Make sure that all lights and brakes on the towing vehicle and the trailer work properly.

• Examine tie-down straps, lines, winch, safety chains, and hitch for signs of wear. Replace or adjust as necessary.

coupler The part of the trailer that attaches to the ball hitch on a towing vehicle

It is very important to have proper lighting on trailers, including turn signals and tail and brake lights. Also make sure you have a jack that fits properly under the trailer—most car jacks are too large to fit under a trailer.

Crisscross the safety chains under the trailer’s coupler when attaching them to the towing vehicle.

Tighten lug nuts on trailer wheels before departing.

coupler

winch

tongue

bunks


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8 ■ Chapter 2

On the Road With a Trailer ◆ Drive cautiously.• Drive at moderate speeds and avoid sudden maneuvers.• On long trips, pull over every hour or so to check the towing vehicle, trailer,

tires, trailer coupling, and gear in the vessel. ◆ Allow for the added length and weight of the trailer.• Make wider turns at corners and curves.• Allow extra time and distance for stopping and for passing other vehicles.

Launching Your Vessel from a Trailer ◆ Prepare to launch well away from the boat ramp so that you don’t block ramp traffic.• Transfer all equipment and supplies to the vessel.• Disconnect trailer lights from the towing vehicle. • Remove all tie-down straps before backing down the ramp but leave the

trailer winch line securely attached to the vessel.• Make sure the vessel’s drain plug is in place.• Tie a rope to the vessel’s bow to use to control the vessel if necessary during

launching. ◆ Back the trailered vessel into the water far enough so that the lower unit of the engine can be lowered and submerged while the vessel is still on the trailer.• As an added precaution, always set the parking brake on the towing vehicle. • Lower the engine or outdrive, and start the engine. If your vessel is still on

the trailer and you have engine trouble, you can retrieve the vessel easily.• Once the engine is warmed up, back the trailer further into the water until

the vessel floats. Undo the winch line, put the vessel’s engine in reverse, and back slowly off the trailer.

Retrieving Your Vessel ◆ Back the trailer into the water so that approximately two-thirds of the rollers or bunks are submerged in the water. Set the parking brake of the towing vehicle, and put it in park (or first gear if you have a manual transmission).• Move the vessel onto the trailer far enough to attach the winch line to the

bow eye of the vessel. Finish pulling the vessel onto the trailer by cranking the winch. Stay out of the way of the direct line of the winch cable in case it snaps or you lose control of the winch. Do not load a vessel using engine power because this can cause damage (see diagram on left).

• Shut off the engine, and raise the engine or outdrive. • Pull the vessel out of the water. ◆ Prepare for the drive home well away from the boat ramp so that you don’t block ramp traffic.• While on land at the ramp area, remove and dispose of all weeds from the

vessel and trailer, remove the drain plug to release bilge water, and drain any live wells. This will help prevent the spread of aquatic nuisance plants and animals (see Chapter 4).

• Secure the vessel on the trailer and the gear within the vessel, following the same instructions listed on the previous page under “Before Leaving Home.”

Do Not Power Load Your BoatPropeller wash can erode the sediment just beyond the ramp surface, creating a large hole. The eroded sediment is deposited behind the propeller, creating a mound. Trailer tires can get stuck in these holes, and boats can run aground on the mound.

Novice boaters should practice towing, especially backing up, in an open field or empty parking lot before their initial launch and retrieval. This will give you a feel for the trailer and how it maneuvers in relation to the towing vehicle.

REMEMBER …If launching or retrieving a sailboat with a raised mast, watch out for overhead wires.


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9Chapter 2 ■

Courtesy on the Boat RampBoat ramp traffic jams can be prevented if everyone practices common courtesy at

the ramp. Be sure you observe these simple courtesies. ◆ Prepare your vessel for launching or for the drive home well away from the ramp. ◆ Use at least two experienced people to launch and retrieve the vessel—one to drive the towing vehicle and one to operate the vessel. ◆ Never block a ramp with an unattended vessel or vehicle. Move the vessel away from the launch lane immediately after removing it from the trailer. Return briefly to pick up the vehicle driver once he or she has parked the vehicle and is back at the ramp. ◆ When retrieving, do not pull your vessel into a launch lane until the towing vehicle is at the ramp. The line is formed by vehicles with trailers, not by vessels in the water. Drop off the vehicle driver, and wait offshore and clear of the ramp until he or she arrives with the trailer.

Vessel MaintenanceKeeping your vessel well-maintained will extend its life and give you and your

family many more years of enjoyment. ◆ Examine the interior and exterior of the hull when it is out of the water.• Check for oxidation, a common problem on aluminum hulls, that appears

as white powder spots. Use fine sandpaper on oxidized areas until spots are replaced by bright shiny metal.

• To protect the environment, use only environmentally safe, non-phosphate detergents to remove oil and algae from fiberglass hulls. Avoid abrasive materials, which can remove the shiny top layer (gel coat). Patch holes immediately with a fiberglass patching compound.

• Check through-hull fittings to make sure they are not cracked or leaking.• Remove all puddles from the interior before and after every outing. ◆ Store vessels in a dry area out of the sun. If you must store the vessel for a long period of time, place the trailer on blocks to preserve the tires. Keep the vessel covered, leaving an opening to circulate air. Hang canoes upside down. ◆ Clean all lines (ropes). Dirt and sand cause deterioration. Keep lines out of the sun when not in use, and replace weakened or fraying lines. ◆ Clean sails with a soft brush. Examine them for small tears or open seams that can be repaired by taping or sewing. ◆ Refer to the owner’s manual for a maintenance schedule.

Use at least two experienced people to launch and retrieve your vessel—one to drive the towing vehicle and one to operate the vessel. If launching and retrieving by yourself, it is recommended to place wheel chocks behind the wheels of the towing vehicle.

Engine MaintenanceEngine maintenance is important. Follow a regular maintenance program.

✓ Keep your engine clean and tuned properly. Refer to your owner’s manual for a mainte-nance schedule.

✓ Check the oil and fluid levels before every outing. Change the oil according to the owner’s manual. As the engine ages, increase the frequency of oil changes. Clean oil extends engine life.

✓ Tighten battery connections. Clean battery terminals by disconnecting the terminals and removing corrosion with a wire brush. If the battery is weak when you start the engine, recharge it.

✓ Inspect the engine for anything that shows signs of wear or requires tightening, such as hoses, belts, and bolts. Make sure everything is fitted properly, including the engine cover.

✓ Never use automotive electrical parts. Use marine parts only. Use of automotive parts rather than sealed marine parts (such as alternators, starters, fuel pumps, and other electrical parts) could cause a spark that could ignite a fire.


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Chapter 3: Operating Your Boat . . . Safely10

Casting Off ◆ Before casting off:• Keep your boat tied to the dock while you warm up the engine. • Make sure everyone on board is seated and wearing a life jacket.• Check that the engine is running properly and the departure area is clear of

traffic. Then begin to cast off. ◆ If there is no wind or current:1) Cast off the bow and stern lines.2) Shift to forward and slowly move forward, gradually turning your boat away

from the dock. ◆ If the wind or current direction is toward the dock:1) Cast off the stern line. Move and secure the bow line to a mid-boat position

on the dock. Make sure fenders are in place on the bow.2) Put the boat into forward gear briefly, and turn the steering wheel hard

toward the dock. Increase speed slowly until the stern is well clear of the dock.

3) Cast off the bow line. Back out slowly until you have room to shift into forward and turn away from the dock.

◆ If the wind or current direction is away from the dock:1) Cast off the bow and stern lines.2) Use an oar or boat hook to keep the boat clear of the dock. Let the wind or

current carry the boat away from the dock. 3) Once there is sufficient clearance, shift into forward gear and slowly leave

the area.

Docking ◆ Before docking:• Reduce speed to the minimum required to maintain steerage. Use reverse

gear to bring the boat to a stop well away from the dock.• Determine the wind and/or current direction while stopped by observing

which way your boat drifts. If possible, make your approach into the wind or current, whichever is stronger. This will give you more control.

• Have bow and stern lines ready, and put boat fenders in place. Never plan to stop a moving boat with your arms or legs.

• When the area is clear of traffic, continue your approach. ◆ If there is no wind or current:1) Approach the dock slowly at a narrow angle (about 20 degrees).2) When close enough, have a passenger step on shore and secure the bow line.3) Swing the stern in with a line or boat hook, and secure it. ◆ If the wind or current direction is toward the dock:1) Approach slowly, parallel to the dock.2) Let the wind or current carry your boat to the dock. Shift into gear briefly if

you need to adjust position.3) Secure the bow and stern lines. ◆ If the wind or current direction is away from the dock:1) Approach the dock slowly at a sharp angle (about 40 degrees). 2) Use reverse to stop when close to the dock. Secure the bow line.3) Put the boat in forward gear briefly, and slowly turn the steering wheel hard

away from the dock—this will swing in the stern. Secure the stern line.

Casting Off Wind direction toward dock

Casting Off Wind direction away from dock

Docking No wind or current

Docking Wind direction away from dock

bowline

1

2

3

12

3

1

2

3

bowline

sternline

1

2

3

bowline

sternline

REMEMBER …These casting off and docking procedures are for small, single-engine boats. Procedures for large boats, sailboats, or boats with twin engines will vary.


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11Chapter 3 ■

Navigation Rules . . . Traffic Laws of the WaterwaysCollisions can be prevented easily if every vessel operator fulfills three major

responsibilities.1) Practice good seamanship.

It is the responsibility of every boat or PWC operator to take all necessary action to avoid a collision, taking into account the weather, vessel traffic, and limits of other vessels. Such action should be taken in ample time to avoid a collision and at a safe distance from other vessels.

2) Keep a proper lookout. Failing to keep a sharp lookout is the most common cause of collisions. Every operator must keep a proper lookout, using both sight and hearing, at all times. Watch and listen for other vessels, radio communications, navigational hazards, and others involved in water activities.

3) Maintain a safe speed. Safe speed is the speed that ensures you will have ample time to avoid a collision and can stop within an appropriate distance. Safe speed will vary depending on conditions such as wind, water conditions, navigational hazards, visibility, surrounding vessel traffic density, and the maneuverability of your boat or PWC. Always reduce speed and navigate with extreme caution at night and when visibility is restricted.

Encountering Other VesselsThere are rules that every operator must follow when encountering other vessels.

◆ Two terms help explain these rules.• Give-way vessel: The vessel that is required to take early and substantial

action to keep well away from other vessels by stopping, slowing down, or changing course. Avoid crossing in front of other vessels. Any change in course and/or speed should be large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel. (A series of small changes should be avoided.)

• Stand-on vessel: The vessel that must maintain its course and speed unless it becomes apparent that the give-way vessel is not taking appropriate action. If you must take action, do not turn toward the give-way vessel or cross in front of it.

◆ The action a vessel operator should take when encountering another vessel depends on the answers to two questions.• How are the two vessels propelled?

- Two power-driven vessels - Two sailing vessels - A power-driven vessel and a sailing vessel

• How are the two vessels approaching one another? - Meeting head-on: A vessel operator sees another vessel ahead or nearly ahead - Paths that cross: Two vessels are on crossing paths so as to involve risk of collision

- Overtaking: A vessel is coming upon another vessel from behind or nearly behind the other vessel

◆ The rules that follow cover most of the situations you will encounter as a recre-ational boater. • Note that the illustrations are not drawn to scale. The boats are shown closer

to each other than they should be when actually encountering another vessel on the water.

• Be aware that there are exceptions to the rules. For example, if you approach a vessel that has less maneuverability than your vessel, the other vessel will usually be the stand-on vessel (see sidebar on page 12, “Responsibilities Between Vessels”).

The navigation rules contained in this course summarize the basic navigation respon-sibilities for a boat operator on inland waterways. Additional and more in-depth rules apply to various types of waterways, such as International Waters and Western Rivers, and to operation regarding commercial vessels and other watercraft. It is the responsibility of an operator to know and follow all the navigation rules. For a complete listing of the navigation rules, refer to the U.S. Coast Guard publication Navigation Rules (COMDTINST 16672.2 Series) that can be purchased from the U.S. Government Bookstore.Or you can view the rules online at: http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=navRulesContentFor state-specific navigation requirements, refer to the laws of the state where you intend to boat.

Additional Information

Navigation Rules: DefinitionsFor the purpose of the U.S. Coast Guard’s navigation rules, the following definitions apply. • Vessel: Every kind of watercraft capable of being used as a means of transportation on water, including seaplanes

• Power-driven vessel: Any vessel propelled by machinery, including a sailboat using an engine

• Sailing vessel: Any vessel under sail and with no engine in use

• Underway: Not anchored, tied to shore, or aground

• Risk of collision: Any situation where an approaching vessel continues on a collision course (the bearing of the approaching vessel does not change), or anytime you are approaching a very large vessel


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12 ■ Chapter 3

Responsibilities Between VesselsIf operating a power-driven vessel, you must give way to: • Any vessel not under command, such as an anchored or disabled vessel

• Any vessel restricted in its ability to maneuver, such as a vessel towing, laying cable, or picking up navigation markers, or a vessel constrained by its draft, such as a large ship in a channel

• A vessel engaged in commercial fishing • A sailing vessel unless it is overtaking

If operating a sailing vessel, you must give way to: • Any vessel not under command • Any vessel restricted in its ability to maneuver

• A vessel engaged in commercial fishing

Power-Driven Vessel Encountering Power-Driven Vessel

Rendering AssistanceThe navigation rules also require operators to stop and render assistance to a vessel in distress unless doing so would endanger their own vessel or passengers.

windward Direction from which the wind is blowing, or upwind. Windward vessel refers to the vessel that is upwind of the other

leeward Direction toward which the wind is blowing, or downwind. Leeward vessel refers to the vessel that is downwind of the other

Sailing Vessel Encountering Sailing VesselIf a sailing vessel with the wind on its port (left) side cannot determine whether a

windward sailing vessel has the wind on the left or the right, it should give way to the windward vessel.

Give way!

Give way!Give way!

Meeting Head-On• Neither vessel is the stand-on vessel. • Both vessels should turn to starboard (the right)

and use sound signals to share their plans.

Overtaking• If you are overtaking, give way. Use sound signals to let the other boater know which direction you are planning to go. • If you are being overtaken, stand on.

Paths That Cross• If the other vessel is on your port (left), stand on. • If the other vessel is on your starboard (right), give

way and use sound signals to let the other boater know your plans.

signals intent to pass on give-way vessel’s starboard (right) side

TOOT TOOT

signals agreement

signals intent

signals intent to pass on give-way vessel’s port (left) side

TOOT

signals intent or agreement

TOOT TOOT

TOOT

TOOTsignals intent or agreement

Give way!

Wind on Same Side• If you are the windward vessel, give way and

signal to the other boater. • If you are the leeward vessel, stand on.

wind direction

Give way! Give way!

winddirection

windwardleeward

Wind on Different Sides• If the wind is

on your port (left) side, give way and use sound signals.

• If the wind is on your starboard (right), stand on.

signals intent to go right

TOOT

signals intentTOOT TOOT

signals intent to go left

TOOT TOOT

signals agreementTOOT TOOT

REMEMBER …Every operator is responsible for avoiding a collision. In complying with the navigation rules, operators must consider all dangers of navigation; risk of collisions; and any special conditions, including the limitations of the vessels involved. These considerations may make a departure from the navigation rules necessary to avoid immediate danger.


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13Chapter 3 ■

Operating During Restricted VisibilityAll operators should navigate with extreme caution if visibility is restricted. The following applies to vessels not in sight of one another. • Every vessel must proceed at a safe speed given the conditions of restricted visibility. A power-driven vessel must have its engines ready to maneuver immediately.

• Unless a risk of collision does not exist, an operator who hears the fog signal of another vessel ahead, is in a close-quarters situation with another vessel ahead, or detects the presence of another vessel by radar must reduce speed to the minimum at which the vessel can be kept on course. If necessary, the operator should reduce speed to idle speed.

Power-Driven Vessel Encountering Sailing Vessel

Overtaking• If you are overtaking,

give way and use sound signals.

• If you are being overtaken, stand on.

Meeting Head-On• If you are the power-driven vessel, give way and

signal the other boater. • If you are the sailing vessel, stand on.

Paths That Cross• If you are the power-driven vessel, give way and

signal the other boater. • If you are the sailing vessel, stand on.

signals intentTOOT

signals intent to pass on the

give-way vessel’s port (left) side

TOOT

signals intent to pass on the

give-way vessel’s port (left) side

TOOT

signals intent to go right

TOOT

signals agreement

TOOT

signals intent to go left

TOOT TOOT

signals intent to pass on the give-way

vessel’s starboard (right) side

TOOT TOOT

signals intent to pass on the give-way

vessel’s starboard (right) side

TOOT TOOT

Give way! Give way!

Give way!

Give way!Give way!

REMEMBER …Every operator is responsible for avoiding a collision. In complying with the navigation rules, operators must consider all dangers of navigation; risk of collisions; and any special conditions, including the limitations of the vessels involved. These considerations may make a departure from the navigation rules necessary to avoid immediate danger.


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14 ■ Chapter 3

Precautions at Night ✓ Make sure your navigation lights are working correctly, and carry extra bulbs.

✓ Use an all-round white light whenever the vessel is at anchor.

✓ Reduce speed and proceed with caution. Never be in a hurry.

✓ Be especially alert for everything in front of you. Avoid traveling alone at night; extra eyes can help you navigate.

✓ Stop if visibility is severely restricted, and use your sound signals to alert others in the area.

Navigation LightsNavigation lights help you and other boaters determine which is the give-way

vessel when encountering each other at night. These lights must be displayed from sunset to sunrise and during periods of restricted visibility, such as fog. Chapter 4 discusses the light requirements for different types of vessels. There are four common navigation lights.

◆ Sidelights: These red and green lights are called sidelights (also called combi-nation lights) because they are visible to another vessel approaching from the side or head-on. The red light indicates a vessel’s port (left) side; the green indicates a vessel’s starboard (right) side. ◆ Sternlight: This white light is seen only from behind or nearly behind the vessel. ◆ Masthead Light: This white light shines forward and to both sides and is required on all power-driven vessels. (On power-driven vessels less than 39.4 feet in length, the masthead light and sternlight may be combined into an all-round white light; power-driven vessels 39.4 feet in length or longer must have a separate masthead light.) A masthead light must be displayed by all vessels when under engine power. The absence of this light indicates a sailing vessel because sailboats under sail display only sidelights and a sternlight. ◆ All-Round White Light: On power-driven vessels less than 39.4 feet in length, this light may be used to combine a masthead light and sternlight into a single white light that can be seen by other vessels from any direction. This light serves as an anchor light when sidelights are extinguished.

Typical Recreation Vessels’ Navigation Lights

Navigation lights of a sailing vessel

sidelights(combination)

sternlight (135 degrees)

Navigation lights of a power-driven vessel with an all-round white light and combination sidelights placed on the bow

Navigation lights of a power-driven vessel with masthead light, sternlight, and separate sidelights

All-round white light indicating a vessel anchored away from the dock

Navigation lights of a sailboat under power

sternlight

masthead light

(225 degrees)



masthead light

sternlight

sidelight (112.5 degrees)



(360 degrees)


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15Chapter 3 ■

Night NavigationNight navigation presents additional challenges. You should always operate at a

slower speed at night and be on sharp lookout for the lights of other vessels. The lights displayed by other vessels will help you determine whether they are operating under power or sail, and their direction of travel. Once you’ve determined this, you apply the same navigation rules used in the daytime. However, never assume that the lights of other vessels are working properly. Allow plenty of time and distance to give way if needed, even if the lights indicate you are the stand-on vessel.

Encountering a Sailing Vessel at Night

When you see only a green light

or only a red light, you may be approaching a sailing vessel and you must give way. A sailing vessel is always the stand-on vessel except when it is overtaking.

When you see a red and a green light but no white light, you are approaching a sailing vessel head-on and you must give way.

Power-Driven Vessel Encountering Other Vessels at Night

When you see a red, a green, and a white light, you are approaching

another power-driven vessel head-on and both vessels must give way.

When you see only a white light, you are overtaking another vessel or it is anchored. It is the stand-on vessel, whether underway or anchored. You may go around it on either side.

When you see a green and a white light, you are the stand-on vessel.

You should remain alert, however, in case the other vessel operator

does not see you or does not know navigation rules.

When you see a red and a white light, you must give way to the other vessel! Slow down and allow the vessel to pass, or you may turn to the right and pass behind the other vessel.

Towing LightsWhen commercial vessels are towing or pushing a barge, they display one or more yellow lights in place of a sternlight.

There may be an unlit space of several hundred yards between the lights displayed on the bow and stern of the composite formed by the commercial vessel and its barge(s). Learn to recognize commercial vessel lights if boating on rivers, harbors, or coastal waters.

Unlit space of several hundred yards

Give way Give way

Give way

Stand onBe prepared to give way!!

Give way

Give way

Give way

Give way


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16 ■ Chapter 3

Sound SignalsSound signals used on the waterways are like the turn light indicators used to

signal intentions on the highways. Sound signals are also like an automobile’s horn used to let other drivers know you are near or to alert them of danger. Chapter 4 discusses the sound signal equipment requirements for different types of vessels. All boaters should know proper sound signals, especially those boaters operating near commercial vessel traffic.

◆ Sound signals are composed of short and prolonged blasts and must be audible for at least one-half mile: • Short blast—about one second in duration• Prolonged blast—4-6 seconds in duration ◆ Sound signals can communicate a change in direction to other boaters.• One short blast tells other boaters “I intend to pass you on my port (left)

side.”• Two short blasts tell other boaters “I intend to pass you on my starboard

(right) side.”• Three short blasts tell other boaters “I am backing up.” ◆ Sound signals let other boaters know where you are located during periods of restricted visibility, such as extreme fog. If you hear the fog signal of a vessel you cannot see, slow to a minimum speed until you are sure there is not a risk of collision.• One prolonged blast at intervals of not more than two minutes is the signal used

by power-driven vessels when underway.• One prolonged blast plus two short blasts at intervals of not more than two

minutes is the signal used by sailing vessels. ◆ Sound signals are used to warn other boaters or alert them to danger.• One prolonged blast is a warning signal (for example, used when coming

around a blind bend or leaving the dock).• Five (or more) short, rapid blasts are used to signal danger or to signal that you

do not understand or you disagree with the other boater’s intentions.

U .S . Aids to Navigation System (ATON)Buoys and markers are the “traffic signals” that guide vessel operators safely along

some waterways. They also identify dangerous or controlled areas and give direc-tions and information. As a recreational boat or PWC operator, you will need to know the lateral navigation markers and non-lateral markers of the U.S. Aids to Navigation System.

Lateral MarkersThese navigation aids mark the edges of safe water areas; for example, directing

travel within a channel. The markers use a combination of colors and numbers, which may appear on either buoys or permanently placed markers.

Colors and NumbersThe colors and numbers have the same meaning regardless of the kind of buoy or

marker on which they appear. ◆ Red Colors, Red Lights, and Even Numbers: These mark the edge of the channel on your starboard (right) side as you enter from the open sea or head upstream. Numbers usually will increase consecutively as you return from the open sea or head upstream.

Sound Signals for Encountering SituationsNavigation rules include the use of sound signals to communicate with other boaters. • TOOT (one short blast) tells other boaters “I intend to pass you on my port (left) side.”

• TOOT TOOT (two short blasts) tells other boaters “I intend to pass you on my starboard (right) side.”

The other vessel will sound the same signal if in agreement with the proposed maneuver.

Give-way vessel:

signals intentTOOT TOOT

Stand-on vessel:

signals agreementTOOT TOOT

Give way!

signals agreement

signals intent

TOOT

TOOT

BOATER’S TIP In most circumstances, you can use this phrase as a reminder of the correct course when returning from open waters or heading upstream:

“Red Right Returning”


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17Chapter 3 ■

◆ Green Colors, Green Lights, and Odd Numbers: These mark the edge of the channel on your port (left) side as you enter from the open sea or head upstream. Numbers usually will increase consecutively as you return from the open sea or head upstream. ◆ Red and Green Colors and/or Lights: These are placed at the junction of two channels to indicate the preferred (primary) channel when a channel splits. If green is on top, the preferred channel is to the right. If red is on top, the preferred channel is to the left. These also are sometimes referred to as “junction buoys.”

Shapes ◆ Nun Buoys: These cone-shaped buoys are always marked with red markings and even numbers. They mark the edge of the channel on your starboard (right) side when entering from the open sea or heading upstream. ◆ Can Buoys: These cylindrical-shaped buoys are always marked with green markings and odd numbers. They mark the edge of the channel on your port (left) side when entering from the open sea or heading upstream.

Other Kinds of Buoys and Markers ◆ Lighted Buoys: These buoys use the lateral marker shapes, colors, and numbers discussed above. In addition, they have a matching colored light. ◆ Daymarks: These are permanently placed signs attached to structures, such as posts, in the water. Common daymarks are red triangles (equivalent to nuns) and green squares (equivalent to cans). These may be lighted also.

Variations on the U .S . Aids to Navigation SystemSome waters of the United States have slight variations on the lateral navigation

markers. You should be aware of these if you boat on these waters.

Intracoastal Waterway (ICW)The Intracoastal Waterway (ICW) is a chain of local channels linked together to

provide an inland passage along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts. ◆ Channels that are part of the ICW are identified by yellow symbols on channel buoys and markers. Buoys and markers that bear these yellow symbols are serving a dual purpose—they are navigational aids for both the U.S. Aids to Navigation System and the Intracoastal Waterway. ◆ When following the Intracoastal Waterway in a clockwise direction starting from New Jersey and heading to Brownsville, Texas, these rules apply.• Any marker displaying a yellow triangle should be passed by keeping it on

the starboard (right) side of the vessel.• Any marker displaying a yellow square should be passed by keeping it on the

port (left) side of the vessel. ◆ These rules are true regardless of the shape or color of the channel marker or buoy on which the ICW symbols are displayed. When you are following the Intracoastal Waterway, the yellow triangles and squares should be used as guides, rather than the colors and shapes of the lateral navigation markers on which they appear.

ICW Symbols on Daymarks

Intracoastal Waterway (ICW) symbols are most commonly found on daymarks.

Lighted Buoys

Red Colorsand Lights

Green Colorsand Lights

Daymarks (on a Fixed Post or Piling)

Reflective Red,Even Numbers

Reflective Green,Odd Numbers

NunRed With

Even Numbers

CanGreen With Odd

Numbers

Buoys

Examples of Lateral Markers


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18 ■ Chapter 3

Western Rivers SystemThis system of markers is used on the Mississippi River and its tributaries above

Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and on some other rivers that flow toward the Gulf of Mexico. The major difference from the U.S. Aids to Navigation System lateral markers shown on the previous page is that navigation markers on the Western Rivers System are not numbered. Numbers displayed below daymarks along this system are not associated with the right or left side of the channel; these numbers indicate the distance from the river’s mouth (except on the Ohio River where the numbers indicate the distance from the headwaters).

Non-Lateral MarkersNon-lateral markers are navigation aids that give information other than the edges

of safe water areas. The most common are regulatory markers that are white and use orange markings and black lettering. These markers are found on lakes and rivers and are used to:

◆ Give directions and information. ◆ Warn of hazards and obstructions. ◆ Mark controlled areas. ◆ Mark exclusion (closed) areas.

InformationSquares provide information such as places to find food, supplies, and repairs; and they give direc-tions, distances, and other non-regulatory information.

Danger AreaDiamonds warn of dangers such as rocks, shoals, construction, dams, or stumps. Always proceed with caution and keep a safe distance. Never assume that every hazard will be marked by a buoy.

Controlled AreaCircles indicate a controlled area such as no wake, idle speed, speed limit, or ski zone.

Exclusion AreaCrossed diamonds indicate areas off-limits to all vessels such as swimming areas, dams, and spillways.

Other Non-Lateral Markers

Mooring Buoy: These are white with a blue horizontal band. They usually are placed in marinas and other areas where vessels are allowed to anchor. These are the only buoys you may tie up to legally.

Safe Water Marker: These are white with red vertical stripes and indicate unobstructed water on all sides. They mark mid-channels or fairways and may be passed on either side.

Inland Waters Obstruction Marker: These are white with black vertical stripes and indicate an obstruction to navigation. You should not pass between these buoys and the nearest shore.

Western Rivers System MarkerOn the Western Rivers System, this daymark indicates the right side of the channel as a boater heads upstream. The number below the marker indicates that the boater is 73.5 miles from the river’s mouth.


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19Chapter 3 ■

AnchoringEven though anchors are used most often by recreational boaters to “park” their

boat while swimming or fishing, anchors are also critical equipment in times of emergency. Anchoring may be a safety measure if your boat becomes disabled.

◆ Choose an anchor that fits your boat and the boating conditions.• The plow-style anchor is good for most boats and gets its holding power by

plowing into bottom sediments.• The fluke-style anchor (commonly referred to as Danforth) is similar to the

plow style but is more lightweight. It is also good for most boats and gets its holding power from its pointed flukes digging into bottom sediments.

• The mushroom anchor gets its holding power by sinking into bottom sediments. It should not be used to anchor boats larger than a small canoe, rowboat, small sailboat, or inflatable boat since the holding power is weak. You should never depend on a mushroom anchor to hold your boat in rough water or weather.

◆ Prepare your anchor before setting out.• Attach 7-8 feet of galvanized chain to the anchor. The chain aids in setting

the anchor by lowering the angle of the pull as the chain sinks and lies on the bottom. It also will help prevent abrasion of the anchor line from sand or rock on the bottom. Most anchors grip by digging into the bottom when the line is pulled horizontally. Any upward pull may break the anchor loose.

• Be sure the anchor line is strong and long enough to anchor your boat. A good rule of thumb is that the length of the line should be at least seven to ten times the depth of the water where you are setting anchor.

• Since an anchor can be a safety device in an emergency situation, store the anchor and its lines in an accessible area. If the engine breaks down, you may need to anchor quickly to avoid drifting aground.

◆ Follow these steps to anchor your boat.1) Select an area to anchor with plenty of room. Ideally,

it should be a well-protected area with adequate water depth and a sandy or muddy bottom.

2) Head slowly into the wind or current to a position upwind or upcurrent of where you actually want to end up.

3) When you are at that position, stop the boat and slowly lower the anchor over the bow to the bottom. Never anchor from the stern as this can cause the boat to swamp. The square stern may be hit by waves, and water will splash into the boat. The motor’s weight will add to this problem.

4) Slowly back the boat away downwind or downcurrent. Let out about seven to ten times as much anchor line as the depth of the water, depending on the wind strength and wave size. Tie off the line around a bow cleat, and pull on the anchor line to make sure the anchor is set.

5) After anchoring, take visual sightings of onshore objects or buoys in the water to help you know where your boat is positioned. While at anchor, recheck these sightings frequently to make sure the anchor is not dragging.

6) Periodically check connecting knots on your anchor line. When possible, use splices instead of knots. Knots weaken a line more than splices.

◆ Follow these steps to retrieve your anchor.1) Move the boat directly over the anchor while pulling in the line. Pulling the

anchor straight up should break it free. 2) If the anchor is stuck, turn your boat in a large circle while keeping the

anchor line pulled tight.3) When the anchor breaks loose, stop the boat and retrieve the anchor. Never

drag the anchor behind the boat.

You should never anchor in, or otherwise obstruct passage through, channels or areas such as launching ramps or any other high-traffic areas.

Fluke-Style AnchorGood for most boats

Mushroom-Type AnchorUseful only for small canoes, rowboats, small sailboats, or inflatables

Plow-Style AnchorGood for most boats

Be aware that the boat will swing downwind or downcurrent from the anchor. Allow “swing room” for any change in wind or current!


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20 ■ Chapter 3

Dams, Locks, and BridgesBoat and PWC operators may encounter physical structures such as dams, locks,

and bridges. You need to be extra cautious in these situations.

DamsDams pose dangers both above and below the dams.

◆ The low-head dam is the most dangerous type of dam and has been named the “drowning machine.” They may not be easily spotted because the top of a low-head dam can be several feet below the water’s surface. Because of their small size and drop, low-head dams do not appear to be dangerous. However, water going over a low-head dam creates a strong recirculating current or backroller (sometimes referred to as the “boil”) at the base of the dam. Even on small rivers, the force of the backroller can trap your vessel against the face of the dam and pull you under the water—even while wearing your personal flotation device (life jacket). Be aware that on large rivers or during high water the backroller or boil may be located more than 100 feet downstream of the dam. Avoid low-head dams. ◆ Large-structure dams are more easily spotted because of their powerhouses and spillways. They can be dangerous to boaters and swimmers both below and above the dam. These areas are usually off-limits. Obey all warning signs and signals.

LocksBy learning how to use locks, you will have a host of new opportunities for

pleasure boating on the rivers of North America. Lock attendants are present at most locks to help you through safely.

◆ A series of dams on a river help maintain enough water depth to allow river traffic to operate year-round. As a result of a dam, there will be two levels of water at the dam site—one level above the dam and a different one below. Locks safely transport boats from one water level to another, like an elevator. ◆ When approaching the lock:• Be aware that commercial traffic always has priority over recreational boats.• Wait at least 400 feet away from the lock for the signal to enter the lock.• Alert the lock attendant that you wish to go through the lock. You can sound

one prolonged blast followed by one short blast of your boat’s sound-producing device. You also may contact the lock attendant using your VHF marine radio on Channel 13, but never interrupt commercial communication.

• Enter the lock only after you’ve been signaled to enter by the lock’s traffic lights or by the lock attendant. Otherwise, stay well clear of the lock.

◆ When using locks, boaters should:• Have fenders and at least 100 feet of rope to use in securing your boat inside

the lock.• Follow the lock attendant’s instructions and proceed slowly.• Avoid passing another boat when inside the lock, unless directed to do so by

the lock attendant.• Wait for the lock attendant’s signal to exit the lock.

Low-head dams pose a serious danger to vessel operators. Surface currents below low-head dams can suck vessels toward the face of the dam. Currents above low-head dams can sweep vessels over the dam. The recirculating currents and turbulent waters below these dams can swamp vessels and drown boaters.

Traffic Signal Lights at Locks

Flashing red light means stay well clear of the lock and do not enter. Allow plenty of room for boats to exit the lock.

Flashing amber light means approach the lock at a safe speed and under full control.

Flashing green light means enter the lock.

Rear gate opens and boats enter lock

Gate closes and water level adjusts

Front gate opens and boats exit lock

BoilBackwash

Low-Head Dam


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21Chapter 3 ■

Bridges ◆ Most states have laws requiring that you pass under bridges at a slow speed. You should always reduce your speed and proceed with caution near any bridge or man-made structure that decreases visibility and passage. ◆ Many bridges are high enough to allow normal boat passage. However, some bridges provide only low clearance during normal conditions or periods of high water. ◆ Many drawbridges open and close when a boat arrives. To request passage, contact the bridge operator using sound signals or a VHF marine radio. ◆ Be aware that debris can collect around pilings of bridges and create dangerous obstructions.

Changing Water Levels Fluctuating water levels can cause special hazards for boaters. Water levels can

change rapidly due to tides, flooding rivers, or water released through dams. Any of these conditions can cause boats to run aground in areas where navigation may have been safe earlier. Any change in water level also can affect docking to a fixed pier.

Tides on Coastal Waters ◆ Tides are created by the sun and moon exerting a pull on the earth. High tides and low tides are predictable, and each one normally occurs twice daily at approximately six-hour intervals. ◆ Boat operators in coastal waters need to be mindful of the effect of tides. The rise and fall of tides can cause water levels to fluctuate by several feet and also can generate strong currents. Some tidal currents are strong enough that some boats cannot make headway against the current. ◆ As a boat operator, you need knowledge of the tides in your boating area. It is a good idea to learn how to read the tide tables found in many newspapers in coastal areas. Tide schedules also can be found on weather radio channels.

Compasses and ChartsA good compass and chart are always useful. Having a compass and knowing

how to use it are invaluable when darkness, fog, or a storm occurs. Therefore, it’s a good idea to take a basic course in navigation, usually available from the U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary, U.S. Power Squadrons, American Sailing Association, and others.

Steering Compass ◆ A compass, which is used to assist in navigation, is an instrument that shows magnetic north. You must apply a correction to determine the direction of true north. The ability to steer a boat by a compass is useful if land is out of sight, visibility is reduced, or the boat operator is disoriented. ◆ Mount a boat compass away from iron, magnets, and electrical wiring and equipment. Practice with your compass and other navigation equipment in good weather. Make sure you know how to use them. This will give you confi-dence during bad weather.

Nautical Charts ◆ Charts contain important information such as water depths and the locations of channels, sand bars, rocks, and vegetation. This is especially helpful when boating in bays or in large lakes. They also can be used to determine the most direct course possible for fuel conservation. ◆ Check with the local marina for charts. If none are available, obtain local knowledge before boating in an unfamiliar area.

chart Map used for navigation

Sailboat operators should always check clearance of the boat’s mast before passing under bridges. This can be very difficult to determine from the operator’s position on the boat. On charted waters, the chart will indicate bridge clearance at a particular water level. Current water level and tide must be factored in to determine present clearance.

A boat’s compass can be invaluable in bad weather and at night. Make sure you know how to use it.


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22 ■ Chapter 3

Operating a Personal WatercraftAlthough a personal watercraft (PWC) is considered an inboard vessel and

operators must follow the same rules and requirements that apply to other vessels, there are additional, specific considerations for the PWC operator.

Steering and Stopping a PWC ◆ PWCs are propelled by a jet drive where water is drawn into a pump and then forced out under pressure through a steering nozzle at the back of the unit. This “jet” of pressurized water is directed by the steering control—when the steering control is turned, the steering nozzle turns in the same direction. For example, if the steering control is turned right, the nozzle turns right and the jet of water pushes the back of the vessel to the left, which causes the PWC to turn right. ◆ The most important thing to remember about steering most PWCs (and other jet-drive vessels) is that you always must have power in order to maintain control. If you allow the engine on these PWCs to return to idle or shut off during operation, you lose all steering control. The PWC will continue in the direction it was headed before the throttle was released or the engine was shut off, no matter which way the steering control is turned. ◆ Always allow plenty of room for stopping. Just because you release the throttle or shut off the engine does not mean you will stop immediately. Even PWCs that have a braking system do not stop immediately.

Courtesy on the WaterWhile these rules of courteous operation are especially important for PWC

operators, they apply to all other vessel operators as well. ◆ Jumping the wake of a passing boat, or riding too close to another PWC or boat, creates risks and is restricted or even prohibited in some states. (See page 35 for more requirements specific to PWCs.) Here’s why.• The boat making the wake may block the PWC operator’s view of oncoming

traffic and also conceal the PWC operator from approaching vessels.• It can be very stressful for boat operators to have PWCs continually in close

proximity to their boats.• Wake jumping and riding too close to other vessels are common complaints

others have against PWC operators. ◆ Do not attempt to spray others with the wake of your PWC. Not only is this discourteous, but it is also dangerous and reckless operation. ◆ Excessive noise from personal watercraft often makes them unwelcome with other vessel operators, as well as with people on shore. Here are some tips on how you can be a courteous PWC operator.• Vary your operating area, and do not keep repeating the same maneuver.• Avoid congregating with other PWC operators near shore, which increases

annoying noise levels.• Avoid making excessive noise near residential and camping areas, particularly

early in the morning. Excessive use in one area can be an irritant to people who are there to enjoy a quiet and relaxing time.

• Avoid maneuvers that cause the engine exhaust to lift out of the water because that increases noise levels.

• Do not modify your engine exhaust system if it increases the noise. Improperly modified exhausts will not make your PWC faster and may raise the noise to an illegal level.

◆ Share the waterways responsibly with other boaters, fishermen, swimmers, surfers, or skiers. Respect their right to use the waterways safely and enjoyably.

steeringcontrol

steering nozzle

Before You Go Out on Your PWCOperating a personal watercraft carries the same responsibilities as operating any other vessel. Before taking your PWC out on the water, you should:

✓ Read and understand the owner’s manual. ✓ Take time to review the video most PWC manufacturers provide.

✓ Inspect your PWC periodically, and perform necessary maintenance to keep it in good operating condition.

✓ Be aware of all local, state, and federal laws that apply to PWCs. See Chapter 4 for more about these legal requirements.

✓ Do not forget that in addition to obeying all boating laws, the PWC operator must adhere to laws specific to personal watercraft.

wake Waves that a vessel leaves behind as it moves through the water


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23Chapter 3 ■

Environmental ConsiderationsWhen operating your personal watercraft, always consider the effect you may have

on the environment. ◆ Make sure that the water you operate in is at least 30 inches deep. Riding in shallow water can cause bottom sediments or aquatic vegetation to be sucked into the pump, damaging your PWC and the environment. ◆ Avoid causing erosion by operating at slow speed and by not creating a wake when operating near shore or in narrow streams or rivers. ◆ Do not dock or beach your PWC in reeds and grasses. This could damage fragile environments. ◆ Take extra care when fueling your PWC in or near the water. Oil and gasoline spills are very detrimental to the aquatic environment. Fuel on land if possible. ◆ Never use your PWC to disturb, chase, or harass wildlife.

Other PWC Considerations ◆ Regulations concerning PWCs can vary from state to state. See Chapter 4 for additional PWC regulations. ◆ A PWC is very maneuverable and responsive to slight turns of the steering control. At high speeds, a quick turn can make the PWC unstable, causing the operator and passengers to fall off. This is why most states require that everyone on board a PWC wear a personal flotation device (life jacket). Check Chapter 4 for more on personal flotation devices. ◆ Any passenger on a PWC should be able to hold on securely to the person in front of them or to the handholds, while keeping both feet firmly on the footrests. Children who are too small to be able to do this should not ride. ◆ A passenger on a PWC should never be seated in front of the operator. ◆ Keep hands, feet, loose clothing, and hair away from the pump intake area. Before cleaning debris from the pump intake, be sure to shut off the engine. ◆ The jet of water exiting the steering nozzle at the rear of the PWC can cause severe internal injuries. Anyone riding on a PWC should wear a wetsuit or other clothing that provides similar protection. Also, keep everyone clear of the steering nozzle unless the PWC is shut off. ◆ Frequently inspect your PWC’s electrical systems (e.g., starter and engine gauge connections) to ensure there is no potential for electrical spark. This is important because gas fumes could collect in the engine compartment and an explosion could occur if a spark from the electrical system ignited the fumes. After fueling, sniff the engine compartment for any evidence of gas fumes. ◆ Never exceed the manufacturer’s recommended capacity for your PWC. ◆ Know your limits, and ride according to your abilities.

Reboarding a Capsized PWCPWCs are designed to turn over and that’s part of what makes them fun, but

it’s also why it is very important that the ignition safety switch is attached to the operator. After a fall, the PWC could be overturned completely. You should know how to right the PWC and how to reboard from the rear of the craft.

◆ Most manufacturers have placed a decal at the rear or bottom of the craft that indicates the direction to roll your PWC to return it to an upright position. If no decal exists, check your owner’s manual or ask the dealer. With this information, you should be able to roll the PWC over and reboard with little trouble. If you roll it over the wrong way, you could damage your PWC. ◆ It is a good idea to practice reboarding with someone else around to make sure you can handle it alone. Don’t ride your PWC if you are very tired because reboarding would be difficult. Also, avoid riding where there are strong currents or winds, which could hamper your reboarding efforts.

PWC operators need to beware of passing too closely behind another vessel. The vessel will block your view of oncoming vessels, as well as the oncoming vessel’s view of the PWC.

Look for the decal on the rear of the PWC to determine the direction to roll it to return it to an upright position.

Blind Spot

Blind Spot

BOATER’S TIP Because a PWC is very maneu-verable it is possible for a PWC to get into trouble fast. Here are some important things to do when operating a PWC. • Do not ride too closely behind another PWC. If it turns sharply or if it stalls, you could collide with it; if the other rider falls off, you could run over him or her.

• Always look behind you over both shoulders before making turns; another vessel may be too close behind you.

• Be aware of all traffic in your boating area; don’t focus just on the short distance ahead.

• Always remember that operating a PWC has the same responsibilities as operating any other vessel.


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24 ■ Chapter 3

Ignition Safety (Engine Shut-Off) SwitchesMost powerboats and PWCs come equipped by the manufacturer with an

emergency ignition safety switch. This safety device can shut off the engine if the operator falls off the PWC or out of the powerboat, or is otherwise thrown from the proper operating position.

◆ A lanyard connects the safety switch to the operator’s wrist or PFD. When the lanyard is pulled from the switch, the engine shuts off. ◆ If a PWC has an ignition safety switch, most states require the operator to attach the lanyard. (Most states do not require powerboat operators to attach the lanyard. See Chapter 4 for more on these requirements.) However, even if attaching the lanyard is not required by law, many lives could be saved by doing so. If your powerboat or PWC does not have an ignition safety switch, you should have one installed. ◆ Your PWC may have a self-circling feature. If the operator is thrown from the PWC, the engine idles while the PWC slowly circles so that the operator can reboard. Be sure the idle speed is set correctly.

Use of Ignition Safety Switches Helps Prevent Propeller StrikesEach year, many boating accidents involve an operator and/or passengers who

fall overboard for a variety of reasons. Wearing an ignition safety switch lanyard not only ensures that your boat or PWC stays close if you fall overboard, but it also prevents you from being run over by your own boat. When the operator isn’t wearing a lanyard, the unmanned boat tends to run in hard, fast circles, often resulting in a severe injury or death from a propeller strike. Wearing the lanyard reduces the risk of a propeller injury and makes it easier to reboard the boat.

Avoiding Propeller Strike InjuriesIf you’ve ever seen a propeller strike accident, you want to do everything in your

power to prevent another one. They can be the most gruesome of boating accidents. Anyone in the water around a boat—a swimmer, scuba diver, fallen water-skier, or someone who’s fallen overboard—is a potential victim. Many propeller accidents are caused by operator inexperience, incompetence, negligence, and intoxication. However, most accidents can be prevented if operators follow a few simple safety practices.

◆ Turn off the engine when passengers are boarding or disembarking. Propellers should not be spinning when a passenger is in a vulnerable situation. ◆ Prevent passengers from being thrown overboard accidentally.• Never start a boat with the engine in gear.• Never ride on a seat back, gunwale, transom, or bow.• Make sure all passengers are seated properly before getting underway. Some

operators cause injuries by putting the engine in gear while people are still swimming or diving from the boat.

• Assign a responsible adult to watch any children in the boat and sound the alarm if a child falls overboard.

◆ Maintain a proper lookout for people in the water. The primary cause of propeller strike accidents is operator inattention or carelessness.• Slow down when approaching congested areas and anchorages. In congested

areas, always be alert for swimmers and divers.• Learn to recognize warning buoys that mark swimming and other hazardous

areas.• Keep the boat away from marked swimming and diving areas. Become

familiar with the red flag with a white diagonal stripe and the blue-and-white “Alfa” flag—both signal that divers are down.

lanyard Short cord used for fastening something or securing rigging; on a PWC and most powerboats, it attaches the ignition safety switch to the opera-tor’s wrist or life jacket

Devices That Reduce Propeller StrikesSeveral new technologies are available to reduce propeller strikes. The devices fall into the following categories. • Guards: Devices that provide some type of physical barrier around the propeller. These include deflection devices, full cages, ring guards, ringed props, and “Kort Knozzles.”

• Propulsion: Devices other than a propeller such as jet drives and pump jets.

• Interlocks: Devices that automatically turn off the engine or sound an alarm. For example, a ladder interlock stops the engine or triggers an alarm when passengers use the ladder to enter or leave the water.

• Sensors: Wireless sensors or other devices worn by boaters that shut off the boat’s engine or trigger an alarm if the wearer falls overboard.

For more information about these devices, read the article “Propeller Injury Intervention” on the U.S. Coast Guard’s Boating Safety website: www.uscgboating.org

REMEMBER …A PFD does more than keep you afloat to prevent you from drowning. It also can help a boater spot you more easily.


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25

Chapter 4: The Legal Requirements Of Boating

Your Vessel’s Certificate of Registration and Decal ◆ Requirements for vessel registration vary from state to state. In Kentucky, you must have a Kentucky Certificate of Registration and registration decals to legally operate your vessel on public waters. The only exceptions are:• Non-motorized vessels• Vessels registered in other states using Kentucky waters for 60 days or less• Vessels documented with the U.S. Coast Guard. ◆ The Certificate of Registration and registration decals are obtained by submitting the proper application and fee to the office of the county clerk in the county in which you reside or the county where you use your vessel. ◆ This Certificate of Registration must be on board and available for inspection by an enforcement officer whenever the vessel is being operated. ◆ The registration number and registration decal must be displayed as follows: • Number must be painted, applied as a decal, or otherwise affixed to both

sides of the forward half of the vessel where no other number may be displayed.

• Number must read from left to right on both sides of the vessel. • Number must be in at least three-inch-high, vertical BLOCK letters.• Number’s color must contrast with its background.• Letters must be separated from the numbers by hyphens or spaces; for

example: KY-3717-ZW or KY 3717 ZW.• Decal must be placed behind the number (towards the stern) and be within

six inches of and in-line with the number. ◆ If your vessel requires registration, it is illegal to operate or allow others to operate your vessel unless it is registered and numbered as described above.

Other Facts About Titling and Registering Your Vessel ◆ All vessels which require registration must also be titled in Kentucky. You must apply for a title within 15 days of the purchase or transfer. ◆ A Certificate of Registration is valid for one year. Owners of vessels that have already been registered will be sent a renewal notice at least 30 days prior to the expiration date. ◆ The owner of a numbered vessel must notify the county clerk within 15 days if:• He or she changes address.• The vessel is lost, stolen, destroyed, abandoned, or sold. ◆ Vessels registered in another state may operate on Kentucky waters for 60 consecutive days before Kentucky registration is required. ◆ If you lose or destroy your Certificate of Registration or decal, you must apply to the county clerk for a duplicate and submit a processing fee. ◆ Larger recreational vessels owned by U.S. citizens may, at the option of the owner, be documented by the U.S. Coast Guard. Call the USCG’s Documentation Center at 1-800-799-8362 for more information.

Certificate of RegistrationThe Certificate of Registration must be carried on board the vessel whenever the vessel is operated.

Registration Decal

■ KY 3717 ZW

Spaces or hyphens should appear here.

PWCs also are required to display the registration number

and registration decals.

KY 3818 ZW ■

2013

EXPIRATION DATE APRIL 30, 2013


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26 ■ Chapter 4

Hull Identification Number ◆ The Hull Identification Number (HIN) is a unique, 12-digit number assigned by the manufacturer to vessels built after 1972. ◆ Hull Identification Numbers:• Distinguish one vessel from another —the same as serial numbers distinguish

one car from another.• Are engraved in the fiberglass or on a metal plate permanently attached to

the transom. ◆ You should write down your HIN and put it in a place separate from your vessel in case warranty problems arise or your vessel is stolen. ◆ Home-built vessels may apply for an identification number (HIN) with the Kentucky Department of Transportation.

Who May Operate a Vessel ◆ Those less than 12 years of age: May not legally operate any motorized vessel over 10 horsepower (including personal watercraft). ◆ Those 12 to 17 years of age: May legally operate a motorized vessel over 10 horsepower (including personal watercraft) only if they:• Have passed an approved boating safety course and carry on board their

boater education certificate or ... • Are accompanied on board by a person 18 years old or older or by a person

who possesses a boater education card. ◆ Those 18 years of age or older: May operate any vessel on the waters of Kentucky without restrictions.

Boater Education CertificateOperators required to have a boater education certificate must carry it on board the vessel. These certificates are obtained by passing a boating safety course approved by the Kentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife Resources.

KENTUCKY DEPARTMENT OF FISH & WILDLIFE RESOURCESBOATER EDUCATION PROGRAMS

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLETION

F000000

JOHN DOE123 SOME KENTUCKY ROADHOMETOWN, KY 40000

Date of Birth: 6/25/1980Card Issue Date: 5/16/2011

Approved

ABC 67689 B6 06

Manufacturer’s Hull Serial Date of Model Identification Number Manufacture Year Code (MIC)

Hull Identification Number

Stay up-to-date on new boating laws!Be sure to stay abreast of new boating laws and requirements.

For state boating law information, call the Kentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife Resources, Division of Law Enforcement: • 1-800-858-1549

For federal boating laws, visit the U.S. Coast Guard’s boating safety website at: • www.uscgboating.org

Information in this manual does not replace what is specifically legal for boating in Kentucky which is found in the Kentucky Statutes and federal laws.

www www www www www www www www www www www www www wwwww

www www www www www www www www www www www www www www www

www www www wwwwww www www www www www www www www www www www w

www www www


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27Chapter 4 ■

Unlawful Operation of a VesselKentucky law states that it is unlawful to operate a watercraft in a reckless,

negligent, or dangerous manner. Specifically, these operating practices are illegal: ◆ Reckless Operation of a vessel is the failure to exercise the care necessary to prevent the endangerment of another person or their property. Examples of illegal, reckless operation are:• Weaving your vessel through congested waterway traffic• Steering toward another object or person in the water and swerving at the

last possible moment in order to avoid collision• Following behind another vessel that is towing a person(s) on water skis,

surfboard or similar device• Cutting between a vessel and the person(s) being towed by that vessel• Jumping the wake of another vessel in a way that endangers another’s life,

safety, or property• Crossing the path of another vessel when visibility is obstructed• Chasing, harassing, or disturbing wildlife with your vessel ◆ Improper Speed or Distance is not maintaining a proper speed and distance while operating a vessel. Specifically, it is illegal to:• Operate at a rate of speed that endangers the life or property of any person.

Operators are also liable for any danger or damage produced by their vessel’s wake.

• Operate a vessel at greater than idle speed or slow-no wake speed in any areas marked as “No Wake.”

• Operate within 50 feet of a commercial vessel and its tow which is in operation on the waterway, unless the operator of the commercial vessel has given consent.

• Operate within restricted areas posted above or below navigation, power-generating or flood-control dams.

◆ Prohibited Riding is allowing passengers to ride on a vessel in places where there may be a chance of falling. Specifically, when operating a vessel above idle speed, the operator or passengers may not ride:• On a covered bow of a vessel• Outside the protective railing of a pontoon boat or houseboat• On the gunwales, back, or engine cover of a vessel• On a seat which extends six inches above the gunwales• On the back of seats• On any other dangerous position where there is a chance of falling

overboard ◆ Overloading is defined as loading the vessel beyond the recommended capacity shown on the capacity plate installed by the vessel manufacturer.

overboard Over the side or out of the vessel

gunwale Upper edge of vessel’s side (generally pronounced gunnel)

idle speed or slow - no wake speed The slowest speed at which it is still possible to maintain steering; the vessel should not produce a wake at this speed

The U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary and U.S. Power

Squadrons will perform a Vessel

Safety Check (VSC) of your vessel and

equipment free of charge. This inspection covers

federal and state requirements. If your vessel meets all VSC requirements, you will receive a VSC decal. If your vessel fails to meet all requirements, no report is made to any law enforcement agency.

REMEMBER …Kentucky boaters on the Ohio River may also be subject to the laws of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and the U.S. Coast Guard.


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28 ■ Chapter 4

Alcohol and DrugsKentucky law prohibits anyone from boating while intoxicated (BWI)—that is,

operating a vessel, or manipulating water skis or similar devices, while intoxicated or under the influence of any substance that impairs a person’s driving ability. Alcohol and drugs cause impaired balance, blurred vision, poor coordination, impaired judgment, and slow reaction time. Alcohol is a major contributor to boating accidents and fatalities. Read more about the effects and risks of consuming alcohol in Chapter 5.

◆ Kentucky law states:• A person is considered to be intoxicated if the concentration of alcohol in

his or her blood is 0.08% or more.• It is also illegal to drink alcoholic beverages in public places—which includes

the waterways of Kentucky. ◆ Kentucky law establishes the following penalties:• Those convicted of boating while intoxicated or under the influence of any

substance which impairs his or her driving ability will be subject to a fine of $200 to $250 upon a first conviction.

• Upon a second conviction, the person will be subject to a fine of $350 to $500.

• Upon a third or subsequent conviction, a person will be subject to a fine of $600 to $1,000, or imprisonment for at least 30 days, or both a fine and jail time.

◆ By operating a vessel on Kentucky waters, you have consented to be tested for alcohol or drugs if requested by a law enforcement official. If you refuse to be tested, you will be subject to arrest and punishment consistent with the penalties described above.

Obstructing NavigationVessel operators should always be considerate of other vessel operators even when

stopping to anchor or moor. Keep in mind that it is illegal to: ◆ Anchor a vessel in the traveled portion of a river or channel that will prevent or interfere with any other vessel passing through the same area. ◆ Moor or attach a vessel to a buoy (except mooring buoys), beacon, light, or any other navigational aid placed on public waters by proper authorities. Also, it is illegal to move, displace, tamper with, damage, or destroy any navigational aid. ◆ Obstruct a pier, wharf, boat ramp, or access to any facility.

Homeland Security RestrictionsRecreational boaters have a role in keeping our waterways safe and secure.

moor To keep a vessel in place by setting anchor or tying the vessel to a fixed object or buoy

Because you can drink faster than your system can burn the alcohol off, there is an increasing level of alcohol in your blood. This level is referred to as Blood Alcohol Content (BAC). Learn more about the effects and risks of consuming alcohol while boating in Chapter 5.

The best thing you can do for your safety and the safety of your passengers and other boaters is simple ... Don’t Drink and Boat!

Areas of Impairment Due to Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)

Because you can drink faster than your system can burn off the alcohol, there is an increasing level of alcohol in your blood. This level is referred to as Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC).

Avoid all security zones and restricted areas. Keep a sharp eye out for anything that looks peculiar or out of the ordinary.

100 YARdS—KEEP OUT!

500 YARdS—OPERATE AT MINIMUM SPEEd

◆ Observe and avoid all security zones, including restricted areas near dams, power plants, etc. Do not stop or anchor beneath bridges or in the channel. Violators can expect a swift and severe response. ◆ Keep a sharp eye out for anything that looks peculiar or out of the ordinary. Report all activities that seem suspicious to the local author-ities or the Coast Guard.


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29Chapter 4 ■

Personal Flotation Devices (Life Jackets)All vessels must be equipped with life jackets, approved by the U.S. Coast

Guard (USCG), called personal flotation devices or PFDs. The quantity and type depends on the length of your vessel and the number of people on board and/or being towed. Each PFD must be in good condition, the proper size for the intended wearer, and very importantly, must be readily accessible! Readily accessible means you must be able to put the PFD on in a reasonable amount of time in an emergency (vessel sinking, on fire, etc.). PFDs should not be stowed in plastic bags, in locked or closed compartments or have other gear stowed on top of them.

Vessel operators should ask everyone on their vessel to wear a PFD whenever on the water. PFDs can save lives, but only if they are worn!

PFD Requirements• All vessels must carry one Type I, II,

or III USCG–approved PFD for each person on board.

• All PFDs must be in good and serviceable condition and must be readily accessible. The PFDs must be of the proper size for the intended wearer. Sizing for PFDs is based on body weight and chest size.

• In addition to the above requirements, vessels 16 ft. in length or longer must have one Type IV USCG–approved PFD on board and immediately acces-sible.

• Children under 12 years of age must wear a USCG–approved PFD at all times while underway in an open vessel or on an open deck of a vessel.

• Each person on board a personal watercraft must wear a USCG–approved PFD.

• Each person being towed behind a vessel must wear a USCG–approved PFD.

• A Type V PFD may be substituted for other required PFDs if the Type V PFD is approved for the type of vessel and the activity for which the PFD is being used.

PFD DescriptionsTYPE I: Offshore Life JacketsThese vests are geared for rough or remote waters where rescue may take awhile. They provide the most buoyancy, are excellent for flotation and will turn most uncon-scious persons face up in the water.

TYPE II: Near-Shore VestsThese vests are good for calm waters when quick assistance or rescue is likely. Type II vests will turn some unconscious wearers face-up in the water, but the turning is not as pronounced as a Type I.

TYPE III: Flotation AidsThese vests or full-sleeved jackets are good for calm waters when quick assistance or rescue is likely. They are not for rough waters since they will not turn most unconscious persons face up. This type of PFD is generally used for water sports. Some Type III PFDs are designed to inflate when you enter the water.

TYPE IV: Throwable DevicesThese cushions or ring buoys are designed to be thrown to someone in trouble. They are not for long hours in rough waters, non-swimmers or the unconscious.

TYPE V: Special-Use DevicesThese windsurfing vests, deck suits, hybrid PFDs and others are designed for specific activities, such as kayaking or water-skiing. Some Type V PFDs are designed to inflate when you enter the water. To be acceptable, Type V PFDs must be used in accordance with their label.

BOATER’S TIP An emergency situation (rough water, rapid onset of bad weather, or dangerous boating traffic) can occur suddenly—leaving little or no time to put on life jackets. Life jackets are very difficult to put on once you are in the water. Be a smart boater, and have everyone on board your vessel wear their life jackets at all times.

Types of Personal Flotation DevicesRead and follow the label restrictions on all PFDs.

TYPE I

TYPE II

TYPE III

TYPE IIIInflatable

TYPE V

TYPE IVRing Buoy

TYPE IVCushion


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30 ■ Chapter 4

Fire Extinguishers ◆ Extinguishers are classified by a letter and number symbol. The number indicates the relative size of the extinguisher and the letter indicates the type and size of fire it will extinguish:• Type A fires are of combustible solids like wood.• Type B fires are of flammable liquids like gasoline or oil.• Type C fires are electrical fires. ◆ All vessels, including PWCs, are required to have a Type B fire extinguisher(s) on board if the vessel is equipped with any device which consumes a petroleum product (for example, engines, lanterns, stoves, etc,). ◆ Approved types of fire extinguishers are identified by the following marking on the label—“Marine Type USCG Approved”—followed by the size and type symbols and the approval number.

◆ Extinguishers should be placed in an accessible area—not near the engine or in a compartment, but where they can be reached immediately. Be sure you know how to operate them. ◆ Fire extinguishers must be maintained in usable condition. Inspect extin-guishers regularly to ensure the following.• Seals and tamper indicators are not broken or missing.• Pressure gauges or indicators read in the operable range.• There is no physical damage, corrosion, leakage, or clogged nozzles. ◆ Fire extinguishers must be maintained in usable condition. Extinguishers should be serviced at least every two years. See the label for additional servicing information. Inspect extinguishers regularly to make sure that:• Seals and tamper indicators are not broken or missing• Pressure gauges or indicators read in the operable range• There is no physical damage, corrosion, leakage or clogged nozzles

Check the charge level of your fire extinguishers regularly. Replace them immediately if they are not fully charged.

Fire Extinguisher Charge Indicators

green buttonTo check this style of extin-guisher, depress the green button. If it is fully charged, the green button should pop back out immediately.

On this style of fire extinguisher, the needle indicator should be in the “full” range.

REMEMBER …Keep bilges clean and free of trash in order to reduce the risk of fire.

Use this chart to determine the type and quantity of fire extinguishers required for your vessel.Length of Vessel Without Fixed System With Fixed System*Less than 26 feet one B-I None

26 feet to less than 40 feet two B-I or one B-II one B-I40 feet to less than 65 feet three B-I or one B-II and one B-I two B-I or one B-II

* refers to a permanently installed fire extinguisher system

BOATER’S TIP PWC operators need to take special steps in case of fire. Because their fire extinguishers may not be easily accessible, they should simply swim away quickly and use another operator’s extinguisher. They should not open the engine compartment to put out the fire.


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31Chapter 4 ■

Vessels built after July 31, 1980, which contain power exhaust blowers in gasoline engine compartments, must have the above warning sticker near the instrument panel.

backfire Explosion of prematurely ignited fuel or of unburned exhaust gases in an internal combustion engine

cowl Hooded opening used for ventilation

Backfire Flame ArrestorsBecause vessel engines may backfire, all powerboats (except outboards) fueled

with gasoline must have an approved backfire flame arrestor on each carburetor. They are designed to prevent the ignition of gasoline vapors in case the engine backfires.

◆ Backfire flame arrestors must be:• In good and serviceable condition• U.S. Coast Guard–approved (must comply with SAE J-1928 or UL 1111

standards) ◆ Periodically clean the flame arrestor and check for any damage.

Proper VentilationThe importance of ventilation is crucial. The purpose of ventilation systems is to

avoid explosions by removing flammable gases. Properly installed ventilation systems greatly reduce the chance of a life-threatening explosion.

◆ All gasoline-powered vessels, constructed in a way that would entrap fumes, must have at least two ventilation ducts fitted with cowls to remove the fumes. At least one exhaust duct must extend from the open atmosphere to the lower bilge. At least one intake duct must extend from a point at least midway to the bilge or below the level of the carburetor air intake. ◆ If your vessel is equipped with a power ventilation system, turn it on for at least four minutes after fueling, prior to starting your engine. ◆ If your vessel is not equipped with a power ventilation system (like PWCs), open the engine compartment and sniff for gasoline fumes before starting the engine.

MufflersAll vessel engines must be equipped with an effective muffling device. Excessive

noise can prevent a vessel operator from hearing signals and voices. ◆ It is illegal to modify the muffling system if the result is increased noise. ◆ There may be federal and local regulations restricting vessels with an over-the-transom exhaust system.

WARNING:gasoline vapors can explode. before

starting engine, operate blower for four minutes and check (using your nose)

engine compartment for gasoline vapors.

Powerboats are built to ventilate the engine when underway. As the boat moves along, an air intake scoops up fresh air and forces it down the air duct into the engine compartment. The exhaust sucks out the explosive fumes from the lowest part of the engine and fuel compartments.


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32 ■ Chapter 4

Navigation Lights ◆ Vessel operators must make sure that their vessels are equipped with the proper navigation lights and use the lights during these conditions:• When away from the dock between sunset and sunrise• During periods of restricted visibility such as fog or heavy rain ◆ The different types of navigation lights are described in “Navigation Lights” in Chapter 3. No other lights that may be mistaken for required navigation lights may be exhibited. Note: Blue or red flashing lights are restricted to use by law enforcement vessels only. ◆ The required navigation lights differ depending on the type and size of your vessel. The common lighting configurations for recreational vessels are discussed below. For other configurations and requirements for larger vessels, see the U.S. Coast Guard’s Navigation Rules.

Power-Driven Vessels Less Than 65 .6 Feet Long When UnderwayIf less than 65.6 feet (20 meters) long, these vessels must exhibit the lights as

shown in illustration 1. Remember, power-driven vessels include sailboats operating under engine power. The required lights are:

◆ Red and green sidelights visible from a distance of at least two miles away—or if less than 39.4 feet (12 meters) long, at least one mile away—on a dark, clear night. ◆ An all-round white light (if less than 39.4 feet long) or both a masthead light and a sternlight. These lights must be visible from a distance of at least two miles away on a dark, clear night. The all-round white light (or the masthead light) must be at least 3.3 feet (one meter) higher than the sidelights.

Unpowered Vessels When Underway Unpowered vessels are sailing vessels or vessels that are paddled, poled, or rowed.

◆ If less than 65.6 feet long, these vessels must exhibit the lights as shown in illustration 2. The required lights are:• Red and green sidelights visible from a distance of at least two miles away—

or if less than 39.4 feet long, at least one mile away—on a dark, clear night.• A sternlight visible from a distance of at least two miles away. ◆ If less than 23.0 feet (7 meters) long, these vessels should:• If practical, exhibit the same lights as required for unpowered vessels less

than 65.6 feet in length.• If not practical, have on hand at least one lantern or flashlight shining a

white light as shown in illustration 3.

All Vessels When Not Underway All vessels are required to display a white light visible in all directions whenever

they are moored or anchored outside a designated mooring area between sunset and sunrise.

An alternative to the sidelights and sternlight is a combination red, green, and white light, which must be exhibited near the top of the mast.

2 . Unpowered Vessels Less Than 65 .6 Feet

3 . Unpowered Vessels Less Than 23 Feet

To prevent a collision, vessel operators should never leave shore without a flashlight. Even if you plan to return before dark, unforeseen develop-ments might delay your return past nightfall.

1 . Power-Driven Vessels Less Than 65 .6 Feet

The red and green lighting must conform to the illustration above. Red should be on the left side of the bow and green on the right side of the bow.

Less than 39.4 feet long only


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33Chapter 4 ■

Visual Distress SignalsVisual Distress Signals (VDSs) allow vessel operators to signal for help in the

event of an emergency. VDSs are classified as day signals (visible in bright sunlight), night signals (visible at night) or both day and night signals. VDSs are either pyrotechnic (smoke and flames) or non-pyrotechnic (non-combustible).

◆ Vessels on federally controlled waters must be equipped with U.S. Coast Guard–approved visual distress signals. All vessels, regardless of length or type, are required to carry night signals when operating between sunset and sunrise. Most vessels must also carry day signals. Exceptions to the requirement for day signals are:• Recreational vessels that are less than 16 feet in length• Non-motorized open sailboats that are less than 26 feet in length• Manually-propelled vessels ◆ VDSs must be U.S. Coast Guard–approved, in serviceable condition, and readily accessible.

Pyrotechnic Devices • Pyrotechnics are excellent distress signals. However, there is potential for injury and property damage if not properly handled. These devices produce a very hot flame and the residue can cause burns and ignite flammable materials.

• Pistol launched and hand-held parachute flares and meteors have many characteristics of a firearm and must be handled with caution. In some states they are considered a firearm and are prohibited from use.

• Pyrotechnic devices should be stored in a cool, dry, and prominently marked location.

Non-Pyrotechnic Devices • Non-pyrotechnic VDSs must be in serviceable condition, readily accessible, and certified as complying with USCG requirements.

• The distress flag is a day signal only. It must be at least 3 x 3 feet with a black square and ball on an orange background.

• The electric distress light is accepted for night use only and must automatically flash the international SOS distress signal.

◆ If pyrotechnic VDSs are used, a minimum of three must be carried in the vessel. Also, pyrotechnic VDSs must be dated and may not be carried past their expiration date. ◆ The following combinations of signals are examples of VDSs that could be carried on board to satisfy U.S. Coast Guard requirements:• Three hand-held red flares (day and night)• One hand-held red flare and two red meteors (day and night)• One hand-held orange smoke signal (day), two floating orange smoke signals

(day) and one electric light (night only) ◆ It is prohibited to display visual distress signals while on the water unless assis-tance is required to prevent immediate or potential danger to persons on board a vessel.

federally controlled waters Waters on which vessels must observe federal requirements, including VDS requirements. These waters include: • Coastal waters • The Great Lakes • Territorial seas • Bodies of water connected directly to one of the above, up to a point where the body of water is less than two miles wide

Arm SignalAlthough this signal does not meet VDS equipment requirements, wave your arms to summon help if you do not have other distress signals on board.

Pyrotechnic Visual Distress SignalsOrange Smoke—HandheldOrange Smoke—FloatingDay Signal

Red MeteorDay and Night Signal

Red FlareDay and Night Signal

Non-Pyrotechnic Visual Distress SignalsElectric LightNight Signal

Orange FlagDay Signal

U .S . Coast Guard–Approved Visual Distress Signals


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34 ■ Chapter 4

Sound-Producing DevicesIn periods of reduced visibility or whenever a vessel operator needs to signal his

or her intentions or position, a sound-producing device is essential. Navigation rules for meeting head-on, crossing, and overtaking situations described in Chapter 3 are examples of when sound signals are required.

◆ On Kentucky state waters, the requirements for sound-producing devices are:• Vessels less than 16 feet long are not required to have a sound-producing

device, but it is strongly recommended that these vessels carry a horn or whistle on board.

• Vessels 16 feet to 26 feet long are required to carry on board a hand-, mouth-, or power-operated sound-producing device that is audible for at least one-half (1/2) mile.

• Vessels 26 feet to 40 feet long are required to carry on board a hand-, mouth-, or power-operated sound-producing device that is audible for at least one (1) mile.

• Vessels 40 feet to 65 feet long are required to carry on board a hand-, mouth-, or power-operated sound-producing device that is audible for at least one and one-half (1 1/2) miles.

◆ These requirements apply to vessels operating on federally controlled waters.• Vessels less than 65.6 feet (20 meters) in length, which includes PWCs, are

required to carry on board a whistle or horn or some other means to make an efficient sound signal audible for at least one-half mile.

• Vessels that are 65.6 feet (20 meters) or more in length are required to carry on board a whistle or horn, and a bell that are audible for at least one mile.

Other Equipment and Local Regulations ◆ Diver Down Flag: State law requires that scuba divers or snorkelers display the “diver down” flag to mark the diving area. Vessel operators must not operate within 100 feet of a displayed “diver down” flag. Divers must surface within 50 feet of the flag. The “diver down” flags are: • A rectangular red flag, at least 12 inches x 12 inches with a white diagonal

stripe at least 3 inches in width, if on state waters.• A blue and white International Code Flag A (or Alfa flag), at least 3.3 feet

(one meter) high and visible from all directions, must be displayed on vessels on federally controlled waters. This flag indicates that the vessel is involved in a diving activity.

◆ Marine Permits: Permits are required for some waterway events and activities. All tournaments, regattas, races, parades, and exhibitions involving more than 100 vessels must be authorized by the Kentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife Resources (KDFWR). An application must be filed with KDFWR at least 15 days prior to the event. ◆ Local Regulations: Many waterways in Kentucky have special regulations such as horsepower or speed restrictions.

Common Sound SignalsSome common sound signals that you should be familiar with as a recreational boater are:

Changing Direction • One short blast tells other boaters “I intend to pass you on my port (left) side.”

• Two short blasts tell other boaters “I intend to pass you on my starboard (right) side.”

• Three short blasts tell other boaters “I am backing up.”

Restricted Visibility • One prolonged blast at intervals of not more than two minutes is the signal used by power-driven vessels when underway.

• One prolonged plus two short blasts at intervals of not more than two minutes is the signal used by sailing vessels.

Warning • One prolonged blast is a warning signal (for example, used when coming around a blind bend or exiting a slip).

• Five (or more) short, rapid blasts signal danger or signal that you do not understand or disagree with the other boater’s intentions.

Scuba divers and snorkelers should not place a flag in an area already occupied by other boaters or where their diving operation will impede the normal flow of waterway traffic. Divers also should follow all of the water safety rules themselves.

Divers Flag Alfa Flag


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35Chapter 4 ■

Requirements Specific to Personal Watercraft (PWCs)In addition to adhering to all boating laws, PWC operators have requirements

specific to their watercraft. ◆ Everyone on board a PWC must wear a U.S. Coast Guard–approved Type I, II, or III personal flotation device (PFD) at all times. ◆ PWCs must have either a self-circling capability or be equipped with an ignition safety switch. An operator of a PWC equipped with an ignition safety switch must attach the lanyard of the switch to his or her person, clothing, or PFD. ◆ PWCs may be operated only during daylight hours (between sunrise to sunset). ◆ PWCs must operate in a responsible manner. Remember, it is illegal to:• Weave your PWC through congested waterway traffic• Steer toward another object or person in the water and swerve at the last

possible moment in order to avoid collision• Follow behind another vessel that is towing a person(s) on water skis,

surfboard or similar device• Cut between a vessel and the person(s) being towed by that vessel• Jump the wake of another vessel in a way that endangers another’s life,

safety, or property• Cross the path of another vessel when visibility is obstructed• Operate within 50 feet of a commercial vessel and its tow that is in

operation on the waterway, unless the operator of the commercial vessel has given consent

• Chase, harass, or disturb wildlife with your PWC

Towing a Person Legally With a VesselVessel operators towing a person(s) on water skis, aquaplanes, kneeboards, inner

tubes, or any other device must also obey these laws: ◆ All persons being towed behind a vessel on water skis or any other device must wear a U.S. Coast Guard–approved Type I, II, or III PFD. ◆ It is illegal for vessels to tow persons on water skis, surfboards, or any other device between sunset and sunrise. ◆ It is illegal for a vessel to tow a person(s) on water skis, a surfboard, or any other device unless: • A person at least 12 years old, in addition to the vessel operator, is on board

observing the towed person(s) or ... • The vessel has a wide-angle (160 degree field of vision) rearview mirror

mounted such that the operator can observe the towed person(s) at all times ◆ The vessel must have adequate seating for all riders, including the retrieved skier. ◆ A reasonable distance from other vessels, people and property must be maintained so as not to endanger life or property. It is illegal to ski within:• 100 feet of a commercial boat dock, a moorage harbor or a swimming area• 2,000 feet of a lock or dam ◆ Vessels towing person(s) on airborne devices, such as parasails or kites, must:• Have on board a person at least 12 years old, in addition to the vessel

operator• Stay at least 500 feet from commercial docks and ramps• Limit the tow rope to 150 feet or less in length• Tow no more than two persons at any time

REMEMBER …A parent, legal guardian, or other adult who has direct supervision over a child under the age of 18 years, is responsible if he or she knowingly allows the child to operate a vessel in violation of Kentucky law.

If towing a skier with a PWC, the PWC must be rated for at least three people—the operator, the observer, and the retrieved skier.


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Waste, Oil, and Trash Disposal in Kentucky and Federal Waters ◆ It is illegal to discharge untreated waste, oil, or trash into any federally controlled or Kentucky state waters and for very good reasons. • Sewage carries disease and is harmful to people, aquatic plants and animals. • Trash thrown into the water can injure swimmers and wildlife alike. It can

also plug engine cooling water intakes.• Pollution is unsightly and takes away from your enjoyment of the water. ◆ Vessel operators need to be aware of the following regulations for waste, oil and trash disposal that apply to both federally controlled and state waters. The Refuse Act prohibits throwing, discharging or depositing any refuse matter of any kind (including trash, garbage, oil, and other liquid pollutants) into the waters of the United States.

Discharge of Sewage and Waste If you have a recreational vessel with installed toilet facilities, it must have an

operable marine sanitation device (MSD) on board. ◆ It is illegal to discharge raw sewage into any public waters. ◆ There are three types of MSDs.• Types I and II MSDs are usually found on large vessels. Waste is treated

with special chemicals to kill bacteria before the waste is discharged. Types I and II MSDs with “Y” valves that would direct the waste overboard must be secured so that the valve cannot be opened. This can be done by placing a lock or non-reusable seal on the “Y” valve or by taking the handle off the “Y” valve.

• Type III MSDs provide no treatment and are either holding tanks or portable toilets. Collected waste should be taken ashore and disposed of in a pump-out station or onshore toilet.

◆ The “Y” valve on a Type I or II MSD must be sealed or locked while the vessel is on “no discharge” waters. ◆ Treated sewage may be discharged from a marine toilet only into legal discharge waters. Legal “discharge” waters are Barkley Lake, Kentucky Lake, Lake Cumberland, Dale Hollow Lake, and any of the major river systems. ◆ Vessels 65 feet or less in length may use a Type I, II, or III MSD. Vessels more than 65 feet in length must install a Type II or III MSD. ◆ All installed devices must be U.S. Coast Guard–certified.

Discharge of TrashThe Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships places limitations on the discharge of

garbage from vessels. It is illegal to dump refuse, garbage, or plastics into any state or federally controlled waters. Many forms of litter can kill birds, fish, and marine mammals.

◆ You must store trash in a container while on board and place it in a proper receptacle after returning to shore. ◆ If boating on federally controlled waters and your vessel is 26 feet or longer, you must display a Garbage Disposal Placard in a prominent location. The Garbage Disposal Placard is a durable sign that is at least 4 x 9 inches and notifies passengers and crew about discharge restrictions.

Typical Marine Sanitation Device

Drainage to pump-out station

“Y” valve must always

be closed

Pump Out Station SignSigns like these are posted at pump-out stations in Kentucky.

Pump-Out Station

Garbage Disposal Placard


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37Chapter 4 ■

Discharge of Oil and Other Hazardous SubstancesRegulations issued under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act require all

vessels with propulsion machinery to be able to retain oil mixtures on board. ◆ You are not allowed to discharge oil or hazardous substances. The penalty for illegal discharge may be a fine of up to $10,000. ◆ You are not allowed to dump oil into the bilge of the vessel without means for proper disposal. Fuel spills can be removed using absorbent bilge pads. ◆ You must dispose of oil waste at an approved reception facility. On recreational vessels, a bucket or bailer is adequate for temporary storage prior to disposing of the oil waste at an approved facility. ◆ You must notify the National Response Center immediately if your vessel discharges oil or hazardous substances in the water. Call toll-free 1-800-424-8802. Report the discharge’s location, color, source, substances, size, and time observed. You must also call the Kentucky Division of Water and report the discharge. ◆ If boating on federally controlled waters and your vessel is 26 feet or longer, you must display a 5 x 8-inch placard made of durable material, fixed in a conspicuous place in the machinery spaces or at the bilge pump control station, stating the following:

Waste Management Plan ◆ Ocean-going vessels that are 40 feet or more in length with cooking and sleeping facilities must have a written Waste Management Plan. ◆ The captain of the vessel is responsible for implementing the Waste Management Plan. ◆ The Waste Management Plan, identifying the vessel’s name and home port, should be posted and should include directives to all persons on board about:• Discharging sewage and hazardous substances• Discharging garbage and other food waste• Disposing of plastics, bottles, and cans• Reading applicable placards for additional information• Advising the captain in case of oily discharges or diesel spills

Oil Discharge PlacardA 5 x 8-inch sign that states the law pertaining to oil discharge

What To Do in Case of DischargeIf your vessel discharges oil or hazardous substances into the

water, notify the National Response Center by calling: • 1-800-424-8802.

Also notify the Kentucky Division of Water by calling: • 1-800-928-2380.

Stop the Spread of Nuisance Species!Introducing non-native species into Kentucky waters can upset the balance of the ecosystem, thereby harming the environment. Aquatic nuisance species, such as zebra mussels, quagga mussels, milfoil, and hydrilla, most often spread between waterways by hitching a ride on vessels and trailers. When transplanted into new waters, these organisms proliferate, displacing native species and damaging the water resource.

To prevent spreading aquatic nuisance species: • Inspect your vessel and trailer, and remove any plants and animals you see before leaving the area.

• Drain your motor, live well, and bilge on land before leaving the area.

• Empty your bait bucket on land. Never release live bait into a body of water or release aquatic animals from one body of water into another.

• Rinse your vessel, propeller, trailer, and equipment.

• Air-dry your vessel and equipment for as long as possible.

Discharge of Oil ProhibitedThe Federal Water Pollution Control Act prohibits the discharge of oil or oily waste upon or into any navigable waters of the U.S. The prohibition includes any discharge which causes a film or discoloration of the surface of the water or causes a sludge or emulsion beneath the surface of the water. Violators are subject to substantial civil and/or criminal sanctions including fines and imprisonment.


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38 ■ Chapter 4

Enforcement of boating laws and regulations is the responsibility of the Kentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife Resources' officers. Some of the waters of the state are also patrolled by other agencies such as the U.S. Coast Guard.

Vessel Accidents and Casualties . . . What the Law Requires You To Do ◆ An operator involved in a boating accident must:• Stop his or her vessel immediately at the scene of the accident and ...• Assist anyone injured or in danger from the accident, unless doing so

would seriously endanger his or her own vessel or passengers and ...• Give, in writing, his or her name, address, and vessel identification

to anyone injured and to the owner of any property damaged by the accident.

◆ A vessel operator involved in a boating accident must report the accident to Kentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife Resources if the accident caused: • Injury to or death of any person or ...• Disappearance of any person under circumstances that indicate the possi-

bility of death or injury or ...• Injury that requires medical attention or that incapacitates a person for

24 hours or more or ...• Damage to the vessel(s) or other property exceeding $500 ◆ Most reports of accidents must be made within 5 days of the accident. However, you must report an accident within 48 hours if the accident involves a death or a serious injury. ◆ If the operator of the vessel is not capable of making the report and is not the owner of the vessel, the owner must file the report. ◆ Accident report forms are available from the Kentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife Resources.

Accident or boating emergency?

In the event of an accident or other boating emergency, call the Kentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife Resources, Division of Law Enforcement’s 24-hour emergency number: • 1-800-252-5378.

Boating Accident Report Form

Time _______ ❒ am ❒ pm Body of water Precise location

State law requires this report to be completed and filed within 48 hours by the operator of any boat involved in an accident

resulting in death, disappearance or injury requiring medical treatment beyond first aid.Accidents involving aggregate prop-

erty damage exceeding $500 must be reported within 10 days. If the operator is unable, the owner of every vessel involved

must report the accident. All reports are confidential. Reports must be sent to: ____________________________

Indicate those not applicable by “NA” Complete all blocks and both sides.BOATINGACCIDENTREPORT

Name and address of operator

Operator’s phone #

Name and address of owner

Age of operator

Date of birth

Owner’s phone #

Is this boat rented? ❒Yes ❒ No

Number of persons on board

Operator’s experience

Formal instruction in boating safety

❒ None ❒ State ❒ USCG Auxiliary

❒ U.S. Power Squadrons ❒American Red Cross

❒ Other (specify) _________________________________

This type of boat

❒ Under 20 hours

❒ 20 to 100 hours

❒ 100 to 500 hours

❒ Over 500 hours

Other type of boat

❒ Under 20 hours

❒ 20 to 100 hours

❒ 100 to 500 hours

❒ Over 500 hours

INFORMATION ABOUT OPERATOR’S BOAT

INFORMATION ABOUT BOAT OPERATOR

Type of boat

❒ Open motorboat

❒ Cabin motorboat

❒Auxiliary sailboat

❒ Sailboat❒ Row boat

❒ Canoe❒ Other (specify)

Hull material

❒Wood❒Aluminum❒ Steel❒ Fiberglass

❒ Rubber/Vinyl

❒ Other (specify)

Engine❒ Outboard

❒ Inboard gasoline

❒ Inboard diesel

❒ Inboard-outboard

❒ Jet❒ Other (specify)

Propulsion❒ Number of engines

❒Total horsepower

❒Type of fuel

Construction

Length _______________

Year built ____________Boat registration # Boat name

Boat makeBoat model Hull I.D. #

Has boat had a safety examination? (specify)

❒ None ❒ State/local examination ❒ Other

❒ USCG Auxiliary Courtesy Marine Exam

For current year? ❒Yes ❒ No

ACCIDENT DATA

Date of accident

State

Weather❒ Clear ❒ Rain

❒ Cloudy ❒ Snow

❒ Fog ❒ Hazy

Nearest city or town

County

Water conditions

❒ Calm (waves less than 6")

❒ Choppy (waves 6" to 2’)

❒ Rough (waves 2’ to 6’)

❒Very rough (greater than 6’)

❒ Strong current

Estimated temperature

Air _______ º F

Water ____ º FWind❒ None❒ Light (0-6 mph)

❒ Moderate (7-14 mph)

❒ Strong (15-25 mph)

❒ Storm (over 25 mph)

VisibilityDay Night

❒ Good ❒ Good

❒ Fair ❒ Fair

❒ Poor ❒ Poor

Operation at time of accident

(check all applicable)

Type of accident❒Weather❒ Excessive speed

❒ No proper lookout

❒ Restricted vision

❒ Overloading

❒ Improper loading

❒ Hazardous waters

❒Alcohol use

Was the boat adequately equipped with U. S. Coast Guard-approved

personal flotation devices? ❒Yes ❒ No

Were they accessible? ❒Yes ❒ No Were they serviceable? ❒Yes ❒ No

Were they used by survivors? ❒Yes ❒ No Were they adjusted?❒Yes ❒ No

Were PFDs properly used? ❒Yes ❒ No What type? ❒ I ❒ II ❒ III ❒ IV ❒V

Were they sized? ❒Yes ❒ No

Was the boat carrying non-approved PFDs? ❒Yes ❒ No

Were they accessible? ❒Yes ❒ No

Were they used? ❒Yes ❒ No If yes, indicate kind: __________________

(include any comments on PFDs under Accident Description on other side)

Were fire extinquishers used? ❒ No

❒Yes Type(s) _________ Quantity: ________

Describe property damage

Name/address of owner of damaged property

Estimated amount of property damage

This boat $ _________ Other boat $ ______

Other property $ _______________________

❒Commercial activity

❒Cruising❒Maneuvering

❒Approaching dock

❒Leaving dock

❒Water skiing

❒Racing❒Towing❒ Paddling❒ Drifting

❒At anchor

❒Tied to dock

❒ Fueling❒ Fishing❒ Hunting❒ Skin diving/

swimming

❒ Being towed

❒Other (specify)

___________

❒Collision with boat

❒Collision with fixed

object❒Collision with

floating object

❒Grounding

❒Capsizing❒ Flooding/ swamping

❒ Sinking❒Hit by boat or

propeller

❒ Fire or explosion

(fuel)❒ Fire or explosion

(other than fuel)

❒ Fallen skier

❒ Falls overboard

❒ Falls in boat

❒Other (specify)

____________

____________

What, in your opinion, contributed to the

accident? (check all applicable)

PERSONAL FLOTATION DEVICES (PFDS)

FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

❒ Drug use❒ Fault of hull

❒ Fault of machinery

❒ Fault of equipment

❒Operator inexperience

❒Operator inattention

❒ Other (specify)

________________

PROPERTY DAMAGE

EnforcementKentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife Resources officers and all other peace

officers enforce the boating laws of Kentucky. U.S. Coast Guard officers also patrol and have enforcement authority on federally controlled waters.

◆ Officers have the authority to stop and board your vessel in order to check that you are complying with state and federal laws. ◆ It is illegal to refuse to follow the directive of a person with law enforcement authority. An operator who has received a visual or audible signal from a law enforcement officer must bring his or her vessel to a stop.


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Chapter 5: Boating Emergencies . . . What To Do

39

15%

75%

10%

When you go boating, you will encounter hazards and risks. The outcome of these encounters will be determined by your knowledge, skill, and attitude toward safety. It’s important to make a boating emergency less likely to happen by taking the proper precautions; but, it’s equally important to be prepared and know what to do if an emergency occurs.

Risk ManagementBecause most accidents are the result of a simple mistake, nearly all accidents are

easily preventable. ◆ The best way to avoid having a serious accident is to take a few simple steps toward accident prevention. The water can be an unfriendly environment if you don’t recognize risks and are not properly prepared for them. ◆ Risk management is the process of recognizing and acting upon accident warning signs or minimizing the effects of an accident if it does occur. ◆ By taking this safety course, you are practicing risk management. You’ve already reduced the chance that you will be involved in a dangerous boating emergency by learning safe boating practices. • You now know the “rules of the road” and how important it is to pay

close attention to other boats and potential hazards and to maintain a safe speed. By practicing these rules, you greatly reduce the chance that you’ll be involved in an accident.

• Developing a habit of wearing your life jacket also reduces the chance that you will drown should you find yourself in the water unexpectedly.

◆ Below is additional information to help you understand and minimize the risks associated with boating and make your time on the water safe and enjoyable.

Increased Risk Due to Boating Stressors ◆ The glare and heat of the sun, along with the motion of the vessel caused by the wind and the waves and the noise and vibration of the engine, have a large impact on your body that you may not even realize. These natural stressors make you tire more rapidly when on the water—regardless of your age or level of fitness. Many boaters greatly underestimate the effect these stressors have on fatigue. ◆ While perhaps not fatal themselves, stressors may weaken your body and mind enough to make the risk of an accident much greater.

Increased Risk Due to Dehydration ◆ A typical boating day in the summer causes your body to generate a large amount of heat. Sitting exposed in the sun increases your body heat. As you ride in a boat, your body automatically adjusts to the changing position of the boat. The exertion of this constant adjustment increases body heat. ◆ The way the body rids itself of increased heat is by sweating. Increased sweating will cause dehydration if fluids are not replaced. Dehydration will make you more fatigued and more at risk for a boating accident. ◆ The best way to minimize the risk of dehydration is to drink plenty of water—before, during, and after any water activities. A good rule of thumb while you are boating in warm weather is to drink some water every 15-20 minutes. ◆ Besides thirst, other signs of dehydration are a dry mouth, sleepiness, irrita-bility, weakness, dizziness, and a headache. The first thing you should do if you experience any of these symptoms is to drink plenty of water. If possible, get out of the sun and rest. Serious dehydration may require medical attention.

Profile of a Typical U .S . Boating Fatality • Someone not wearing a PFD falls overboard and drowns or ...

• A vessel capsizes and someone drowns or ... • A vessel strikes another vessel or fixed object, and the occupants are fatally injured or drown due to injuries.

Collisions often occur because boat operators are not staying alert and keeping a lookout for other boats or objects, or are going a little faster than they should. Although some collisions happen at night when it is difficult to see, many occur in daylight hours on calm, clear days. About one-third of the time, alcohol is involved.You also might be surprised to learn that: • Typically, victims drown even though there are enough life jackets on the boat. (Remember, you probably won’t have time to put on your life jacket during an emergency. Get in the habit of wearing it.)

• The vessel is most often a small boat of open design, such as a jon boat, canoe, or other type of boat with low sides.

• The victims are usually men 26 to 50 years old, who have been boating for years and likely know how to swim.

Most accidents are preventable. Even accidents attributed to the environment most likely could have been prevented if the operator had not overlooked the warning signals, had not made poor decisions, or had the proper boating skills. Many accidents attributed to equipment also could have been prevented if proper mainte-nance and defect detection had taken place.

Accident Pyramid

equipment

environment

human error

REMEMBER …It only takes one mistake to ruin your day of boating. Pay attention, slow down a little, and wear a life jacket!


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Rescue TechniqueIf you are on a dock when someone falls in, you should try to “talk” the victim to safety. If he or she is unable to get to the dock, you should:

Reach: Extend a fishing rod, branch, oar, towel, or other object to REACH out to the victim and pull him or her to safety. If nothing is available, lay flat on the dock and grab the victim’s hand or wrist, and pull him or her to safety.

Throw: If the victim is too far away to reach and a boat isn’t handy, THROW the victim a PFD or anything else that will float.

Row: If a rowboat is available, ROW to the victim and then use an oar or paddle to pull the victim to the stern. Let the victim hold onto the stern as you paddle to shore. If the victim is too weak, hold onto him or her until help arrives. If using a powerboat, stop the engine and glide to the victim from the downwind side.

Go: Swimmers without lifesaving training should not swim to a victim. Instead, GO for help. If you must swim, take along anything that floats to keep between you and the victim.

Minimize Risk of Boating Accidents—Avoid Alcohol ◆ The effect of alcohol is increased by the natural stressors placed on your body while boating. Also, alcohol causes dehydration of your body. It takes less alcohol, combined with stressors, to impair an operator’s ability to operate safely. Research has proven that one-third of the amount of alcohol that it takes to make a person legally intoxicated on land can make a boater equally intoxi-cated on the water. ◆ Alcohol depresses the central nervous system, affects judgment, and slows physical reaction time. Most people become impaired after only one drink. ◆ Alcohol makes it difficult for you to pay attention and perform multiple tasks. For example, it will be more difficult for you to keep track of two or more vessels operating in your area. This could become critical if you are placed in an emergency situation and must make a sudden decision. ◆ Alcohol can reduce your ability to distinguish colors, especially red and green. ◆ Alcohol impairment increases the likelihood of accidents—for both passengers and vessel operators. Always designate non-drinking boaters to operate the vessel and to act as an observer if your group plans to consume alcohol. Do not allow your skipper to operate if he or she is drinking. Alcohol is a major contributor to boating accidents and fatalities. ◆ Drinking while boating is a choice. The best way to minimize the risk of an accident is to make the wise choice—Don’t drink and boat!

Minimize Risk of Drownings—Wear PFDs (Life Jackets) ◆ Approximately 70% of all boating fatalities are drownings, and most of those fatalities could have been avoided. Ninety percent of drowning victims are not wearing a life jacket—drownings are rare when boaters are wearing an appro-priate PFD. One of the most important things you can do to make boating safe and enjoyable is not only to carry enough life jackets for everyone on board but also to have everyone wear them! ◆ These requirements for PFDs are both important and the law.• PFDs must be readily accessible. Better yet, each person should wear a PFD

because PFDs are difficult to put on once you are in the water. In most fatal accidents, PFDs were on board but were not in use or were not within easy reach. If you are in the water without a PFD, retrieve a floating PFD and hold it to your chest by wrapping your arms around it.

• PFDs must be of the proper size for the intended wearer. Always read the label of the PFD to make sure it is the right size based on the person’s weight and chest size. It’s especially important to check that a child’s PFD fits snugly. Test the fit by picking the child up by the shoulders of the PFD and checking that his or her chin and ears do not slip through the PFD.

• PFDs must be in good and serviceable condition. - Regularly test a PFD’s buoyancy in shallow water or a swimming pool. Over time, the ultraviolet radiation from the sun will break down the synthetic materials of your PFD. Frequently inspect PFDs for rips or tears, discolored or weakened material, insecure straps or zippers, or labels that are no longer readable. Discard and replace any PFD that has a problem.

- If using an inflatable PFD, before each outing check the status of the inflator and that the CO2 cylinder has not been used, has no leaks, and is screwed in tightly. Also check that the PFD itself has no leaks by removing the CO2 cylinder and orally inflating the PFD. The PFD should still be firm after several hours. After an inflatable PFD has been inflated using a cylinder, replace the spent cylinder and re-arm it. Because an inflatable PFD is a mechanical device, it requires regular maintenance. Maintain the inflatable portion of the PFD as instructed in the owner’s manual.

BOATER’S TIP Some people say they don’t wear their PFDs because they’re too hot or too bulky. But that’s not an excuse anymore. Inflatable PFDs offer a U.S. Coast Guard–approved life jacket that is small and lightweight. Inflatable life jackets come in two styles: a PFD that looks like a pair of suspenders or a belt pack that looks like a small fanny pack.Some of these PFDs are designed to inflate if the wearer falls into the water; others require the wearer to pull a cord.Inflatable PFDs are approved only for people 16 and older, and they are not to be worn on PWCs or while water-skiing.Read the operating instructions and the approval label before you choose an inflatable PFD. Then be sure to wear it!


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Boating AccidentsMost boating fatalities don’t have anything to do with bad weather or hazardous

sea conditions. They typically occur in smaller, open boats on inland waters during daylight hours when weather and visibility are good, the winds are light, and the water is calm. Despite these ideal conditions, passengers fall overboard and many boats capsize, causing over half of all boating fatalities.

Capsizing, Swamping, or Falling OverboardCapsizing is when a boat turns on its side or turns completely over. Swamping

occurs when a boat stays upright and fills with water. Sometimes a person falling overboard from a boat causes the boat to capsize or swamp. Regardless, the outcome is the same—people are in the water unexpectedly.

◆ To help prevent and prepare for capsizing, swamping, or someone falling overboard, follow these guidelines. • Make sure that you and your passengers are wearing life jackets while the

boat is underway.• Attach the ignition safety switch lanyard to your wrist, clothes, or life jacket.• Don’t allow anyone to sit on the gunwale, bow, seat backs, motor cover, or

any other area not designed for seating. Also, don’t let anyone sit on pedestal seats when operating at a speed greater than idle speed.

• Don’t overload your boat. Balance the load of all passengers and gear.• Keep your center of gravity low by not allowing people to stand up or move

around while underway, especially in smaller, less-stable boats.• In a small boat, don’t allow anyone to lean a shoulder beyond the gunwale.• Slow your boat appropriately when turning.• Don’t risk boating in rough water conditions or in bad weather.• When anchoring, secure the anchor line to the bow, never to the stern. ◆ If you should capsize or swamp your boat, or if you have fallen overboard and can’t get back in, stay with the boat if possible. Your swamped boat is easier to see and will signal that you are in trouble. Also signal for help using other devices available (visual distress signals, whistle, mirror).• If you made the mistake of not wearing a life jacket, find one and put it on.

If you can’t put it on, hold onto it. Have your passengers do the same.• Take a head count. Reach, throw, row, or go (see page 40), if needed.• If your boat remains afloat, try to reboard or climb onto it in order to get

as much of your body out of the cold water as possible. Treading water will cause you to lose body heat faster, so try to use the boat for support.

◆ If your boat sinks or floats away, don’t panic.• If you are wearing a life jacket, make sure that it is securely fastened, remain

calm, and wait for help.• If you aren’t wearing a life jacket, look for one floating in the water or other

floating items (coolers, oars or paddles, decoys, etc.) to help you stay afloat. Do your best to help your passengers find something to help them float and stay together.

• If you have nothing to support you, you may have to tread water or simply float. In cold water, float rather than tread to reduce hypothermia.

◆ If someone on your boat falls overboard, you need to immediately:• Reduce speed and toss the victim a PFD—preferably a throwable

type—unless you know he or she is already wearing a life jacket.• Turn your boat around and slowly pull alongside the victim, approaching the

victim from downwind or into the current, whichever is stronger.• Stop the engine. Pull the victim on board over the stern, keeping the weight

in the boat balanced, especially in small boats.

Sitting on the gunwale, bow, seat backs, or any other area not designed for seating is risky behavior and can result in falling overboard. It is illegal in many states (see Chapter 4).

BOATER’S TIP Small craft boaters need to be especially careful to avoid falling overboard. Falling overboard and drowning is the major cause of fatalities for small boats. To prevent falling overboard:Keep centered in the boat with your center of gravity low in the boat. Always keep your shoulders between the gunwales.If possible, don’t move about the boat. If you must move, maintain three points of contact. That is, keep both hands and one foot or both feet and one hand in contact with the boat at all times.Evenly distribute and balance the weight of persons and gear within the boat, keeping most of the weight low. It is extremely important not to overload a small boat.

REMEMBER …Swimming to shore should be considered only as a last resort.


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Avoiding CollisionsA collision occurs when your boat or PWC collides with another vessel or with a

fixed or floating object such as a rock, log, bridge, or dock. ◆ Collisions can cause very serious damage, injury, or even death. It is every vessel operator’s responsibility to avoid a collision. ◆ To prevent a collision, boat and PWC operators should:• Follow the rules of navigation found in Chapter 3.• Pay attention to navigation aids.• Keep a sharp watch and appoint one person to be the “lookout.”• Maintain a safe speed, especially in congested traffic and at night.• Look in all directions before making any turn.• Use caution if you are traveling directly into the sun’s glare on the water.• Never operate when fatigued, stressed, or consuming alcohol.• Be aware that floating debris is more common after heavy rainfall.

Dealing With Fire EmergenciesMany boats and PWCs have burned to the water line needlessly.

◆ To help prevent a fire:• Don’t mix the three ingredients required to ignite a fire—fuel, oxygen, and

heat.• Make sure ventilation systems have been installed and are used properly.• Maintain the fuel system to avoid leaks, and keep the bilges clean.• Follow the safe fueling procedures outlined in Chapter 2. ◆ If fire erupts on your boat:• If underway, stop the boat. Have everyone who is not wearing a PFD put

one on in case you must abandon the boat.• Position the boat so that the fire is downwind.

- If the fire is at the back of the boat, head into the wind. If the engine must be shut off, use a paddle to keep the bow into the wind.

- If the fire is at the front of the boat, put the stern into the wind. • If the fire is in an engine space, shut off the fuel supply.• Aim the fire extinguisher at the base of the flames, and sweep back and forth

(remember P.A.S.S.).• Never use water on a gasoline, oil, grease, or electrical fire. • Summon help with your VHF marine radio.

Running AgroundIf you run aground while traveling at a high speed, the impact not only can cause

damage to your boat but also can cause injury to you and your passengers. ◆ Knowing your environment is the best way to prevent running aground.• Become familiar with the locations of shallow water and submerged objects

before you go out. Be aware that the location of shallow hazards will change as the water level rises and falls.

• Learn to read a chart to determine your position and the water depth. ◆ If you run aground, make sure no one is injured and then check for leaks. If the impact did not cause a leak, follow these steps to try to get loose.• Don’t put the boat in reverse. Instead, stop the engine and lift the outdrive.• Shift the weight to the area farthest away from the point of impact.• Try to shove off from the rock, bottom, or reef with a paddle or boathook.• Check to make sure your boat is not taking on water. ◆ If you can’t get loose, summon help using your visual distress signals (see Chapter 4) or your VHF marine radio.

To prevent a fire emergency, don’t mix the three ingredients that cause a fire to erupt: fuel, oxygen, and heat.

A vessel is grounded (runs aground) when it gets stuck on the bottom. Never assume that water is deep enough just because you are away from the shore. Also, don’t presume that all shallow hazards will be marked by a danger buoy.

P.A.S

.S.

Aim at base of fire.

Squeeze handle.

Sweep side to side.

Pull pin.


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43Chapter 5 ■

Symptoms of HypothermiaLearn to recognize the symptoms of hypothermia. They are listed here in order of severity.1. Shivering, slurred speech, and blurred

vision2. Bluish lips and fingernails3. Loss of feeling in extremities4. Cold, bluish skin5. Confusion6. Dizziness7. Rigidity in extremities8. Unconsciousness9. Coma10. Death

Stages of Cold Water Immersion

Cold Shock

Swim Failure

Immersion Hypothermia

Post-Immersion Collapse

Personal InjuriesProper response to accidents results from good training and common sense. If

an injury is minor, treat it immediately. If an injury is major, make the victim as comfortable and safe as possible until medical personnel arrive, assuming you have a way to call for help.

Cold Water Immersion and HypothermiaCold water immersion kills in several ways. The colder the water, the greater the

chance of death. However, the initial reaction to cold water immersion can occur in water as warm as 77° Fahrenheit. By understanding how your body reacts to cold water, you can prepare for and be better able to respond appropriately, thus increasing your chance of survival.

◆ There are four stages of cold water immersion.• Stage 1: Initial “cold shock” occurs in the first 3-5 minutes of immersion in

cold water. Sudden immersion into cold water can cause immediate, invol-untary gasping; hyperventilation; panic; and vertigo—all of which can result in water inhalation and drowning. Immersion in cold water also can cause sudden changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rhythm, which also can result in death.

• Stage 2: Short-term “swim failure” occurs 3-30 minutes following immersion in cold water. The muscles and nerves in the arms and legs cool quickly. Manual dexterity, hand grip strength, and speed of movement all can drop by 60%-80%. Even normally strong persons can lose the strength necessary to pull themselves out of the water or even to keep their head above water. Death occurs by drowning.

• Stage 3: Long-term immersion hypothermia sets in after 30 minutes, at a rate depending on water temperature, clothing, body type, and your behavior in the water. Cold water robs the body of heat 25 times faster than cold air. Hypothermia occurs when your body loses heat faster than it produces it, cooling the organs in the core of your body. Hypothermia eventually leads to loss of consciousness and death, with or without drowning.

• Stage 4: Post-immersion collapse occurs during or after rescue. Once rescued, after you have been immersed in cold water, you are still in danger from collapse of arterial blood pressure leading to cardiac arrest. Also, inhaled water can damage your lungs, and heart problems can develop as cold blood from your arms and legs is released into the core of your body.

◆ Your chance of surviving cold water immersion depends on having sufficient flotation to keep your head above water, controlling your breathing, having timely rescue by yourself or others, and retaining body heat. ◆ Prepare for boating in cold water conditions by always wearing a secured life jacket. Also wear layered clothing for insulation. Equip your boat with a means for re-entry (ladder, sling, etc.) to use if you should fall into the water. ◆ Of course, the best prevention is to take all measures necessary to avoid capsizing your boat or falling into cold water in the first place. If you do fall into or must enter cold water:• Don’t panic. Try to get control of your breathing. Hold onto something or

stay as still as possible until your breathing settles down. Focus on floating with your head above water until the cold shock response abates.

• When your breathing is under control, perform the most important functions first before you lose dexterity (10-15 minutes after immersion).

• If you were not wearing a PFD when you entered the water, look to see if one is floating around you and put it on immediately. Don’t take your clothes off unless absolutely necessary. A layer of water trapped inside your clothing will help insulate you.

BOATER’S TIP Don’t ever think that boating activities won’t expose you to the risk of hypothermia. Wear rain gear when it rains. A windbreaker over a fleece jacket works very well to protect against the wind. Hypothermia can occur on what begins as a warm, sunny day. In remote areas, carry matches and go ashore if you need to build a fire. Also carry an extra jacket, hat, and blankets. Remember that, as a responsible operator, you should tell your passengers what to bring along for the outing.


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• Focus on locating and getting everyone out of the water quickly before you lose full use of your hands, arms, and legs. Try to reboard your boat, even if it is swamped or capsized, or anything else that is floating. Get as much of your body out of the water as possible. Even though you may feel colder out of the water, the rate of heat loss will be slower than if immersed in water.

• If you cannot get out of the water quickly, act to protect against rapid heat loss. In as little as 10 minutes, you may be unable to self-rescue. Your focus now should be to slow heat loss. - Stay as motionless as possible, protecting the high heat loss areas of your body, and keep your head and neck out of the water.

- Safety typically looks closer than it actually is, so staying with the boat is usually a better choice than swimming.

- Adopt a position to reduce heat loss. If alone, use the HELP (Heat Escape Lessening Posture) position; or if there are others in the water with you, huddle together.

- If you must swim, conserve energy and minimize movement. Swim on your back with your upper arms against the sides of your chest, your thighs together, and your knees bent. Flutter-kick with your lower legs.

• Be prepared at all times to signal rescuers. ◆ When treating victims of cold water immersion, you should:• Get the victim out of the water as soon as possible. Remove the victim from

the water gently and in a horizontal position. • Prevent further heat loss.• Treat the hypothermia victim gently and to your level of training. Be

prepared to provide basic life support.• Seek medical help immediately.

Carbon Monoxide PoisoningCarbon monoxide (CO) is an invisible, odorless, tasteless gas that is produced

when a carbon-based fuel burns. CO can make you sick in seconds. In high enough concentrations, even a few breaths can be fatal. Sources of CO on your boat may include gasoline engines, gas generators, cooking ranges, and heaters.

◆ Early symptoms of CO poisoning include irritated eyes, headache, nausea, weakness, and dizziness. They often are confused with seasickness or intoxi-cation. Move anyone with these symptoms to fresh air immediately. Seek medical attention—unless you’re sure it’s not CO. ◆ To protect yourself and others against CO poisoning while boating:• Allow fresh air to circulate throughout the boat at all times, even during bad

weather.• Know where your engine and generator exhaust outlets are located and keep

everyone away from these areas.• Never sit on the back deck, “teak surf,” or hang on the swim platform while

the engines are running.• Never enter areas under swim platforms where exhaust outlets are located—

even for a second. One or two breaths in this area could be fatal.• Ventilate immediately if exhaust fumes are detected on the boat.• Install and maintain CO detectors inside your boat. Replace detectors as

recommended by the manufacturer. ◆ Before each boating trip, you should:• Make sure you know where the exhaust outlets are located on your boat.• Educate all passengers about the symptoms of CO poisoning and where CO

may accumulate.• Confirm that water flows from the exhaust outlet when the engines and

generator are started.

Swimmers should never enter an enclosed area under the swim platform—even for a second. One or two breaths of the air in this area could be fatal.

Huddling with other people in the water lessens the loss of body heat and is good for morale. Also, rescuers can spot a group more easily than individuals.

This position protects the body’s three major areas of heat loss (groin, head/neck, and rib cage/armpits). Wearing a PFD allows you to draw your knees to your chest and your arms to your sides.

H .E .L .P . Heat Escape Lessening Postures

Natural air flows can suck fumes forward onto the vessel.

Exhaust from Engine and Generator

DANGER! Air Pocket & Water

Under Step

Swim Platform


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45Chapter 5 ■

• Listen for any change in exhaust sound, which could indicate an exhaust component failure.

• Test the operation of each CO detector by pressing the test button. ◆ At least monthly, you should:• Make sure all exhaust clamps are in place and secure.• Look for leaks from exhaust system components. Signs include rust and/or

black streaking, water leaks, or corroded or cracked fittings.• Inspect rubber exhaust hoses for burns, cracks, or deterioration. ◆ At least annually, have a qualified marine technician check the engine and exhaust system.

Responding to Other Serious InjuriesHere are some proper responses to accidents that can occur while boating.

◆ Shock: The seriously injured should be treated for shock by keeping the victim warm, still, and in a lying-down position until medical attention arrives. Elevate the feet several inches except in cases of head, neck, or back injury or hypothermia. ◆ Bleeding: Bleeding usually can be controlled by applying direct pressure to the wound. If the bleeding is minor, apply first aid. If it is serious, apply a dressing, maintain direct pressure, and seek medical attention. ◆ Burns: In cases of burns, the immediate goals are to relieve pain, prevent infection, and treat for shock. Immediately place minor burns in cold water and apply a dry bandage after the pain subsides. Seek medical attention for more severe burns. ◆ Broken Bones: Seek medical assistance immediately for broken and dislocated bones. Apply temporary splints with care. An improper splint can result in lifelong disfigurement; but lack of a splint can lead to hemorrhage, shock, or death. ◆ Head, Neck, or Spinal Injury: In cases of head, neck, or spinal injuries, never move a victim more than is absolutely necessary. The water can provide excellent support until medical personnel arrive. If a victim must be moved, place him or her gently on a firm, full-length support.

First-Aid Kit A responsible vessel operator takes a certified course in first aid and CPR. Doing so enables you to respond quickly in emergency situations and to provide immediate care until the victim can be treated by a physician. When out boating, it can take a long time to get medical help.A responsible vessel operator also keeps a first-aid kit on board. It should be waterproof and include:

✓ Assorted gauze adhesive bandages and pads ✓ Cotton and cotton swabs ✓ Scissors ✓ Antiseptic medications and lotions ✓ Aspirin or aspirin substitute ✓ Latex gloves ✓ An extra towel

Station Wagon Effect causes carbon monoxide to accumulate inside the cabin and cockpit if you are operating the vessel at a high bow angle, if there is an opening that draws in exhaust, or if protective coverings are used when the vessel is underway.

Slow Speed or Idlingcauses carbon monoxide to accumulate in the cabin, cockpit, and rear deck.

Another Vessel’s Exhaustthat is alongside can emit carbon monoxide into the cabin and cockpit of your vessel. Your vessel should be at least 20 feet from a vessel that is running a generator or engine.

or dragging or water-skiing within 20 feet of a moving vessel can be fatal. If persons are using a swim platform or are close to the stern, all gasoline-powered generators with transom exhaust ports must be off.

Teak SurfingBlocked Exhaust Outletscan cause carbon monoxide to accumulate in the cabin and cockpit area.

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Situations


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Weather EmergenciesWeather can change very rapidly and create unexpected emergencies for boat

and PWC operators. Even meteorologists have trouble predicting rapid changes in the weather. You should always watch for changes in the weather and monitor the weather forecast. As an operator, it is your responsibility to take appropriate action based on the weather.

How To Avoid Severe Weather ◆ Tune a portable radio to a local station that gives weather updates. Listed in the sidebar are the VHF-FM radio stations that broadcast National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) weather reports, which are updated each hour. ◆ Be alert to weather conditions. Accumulating dark clouds, shifting winds, and graying skies all may be indications of danger. Listen for distant thunder. ◆ Track changes in barometer readings. A rising barometer indicates fair weather. A falling barometer indicates foul weather is approaching. ◆ Watch for wind direction shifts, which usually indicate a weather change. ◆ Watch for lightning and rough water. If not electrically grounded, boats (partic-ularly sailboats) are vulnerable to lightning. ◆ Be observant of weather from all directions; however, closely watch the weather to the west, the direction from which most bad weather arrives. ◆ Watch for fog that creates problems in inlets and bays. Typically, fog will form during the temperature changes of the early morning or evening hours and can persist for lengthy periods. ◆ Head toward the nearest safe shore if a thunderstorm is approaching.

What To Do If Out in Severe Weather ◆ Prepare the boat to handle severe weather.• Slow down, but keep enough power to maintain headway and steering.• Close all hatches, windows, and doors to reduce the chance of swamping.• Stow any unnecessary gear.• Turn on your boat’s navigation lights. If there is fog, sound your fog horn as

instructed in Chapter 3. • Keep bilges free of water. Be prepared to remove water by bailing.• If there is lightning, disconnect all electrical equipment. Stay as clear of metal

objects as possible. ◆ Prepare your passengers for severe weather.• Have everyone put on a USCG–approved life jacket (PFD). If a PFD is

already on, make sure it is secured properly. • Have your passengers sit on the vessel floor close to the centerline. This is for

their safety and to make the boat more stable. ◆ Decide whether to go to shore or ride out the storm.• If possible, head for the nearest shore that is safe to approach. If already

caught in a storm, it may be best to ride it out in open water rather than try to approach the shore in heavy wind and waves.

• Head the bow into the waves at a 45-degree angle. PWCs should head directly into the waves.

• Keep a sharp lookout for other vessels, debris, shoals, or stumps. • If the engine stops, drop a “sea anchor” on a line off the bow to keep the bow

headed into the wind and reduce drifting while you ride out the storm. In an emergency, a bucket will work as a sea anchor. Without power, a powerboat usually will turn its stern to the waves and could be swamped more easily.

• If the sea anchor is not sufficient, anchor using your conventional anchor to prevent your boat from drifting into dangerous areas.

Small Craft Advisory Winds in the range of 21 to 33 knots (24 to 38 mph) create conditions considered dangerous to small vessels.

Gale Warning Winds are in the range of 34 to 47 knots (39 to 54 mph).

Storm Warning Winds are 48 knots (55 mph) and above. If winds are associated with a tropical cyclone, this warning signals winds of 48 to 63 knots.

Hurricane Warning Winds are 64 knots (74 mph) and above. This warning is displayed only in connection with a hurricane.

Daytime Nighttime Flags Lights

Weather Warning Display Signals

• 162.400 MHz • 162.425 MHz • 162.450 MHz • 162.475 MHz

• 162.500 MHz • 162.525 MHz • 162.550 MHz

VHF-FM Stations for NOAA Weather ReportsNOAA Weather Radio broadcasts weather forecasts and warnings using these frequencies:

BOATER’S TIP To determine the distance you are from an approaching thunderstorm:Count the number of seconds between the flash of lightning and the clap of thunder.Divide the number of seconds by five.The result is roughly the distance in miles you are from the storm.


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47Chapter 5 ■

Summoning HelpIn times of serious boating emergencies, the ability to summon help quickly can

make the difference between life and death. Here are some items that you should carry on board to help get assistance quickly.

◆ Visual Distress Signals: It is recommended that you have and know how to use the visual distress signals discussed in Chapter 4. Carry extras. Always respond immediately to other boaters displaying a distress signal. ◆ VHF Marine Radio: Consider purchasing a Very High Frequency (VHF) marine radio. VHF marine radios have channels that are reserved for distress calls and are monitored continuously by the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG).• VHF marine radios are increasingly popular with boaters for good reasons.

- They save lives and are easy to use. - They are more effective for marine communications than CB radios or mobile phones. VHF radios have more consistent reception than mobile phones.

- No license is needed when used in recreational boats. - They withstand rough weather. - Boat-mounted radios are wired to the boat’s battery. - The source of a VHF signal can be located so that you can be found even in fog.

• Operating a VHF radio takes some basic knowledge. - When operating your boat, you must monitor Channel 16 (the distress channel). If you hear a MAYDAY call, remain silent, listen, and write down information about the boat in distress. If the USCG or other rescue authority does not respond, try to reach the USCG while traveling toward the boat. If you cannot reach the USCG, assist the other boat to the best of your ability while not placing yourself or your passengers in danger.

- If you have a life-threatening emergency, have everyone put on life jackets and issue a MAYDAY call on Channel 16.

- Be aware that the distance for sending and receiving messages is limited by the height of the antenna and the power of the radio.

- Always use the one-watt setting except in an emergency or if your signal is too weak to be received clearly.

- Channel 16 is a calling and distress channel only and should not be used for conversation or radio checks. It can be used to make contact with another station (boat), but the communication then should move to a non-emergency channel such as 68 or 69. Penalties exist for misuse of a radio, including improper use of VHF Channel 16.

◆ Mobile Phone: If you own a mobile phone, include it as part of your standard boating gear. Keep a list of appropriate phone numbers on board.• Use it to call 911 or another water rescue authority in your area. • Mobile telephones may be useful for contacting local law enforcement

agencies. However, they have serious limitations and should not be used as a substitute for a VHF radio.

◆ Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB): If you operate far from shore, you should seriously consider carrying appropriate communica-tions gear. A satellite EPIRB is designed to quickly and reliably alert rescue forces, indicate an accurate distress position, and guide rescue units to the distress scene, even when all other communications fail. ◆ Personal Locator Beacon (PLB): A less expensive alternative to an EPRIB, the PLB sends out a personalized emergency distress signal to a monitored satellite system. It is waterproof and light enough for you to keep it attached to your life jacket at all times.

VHF Marine Radio ChannelsHere are the most commonly used channels on United States waters.Channel 6 Intership safety communications.Channel 9 Communications between vessels (commercial and recreational), and ship to coast (calling channel in designated USCG Districts).Channel 13 Strictly for navigational purposes by commercial, military, and recreational vessels at bridges, locks, and harbors.Channel 16 Distress and safety calls to Coast Guard and others, and to initiate calls to other vessels; often called the “hailing” channel. (Some regions use other channels as the hailing channel. For example, the Northeast uses Channel 9.) When hailing, contact the other vessel, quickly agree to another channel, and then switch to that channel to continue conversation.Channel 22 Communications between the Coast Guard and the maritime public, both recreational and commercial. Severe weather warnings, hazards to navigation, and other safety warnings are broadcast on this channel.Channels 24-28 Public telephone calls (to marine operator).Channels 68, 69, and 71 Recreational vessel radio channels and ship to coast.Channel 70 Digital selective calling “alert channel.”

BOATER’S TIP To issue a MAYDAY call on Channel 16 of your VHF radio:1. Transmit “MAYDAY, MAYDAY,

MAYDAY.”2. Say “This is (name of vessel three times,

call letters once).”3. Repeat once more “MAYDAY” and your

vessel’s name.4. Report your location.5. Report the nature of your emergency.6. Report the kind of assistance needed.7. Report the number of people on board

and condition of any injured.8. Describe the vessel and its seaworthiness.9. Wait for a response. If there is none,

repeat the message.


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Chapter 6: Enjoying Water Sports With Your Boat

48

Powerboats, sailboats, and personal watercraft (PWCs) offer many opportunities for their operators to enjoy the waters. Along with the enjoyment comes responsi-bilities—both to the passengers and to others who share the public waterways.

Responsibilities of a Vessel OperatorSharing the fun of your vessel with your friends and family is all part of the

boating experience. When you are operating a vessel, you have a responsibility to your passengers. You also are responsible when you let someone else drive your vessel. As the owner, you could be held liable for any damage caused by it, no matter who is driving at the time.

Responsibility to Your PassengersAs the operator of a vessel, you are responsible for ensuring that your passengers

understand basic safety practices and laws. ◆ Use a pre-departure checklist (see sidebar) to make sure you’ve taken the necessary safety precautions. ◆ Before departing, have a safety discussion with everyone on board. Some of the things you should point out are:• Locations of emergency equipment—life jackets (PFDs), fire extinguisher(s),

visual distress signals, first-aid kit, and bilge pump• The need for all passengers to wear a PFD, especially during times of high

vessel traffic, severe weather, or any other dangerous boating conditions• Laws about reckless operation, required equipment, and waste disposal• Safety procedures for responding to a fire or someone falling overboard• How to signal for help or use the VHF radio to make a MAYDAY call• How to anchor the vessel and handle lines (ropes) ◆ Conduct emergency drills with your passengers so that everyone knows what to do in case of a boating emergency.

Responsibility to Others You Allow To Operate Your VesselYou always should make sure that anyone operating your vessel understands his or

her responsibilities as a driver and knows how to operate safely and responsibly. ◆ Before allowing others to operate your vessel:• Check that they meet the minimum age and boater education requirements

for operation in your state (see Chapter 4).• Make sure they know basic boating safety and navigation rules.• Show them how to use the lanyard with the ignition safety switch and

require them to use it.• Explain the importance of obeying “idle speed,” “headway speed,” or “slow,

no wake” restrictions.• Stress the need to keep a proper lookout for other boaters and hazards. ◆ Before allowing others to drive your personal watercraft (PWC):• Check that they meet the minimum age and boater education requirements

for PWCs (see Chapter 4).• Tell them that they have the same responsibilities as other vessel operators.• If they are new to PWCs, have them practice in an uncrowded area first.

While near shore, show how to start and reboard the PWC properly.• Be sure to explain how to steer and control the PWC. Remind them to

keep plenty of distance from other vessels and that power is required for steering control!

• Point out that it is easy to have so much fun that you forget to watch where you are going. Tell them to make sure the area is clear before making a turn.

Pre-Departure ChecklistBefore each trip, review a pre-departure checklist to make sure you have everything you need for a safe trip.

✓ Check the weather forecast for the area and timeframe during which you will be boating.

✓ Make sure the steering and throttle controls are operating properly.

✓ Check that all lights are working properly. ✓ Check for any fuel leaks from the tank, fuel lines, and carburetor.

✓ Check the engine compartment for oil leaks. ✓ Check hose connections for leaks or cracks, and make sure hose clamps are tight.

✓ Drain all water from the engine compartment, and be sure the bilge plug is replaced and secure.

✓ Make sure you have enough fuel or know where you can refuel.

✓ Check to be sure you have a fully charged engine battery and fire extinguishers.

✓ If so equipped, make sure the ignition safety switch and wrist lanyard are in good order.

✓ Make sure that you have the required number of personal flotation devices and that they are in good condition.

✓ Leave a float plan with a reliable friend or relative.

Carefully explain all the important safety and operating points before allowing someone to operate your PWC. Never allow someone too young or too inexperienced to operate alone. See Chapter 4 for age requirements.


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49Chapter 6 ■

Responsibility to the EnvironmentWhile the effect of a single vessel on our rivers, lakes, and coastal waters may seem

insignificant, multiply that impact by the millions of vessels on the waterways today. To preserve and protect the waters, wildlife, and aquatic vegetation enjoyed while boating, each person must be responsible.

◆ Keep waterways clean and disease-free by disposing of waste properly.• If your vessel is equipped with an installed toilet (marine sanitation device),

make sure no sewage is discharged into the water. Empty the holding tanks only into pump-out stations.

• Don’t throw any litter overboard. Bring all trash back on shore to dispose of properly. Be sure to retrieve anything that blows overboard.

• Fishing lines and plastics are deadly for fish and fowl and should never be discarded in the water or near shore.

• Plastic six-pack holders can trap or strangle birds, fish, and other wildlife. Always properly dispose of these on land by snipping each circle of the holders with scissors.

• Remember, if you have room to take it, you have room to bring it back! ◆ Practice the three Rs—Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.• Many marinas provide facilities for recycling oil, aluminum, glass, and

antifreeze. Use these services whenever possible.• Carry reusable items such as plates, silverware, cups, and glasses on board to

reduce waste.• Recycle old fire extinguishers and marine batteries. ◆ Protect the shoreline from erosion, and preserve aquatic vegetation.• Reduce throttle to “no wake” speed when close to a shoreline or in small

rivers to help prevent erosion.• Don’t operate in shallow water where your prop or pump intake can stir up

bottom sediments and destroy aquatic plants.• Drain the bilge and clean the prop before leaving a waterway. Failure to do so

may transport plants or animals from one waterway to another and disrupt the natural balance of the environment.

◆ Avoid using toxic substances on your vessel or around the water.• Reduce the amount of detergent you use when cleaning your vessel. Use

non-phosphate products, such as hydrogen peroxide, on your vessel. Don’t use toxic cleaners.

• Don’t use toxic paints or other toxic products on your vessel. If you must use chemical products on your vessel, minimize their use while on the water.

• Before the first use of your vessel in the spring, drain the antifreeze into a container and properly dispose of it on shore. Never use antifreeze containing ethylene glycol.

• When fueling, don’t top off the tank. Promptly mop up any fuel spills.

Responsibility to Others Using the WaterwaysAs a vessel operator, you are just one of many who are enjoying the privilege of

using the public waterways. It is your responsibility to stay aware of others in or on the water and to respect their use of the waterways. Remember that being a respon-sible operator includes controlling the noise of your boat or PWC.

Did You Know?Here are some common ways that boaters harm the environment. • If you simply toss your trash into the water, it will be around for years. Here’s the time it takes for some common items to decompose.

Paper takes 2-4 weeks. Wax-coated paper, such as a fast food wrapper or cup, takes much longer.

Tin cans take 100 years.

Aluminum cans take 200-500 years.

Plastic six-pack rings or any other plastic takes 450 years.

Glass bottles take more than 500 years.

• Small amounts of petroleum products spilled in the water can have a large impact.

One gallon of gasoline can contaminate 750 gallons of drinking water.

One single quart of oil when spilled can create an oil slick as large as three football fields and remain in the area for up to two years.


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50 ■ Chapter 6

Paddlesports—Canoes, Kayaks, and RaftsPaddling down a river or across a lake or bay can be an enjoyable and safe activity.

But, according to statistics, paddlers in small crafts such as canoes, kayaks, and rafts are more than twice as likely to drown as individuals operating other types of vessels.

This higher rate of fatalities can be attributed to two factors. First, paddlers don’t consider themselves “boaters” and fail to follow the same safe practices as other small vessel operators. Second, many paddlers don’t have the skills or knowledge they need to operate their small, unstable craft safely. They may be unaware of hazards unique to paddlesports, such as fast currents and low-head dams, or don’t follow proper safety procedures when encountering them.

◆ A paddler prepares for safety by doing the following. • Always wear a life jacket (PFD), and know how to swim in a river current. • Never paddle alone. Bring along at least one other boater. When canoeing,

two canoes with two canoeists each are recommended. Three crafts with two paddlers each are even better. If unfamiliar with the waterway, paddle with someone who is knowledgeable about it.

• Never overload the craft. Tie down gear, and distribute weight evenly. • Maintain a low center of gravity and three points of contact. Keep your

weight balanced over the center of the craft. - Standing up or moving around in a small craft can cause it to capsize—a leading cause of fatalities among paddlers.

- Leaning a shoulder over the edge of the craft also can destabilize it enough to capsize it.

• Stay alert at all times; and be aware of your surroundings, including nearby powerboats. Be prepared to react when dangerous situations arise.

• Practice reboarding your craft in the water with the help of a companion.• Dress properly for the weather and type of boating. • Check your craft for leaks.• Map a general route and timetable when embarking on a long trip. Arrange

for your vehicles to be shuttled to the takeout point. • Know the weather conditions before you head out. While paddling, watch

the weather and stay close to shore. Head for shore if the waves increase. ◆ A paddle trip downriver can include these river hazards.• Low-head dams: These structures are difficult to see and can trap paddlers.

Consult a map of the river before your trip, and know where dams are located. Always carry your craft around them.

• Rapids: When approaching rapids, go ashore well upstream and check them out before continuing. If you see dangerous conditions, carry your craft around them.

• Strainers: These river obstructions allow water to flow through but block vessels and could throw you overboard and damage or trap your craft. Strainers may include overhanging branches, logjams, or flooded islands. Strainers are also notorious for causing death by drowning.

◆ If you capsize, follow these guidelines.• Float on the upstream side of your craft. You can be crushed on the

downstream side if you run into an obstruction.• Do not attempt to stand or walk in swift-moving water. The current could

pull you under if your foot becomes trapped between submerged rocks.• Float on your back with your feet and arms extended. Float with your feet

pointed downstream to act as a buffer against rocks. Don’t fight the current. Use the current to backstroke your way to shore.

• If the water is cold, take all necessary precautions to avoid hypothermia (see Chapter 5).

Understanding River Characteristics • Rivers are constantly changing. It’s up to you to be familiar with these changes.

• In a river without obstructions, the slowest moving water is near the bottom and the fastest is near the surface.

• Eddies are created behind an obstruction as water fills in the void created by the obstruction. The current behind an eddy is actually moving upstream. Skilled paddlers use eddies as a place to stop and rest.

• Hydraulics occur as water flows over an obstruction and a slight depression forms behind it. Downstream water attempts to fill this void, creating an upstream flow toward the obstruction. A low-head dam is a perfect and deadly example of a hydraulic. Avoid hydraulics altogether.

Increase Your Safety and Fun With Paddling InstructionPaddling a small craft is a skill best learned through hands-on training. Formal paddling instruction teaches you how to: • Balance and stabilize your craft. • Paddle efficiently. • Exit and enter your craft on the water. • Perform rescue and recovery.

BOATER’S TIP When participating in water activities that expose you to the water, such as paddling or windsurfing, consider both the water and the air temperature when deciding whether to wear a wetsuit or other cold water protective clothing.


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51Chapter 6 ■

Water-SkiingWater-skiing, along with being towed on a tube, kneeboard, or similar device, is

very popular with boaters. These activities are both fun and challenging; however, towing people on skis or other devices requires additional knowledge and skills.

◆ Before towing a skier, the operator should:• Have a second person on board to act as an observer (see Chapter 4).• Review hand signals with the skier to ensure proper communication.• Make sure the skier is wearing a U.S. Coast Guard–approved life jacket

(PFD) designed for water-skiing. Keep in mind that ski belts are not U.S. Coast Guard–approved. A PFD with a high-impact rating is recommended. (See Chapter 4 for state-specific requirements.)

• Be familiar with the area and aware of any hazards such as shallow water, rocks, or bridge pilings in the water.

• Make sure the tow lines are of the same length if towing multiple skiers.• Never tow a skier at night. It is both hazardous and illegal. ◆ While towing a skier, the operator should:• Start the engine after making sure that no one in the water is near the

propeller.• Start the boat slowly until the ski rope is tight. When the skier is ready and

there is no traffic ahead, take off in a straight line with enough power to raise the skier out of the water. Once the skier is up, adjust the speed according to the signals given by the skier.

• Keep the skier at a safe distance—at least twice the length of the tow rope—from the shoreline, docks, hazards, and people in the water.

• Avoid congested areas, beaches, docks, and swimming areas. Water-skiing takes a lot of room. Some areas may have designated traffic patterns.

• Maintain a sharp lookout for other vessels and obstructions in the water. Let the observer watch the skier.

• Always respond to the skier’s signals. If you need to turn the boat, signal the skier of your intentions.

• Once the skier has dropped or fallen, circle the skier slowly either to return the tow line to the skier or to pick up the skier. Always keep the skier in view and on the operator’s side of the boat. As an added precaution, display a red or orange skier-down flag under certain conditions. (See Chapter 4 for the water-skiing laws and requirements of your state.)

• To avoid propeller injuries, always shut off the engine before allowing the skier to board the boat. After the skier is on board, retrieve the tow line unless you are pulling another skier.

◆ When in the water, the skier should:• Wear a PFD. You never know when a fall will knock you unconscious.• Learn to use hand signals (see sidebar).• Never ski under the influence of drugs or alcohol. This is illegal and

extremely dangerous because of the damage to your judgment and reflexes.• Never spray swimmers, vessels, or other skiers. Such activity is illegal,

dangerous, and discourteous.• Never wrap any part of the tow rope around your body.• Always hold a ski up out of the water after falling or after dropping the rope

so that the boat operator and other vessels can see you.• Never approach the back of the boat unless the engine has been shut off.

Otherwise, you could be seriously injured by the boat’s propeller.

Some personal watercraft are capable of pulling water-skiers. Even if it’s not required in your state, it is recommended that the PWC be rated for at least three people—the driver, the observer, and the retrieved skier. See Chapter 4 for the legal requirements in your state.

Hand Signals for Skiers

Speed up

Slow downSpeed OK

Turn left

Turn right

Skier OK Skier down

Stop


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52 ■ Chapter 6

Scuba Diving and SnorkelingDiving is a popular sport, and divers can be found in areas shared with recre-

ational boaters. As diving’s popularity increases, it becomes more important for both boaters and divers to take special precautions. See Chapter 4 for the specific laws affecting divers and vessel operators in your state.

◆ As a vessel operator, you should:• Be able to recognize a diver-down flag, a red flag with a white diagonal stripe,

floating in the area of the divers.• Stay the legal distance away from a diver-down flag. (See Chapter 4 for the

legal distance in your state.) Do not drive your vessel between a diver-down flag and a nearby shore.

• Watch out for divers surfacing when you see a diver-down flag. Bubbles may indicate that a diver is below.

◆ For their own safety, divers should:• Always display the diver-down flag and stay close to the flag.• Use a stable boat that is suited for diving and anchor the boat securely.• Avoid overloading the vessel with people, equipment, or supplies.• Never dive or snorkel alone.

WindsurfingA growing water sport is windsurfing (or sailboarding). Windsurfers should:

◆ Dress appropriately.• Wear a life jacket (PFD).• Wear a wetsuit to avoid hypothermia. ◆ Tell someone where you are going and when you expect to return. Give this person instructions on what to do or whom to call in case you are overdue. ◆ Avoid becoming overly fatigued. One danger of windsurfing is falling off the board and being too exhausted to swim back to it. If you feel weak, furl the sail, lie stomach-down on the board, and stroke to shore. ◆ Always be on the lookout for vessels, avoiding them and their wakes. Remember, your sail can block your view of approaching vessels. ◆ If operating in open water, be careful not to stray too far from shore.

Sailing ◆ It is always wise to give sailboats a lot of space. Sailboats are usually the stand-on vessel. ◆ Sailing has its own risks that require special care to avoid.• Small sailboats are prone to capsizing and swamping. Know how to right the

sailboat if it capsizes, and carry a bailer on board.• Falling overboard is common. For that reason, sailors always should wear a

life jacket (PFD). • Sailors should stay aware of the water temperature. Capsizing in the early

spring, the fall, or the winter involves the risk of hypothermia. ◆ Those interested in sailing should take a certified course from organizations like the American Sailing Association or the U.S. Sailing Association. ◆ Here are some tips for safe sailing.• Stay off the water during storms or periods of high winds. • Carry a flashlight in case you remain on the water after dark. Shine the

light on a sail to warn approaching vessels of your presence if you have no navigation lights or if another vessel does not see your navigation lights.

• Remember that sailboats with an engine must have the red, green, and white navigation lights.

• Remember that the mast can be a conductor for lightning. Be aware of masthead clearance when passing under power lines and bridges.

Both divers and vessel operators need to be aware of laws that affect this popular water sport.

Beginners should learn to windsurf from a qualified instructor when winds are light to moderate.

furl To roll up tightly and make secure


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53Chapter 6 ■

FishingFishing is the most popular activity among boaters. Anglers using vessels can be at

risk. Unfortunately, anglers capsizing or falling overboard are common fatal boating accidents.

◆ Anglers who use vessels to fish need to think of themselves first as vessel operators. If you fish and boat, you should:• Know and follow all safe boating laws and requirements.• Pay attention to the capacity plate and not overload your vessel.• Wear a life jacket (PFD) especially when the water is cold or when fishing

alone or in remote areas. (A PFD is required in most competitive fishing tournaments.)

• Recycle or toss used fishing line into receptacles on shore and not into the water or onto shorelines. Fishing line is not biodegradable and is dangerous to wildlife and propellers.

• Take care of your fishing boat just like you do your fishing equipment. ◆ Vessel operators who are boating in the vicinity of fishing boats should:• Slow down when approaching fishing boats or give them a wide berth. • Never run over anglers’ lines. Be aware anglers may have lines out to the sides

of their boats or trolling behind them.• Never disturb fishing boats by making a large wake. An angler at anchor

could be swamped by another vessel’s cruising wake.

Hunting Many hunters use vessels for duck hunting or to get to their favorite hunting

grounds. If you are using your vessel to hunt, you should: ◆ Understand that you are still responsible for obeying all boating laws and should follow all safe boating rules. ◆ Take extra precautions to avoid capsizing or swamping your vessel.• Be aware that small, flat-bottom vessels are prone to capsizing or swamping.• Keep weight low and distribute gear evenly in the vessel. • Do not exceed the vessel’s capacity. Never crowd too many people or too

much gear into one small hunting boat.• Take only well-trained dogs on board a small vessel. An excited dog could

capsize a vessel easily. Keep the dog lying on the bottom, positioned in the center of the vessel.

• Take precautions to avoid hypothermia in case you do capsize. See Chapter 5 for guidelines on preventing and treating this condition.

◆ Wear a life jacket (PFD) at all times while on the water. PFDs come in a variety of styles, including camouflage vests and float coats. ◆ Remember that cold water can be a killer. When hunting on cold water, dress in several layers under your PFD. ◆ Always check the weather and stay as close to the shore as possible. ◆ Never fire shots or release arrows until the vessel is stopped, the motor is turned off, and the vessel is secured or properly anchored. Always remain seated when shooting. Of course, you must possess a valid hunting license, tags, and permits for whatever you are hunting. ◆ Be aware of laws regarding transport of firearms in a vessel. ◆ Ensure that all firearms are always unloaded with the safety on and are secured in a gun case when they are being transported in a vessel.

Special precautions and responsibilities are required when hunting from a vessel.

If ill feelings between user groups become widespread, managing agencies may be forced to deal with the issue by closing down boating opportunities or by posting specific times for separate user groups. The best way to ensure better boating opportunities is for every boater to be courteous and responsible.

It is very important that you get in the habit of wearing a life jacket while fishing or hunting, especially in smaller boats and those with low gunwales. One simple mistake without a life jacket on could ruin a good day of fishing, not to mention ruin your life. Try out an inflatable life jacket to maximize comfort. And don’t forget to wear your ignition safety switch lanyard whenever the motor is running!

REMEMBER …If you fish or hunt from a boat, you are not only an angler or a hunter but also a boater.


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3. Name three things that you should do while filling the fuel tank of your vessel.i. ______________________________ii. ______________________________iii. ______________________________

4. A rule of thumb to prevent running out of fuel on a PWC is ______ out, ______ in, and ______ in reserve.

5. If the combined weight of the vessel and its engine is more than ______ of the recommended load capacity of the trailer, you should get the next larger trailer.

6. “Tongue weight” is the amount of the loaded trailer’s weight that ________________________________.

7. Two strong safety chains should be ______________ to support the trailer’s coupler in case it becomes disconnected from the towing vehicle.

8. Where should you prepare your vessel before launching it from the trailer?________________________________________

9. Name three engine maintenance tips.i. ______________________________ii. ______________________________iii. ______________________________

Chapter 3

1. If the wind or current direction is toward the dock, you should cast off the _______________ first when leaving the dock.

2. The _______________ is required to take early and substantial action to avoid a collision by stopping, slowing down, or changing course.

3. The stand-on vessel must _____________________ _________________________ unless __________ _________________________________________.

4. If you are driving a powerboat or PWC and meet another powerboat or PWC head-on, you should keep to the ______________.

5. If you are overtaking another vessel, you are the stand-on vessel. ___ True ___ False

6. If you see a red and a white light ahead when boating at night, you should maintain course and speed. ___ True ___ False

Chapter 1

1. The port side of a vessel is the _________ side.

2. The stern of a vessel is the _________ of the vessel.

3. Basic types of vessel hulls can be described as _______.__ a. moving and non-moving. __ b. displacement and planing.__ c. rough and smooth.__ d. narrow and wide.

4. Name three basic hull shapes.i. ______________________________ii. ______________________________iii. ______________________________

5. What are the four length classes of vessels?i. ______________________________ii. ______________________________iii. ______________________________iv. ______________________________

6. List the four basic types of engines.i. ______________________________ii. ______________________________iii. ______________________________iv. ______________________________

7. Stern drive and inboard engines are _________.__ a. marinized outboard engines.__ b. specially designed and built engines.__ c. automotive engines adapted for marine use.__ d. jet drive engines.

8. The U.S. Coast Guard considers personal watercraft to be ______________________________.

9. Personal watercraft are not subject to the laws and requirements of other vessels.___ True ___ False

10. An _____________________ is a device used to pump and force water under pressure through a steering nozzle at the rear of the vessel.

Chapter 2

1. What information is displayed on the capacity plate of an outboard powerboat? i. ______________________________ii. ______________________________

2. List three things that should be included on your float plan before you embark on an extended outing.i. ______________________________ii. ______________________________iii. ______________________________

Chapter Review Exercises


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7. If you see only a green light while boating at night, you may be approaching a ________________ and you must ________________.

8. _______________ are the “traffic signals” that guide boaters safely along their course.

9. The phrase “R___________ R___________ R_____________” reminds vessels of the correct course in the lateral system of U.S. Aids to Navigation.

10. This buoy marks the edge of the channel on a boater’s __________ side when entering from the open sea or heading upstream.

11. This regulatory marker indicates __________________________.

12. This regulatory marker indicates areas that are _____________ to vessels.

13. A good rule of thumb is that the anchor line should be at least __________ times the depth of the water.

14. You should never anchor from the __________ of the vessel as that can make the vessel unstable.

15. To maintain steering control of a PWC, you must never allow the engine to _________________________ or ___________________________________.

16. The most common complaints boaters have against PWC operators are _________________________ and ___________________________.

17. As a courtesy to other boaters and people on shore, PWC operators should ________ their operating area.

18. Name a safety device that shuts the engine off if the operator is thrown from the proper operating position. ________________________________

19. To avoid propeller strike accidents, make sure _______ ______________________ when passengers are boarding or disembarking a boat.

Chapter 4

1. The ______________________ is a number assigned and imprinted by the vessel manufacturer and is unique to your vessel.

2. Allowing passengers to ride on the __________ or __________ while underway is reckless operation.

3. If your blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is above the legal limit, it is illegal to _______ a vessel.

4. In order for a PFD to be legal, it must be _____________________–approved, in _____________________ condition, and _____________________ accessible.

5. Name the five types of PFDs.i. ______________________________ii. ______________________________iii. ______________________________iv. ______________________________v. ______________________________

6. These Type ____ PFDs are ________devices, and most states require at least one of these to be on board vessels 16 feet in length or longer.

7. PWC operators, no matter what age, must wear an approved ________________ whenever underway.

8. Fire extinguishers should be placed in an area that is ______________ and not near the ____________.

9. It is recommended that you wait at least __________ minutes after turning on your vessel’s blower (if so equipped) and before starting your engine.

10. For an 18-foot powerboat, required navigation lights include a red light on the _______________, a green light on the ______________, and _______________.

11. A 16-foot canoe away from dock after dark must have on hand at least a ________________ or ___________________.

12. Name two visual distress signals (VDSs) for use at night.i. ______________________________ii. ______________________________

13. Describe the appearance of a divers flag.________________________________________

14. If an observer is on board when pulling a skier behind a vessel, the vessel should be rated to carry at least _____ people.

15. Water-skier(s) may be towed at night with proper lighting.___ True ___ False

16. It is illegal to discharge __________, _________, or _________ into federally controlled or state waters.

17. You must report any accident you are involved in if it results in ____________, ___________, or _______________________.


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Chapter 6

1. As the operator of a vessel, you are responsible for ensuring that your passengers understand ___________and __________________.

2. Before allowing anyone to operate your PWC, you should remind them that power is _____________________________________________________.

3. To protect the environment, you should practice the three “Rs”—R _____________, R ____________, and R _____________.

4. If you capsize in a canoe, kayak, or raft, you should stay on the ______________ side of the craft.

5. What are three river hazards that paddlers should avoid?i. ______________________________ii. ______________________________iii. ______________________________

6. When picking up a skier, always keep them in view and on the ______________ side of the boat.

7. Identify the following water-skiing commands.

i. _______________

ii. _______________

iii. _______________

iv. _______________

8. In addition to a displayed diver-down flag, what indicates that a diver may be below the water’s surface? __________________________________________

9. When passing under power lines and bridges, sailboat operators need to be aware of the _____________________________.

10. Hunters who use vessels to get to their hunting spot should always wear their ______________.

Chapter 5

1. In a typical boating fatality, life jackets are __________ but are not _____________.

2. Name three boating stressors that make you tire more rapidly when on the water.i. ______________________________ii. ______________________________iii. ______________________________

3. To prevent dehydration while on the water, you should drink some water at least _______________________.

4. One-_________ of the amount of alcohol that makes a person legally intoxicated on land can be enough to make someone equally intoxicated when on the water.

5. ___________ is a major contributor to boating accidents and fatalities.

6. An easy way to remember priorities for rescuing someone who has fallen into the water is ____________, ____________, ___________, and _________________!

7. If you capsize, immediately swim to shore to ensure your safety.___ True ___ False

8. What are four things you should do if a fire erupts on your boat while underway?i. ______________________________ii. ______________________________iii. ______________________________iv. ______________________________

9. The condition called ________________ occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it.

10. The primary danger that occurs immediately upon being immersed in cold water is ____________________________________________________________.

11. The position you should assume if trapped in cold water, “HELP,” stands for:H - ______________ E - ______________L - ______________P - ______________

12. Name four symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.i. ______________________________ii. ______________________________iii. ______________________________iv. ______________________________

13. Bleeding usually can be controlled by applying _______________ to the wound.


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Answers to Chapter Review Exercises

Chapter 11. left2. rear3. b. displacement and

planing.4. i. Round bottom

ii. Flat bottom iii. Vee bottom

5. i. Less than 16 feet ii. 16 to less than 26 feet iii. 26 to less than 40 feet iv. 40 to less than 65 feet

6. i. Outboard ii. Inboard iii. Stern drive iv. Jet drive

7. c. automotive engines adapted for marine use.

8. inboard vessels.9. False10. impeller

Chapter 2 1. i. Capacity in pounds

or number of people ii. Recommended maximum horsepower

2. i. Vessel’s description: give number, size, make, etc.

ii. Number, names, and addresses of passengers iii. Trip plan

3. i. Keep the nozzle in contact with the tank opening ii. Fill tank slowly and avoid spilling iii. Never fill to the brim

4. 1/3 out, 1/3 in, and 1/3 in reserve

5. 90%6. presses down on the

towing hitch.7. crisscrossed8. Well away from the boat

ramp

9. • Keepwelltuned • Checkoillevels • Changeoil • Checkbatteries • Greaseandlubricate • Checkforanything loose

Chapter 3 1. stern line2. give-way vessel3. maintain its course and

speed unless it becomes apparent the give-way vessel is not taking appropriate action.

4. right.5. False6. False7. sailing vessel and you

must give way.8. Buoys and markers9. Red Right Returning10. left11. danger.12. off-limits13. 7-1014. stern15. return to idle or shut off.16. wake jumping and

riding too close.17. vary18. Emergency ignition

safety switch19. the engine is shut off

Chapter 41. Hull Identification

Number2. bow or gunwale3. operate4. U.S. Coast Guard–

approved, in good and serviceable condition, and readily accessible.

5. i. Offshore life jacket ii. Near-shore vest iii. Flotation aid iv. Throwable device v. Special-use device

6. Type IV PFDs are throwable devices

7. personal flotation device (PFD)

8. accessible and not near the engine.

9. four 10. red light on the port

(left), a green light on the starboard (right), and a white light.

11. flashlight or lantern. 12.• Redflares

• Redmeteors • Electriclight

13. Red flag with white diagonal stripe

14. three15. False16. waste, oil, or trash17. death, serious injury,

or significant property damage.

Chapter 51. on the boat but are not

being worn.2. i. Glare and heat of the

sun ii. Motion iii. Noise and vibration of the engine

3. every 15-20 minutes.4. third

5. Alcohol6. Reach, Throw, Row,

and Go!7. False8. i. Stop the vessel and

put on a PFD ii. Keep fire downwind iii. Shut off fuel supply iv. Aim extinguisher at base of flames

9. hypothermia10. involuntary gasping,

resulting in water inhala-tion and drowning.

11. Heat Escape Lessening Posture

12.• Irritatedeyes • Headache • Nausea • Weakness • Dizziness

13. direct pressure

Chapter 61. basic safety practices

and laws.2. required for steering

control.3. Reduce, Reuse, and

Recycle4. upstream5. i. Low-head dams

ii. Rapids iii. Strainers

6. operator’s7. i. Skier down

ii. Speed OK iii. Slow down iv. Turn right

8. Bubbles9. masthead clearance.10. life jackets (PFDs).


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NOTES

KENTUCKY BOATING SAFETY MANUAL A Course on Responsible Boating


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Please read the following declaration carefully and sign below:

I hereby declare that I have reviewed the study materials in the KENTUCKY Boating Safety Manual course. Furthermore, I have completed, on my own and without assistance from any other person, the KENTUCKY Boating Safety Manual exam as represented by my answers on this exam response form. I understand that failure to comply could jeopardize my certification.

_____________________________ Signature

_____________________________ Date

Name: _______________________________________________________

Address: ______________________________________________________

City: _________________________ State: ____ Zip: _______________

County: ___________________

Sex: __Male __Female Date of Birth: ______ / ______ /______

First M. Initial Last

INSTRUCTIONS1. Mark your answers to the exam on the form below.2. Use an ink pen to fill out the information below. Please print. Read, sign and date the declaration to the right.3. Follow the direction of your instructor for the grading of your exam.

Boating Safety ManualCertification Exam Answer Sheet 2012

Start your answers here:

You may use a #2 pencil instead of a pen to fill in your answers below.

Multiple Choice a b c d1 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑2 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑3 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑4 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑5 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑6 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑7 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑8 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑9 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑10 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑11 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑12 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

a b c d13 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑14 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑15 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑16 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑17 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑18 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑19 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑20 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑21 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑22 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑23 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑24 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

a b c d25 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑26 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑27 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑28 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑29 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑30 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑31 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑32 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑33 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑34 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑35 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑36 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

a b c d37 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑38 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑39 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑40 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑41 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑42 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑43 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑44 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑45 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑46 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑47 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑48 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

a b c d49 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑50 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑51 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑52 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑53 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑54 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑55 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑56 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑57 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑58 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑59 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑60 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑


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NATIONAL SAFE BOATING WEEK

Remember that the National Safe Boating Week

is always at the end of May. During this week,

members of the National Safe Boating Council,

including the Coast Guard Auxiliary, U.S. Power

Squadrons, State Boating Law Administrators,

Army Corps of Engineers, and other groups,

will provide special programs on safe boating.

Boat Smart from the StartBoating safety begins long before the vessel ever leaves the dock.

When you leave for a day of boating, you seldom expect to end

up in the water. But if you do and are not wearing your life jacket,

you greatly increase your chances of becoming a boating statistic.

Recent year averages indicate that approximately 90% of the

people who died in vessel accidents were not wearing life jackets.

Information and “Wear It!” graphic provided by National Safe Boating Council Photo provided by U.S. Coast Guard

�e Boating Safety Seven

… it just makes sense

1. Wear your life jacket.2. Take a boating safety class.3. Carry all required safety gear.4. Know your boat and its limitations.5. Follow the boating “rules of the road.”6. Be aware of weather and water conditions.7. Boat sober, and be considerate of other boaters.


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✓1 ✓1 ✓1

✓ ✓ ✓

✓ ✓ ✓

✓2 ✓3 ✓3

✓

✓ ✓ ✓

✓

✓ ✓4 ✓4

✓ ✓ ✓

✓ ✓ ✓

✓

✓5

Not Applicable ✓5 ✓5

Not Applicable ✓ ✓

Boater Education Certificate

Certificate of Registration On Board

Registration Decal Displayed

PFDs: Type I, II, or III

PFD: Type IV

Type B-I Fire Extinguisher

Ignition Safety Switch

Flame Arrestor

Ventilation System

Muffler

Horn, Whistle or Bell

Daytime Visual Distress System

Nighttime Visual Distress System

Navigation Lights

PWC Boat Less Than Boat 16 Ft . To 16 Feet Less Than 26 Feet

1. Applicable if operator is a minor. See page 26 for details.2. Those on PWCs must wear a PFD at all times.3. Children under 12 years of age must wear a PFD at all times while underway on an

open deck of a vessel.4. Required on inboard and stern drives only.5. Required only if operating on federally controlled waters.

Note: Some items are not applicable to PWCs since they are not allowed to operate between sunset and sunrise.

Required Equipment Checklist

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Documents

2012 ED I T I O N GUDIW - Kentucky Department of Fish … 2 ED I T I O N &RS\ULJKW .DONRPH\(QWHUSULVHV //&DQGLWVGLYLVLRQVDQGSDUWQHUV ZZZ NDONRPH\ FRP GUDIW Boating in Kentucky America’s