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©2012 Philip Hoekstra, PhD
Ductal Carcinoma: 80% of breast cancers
Lobular Carcinoma:10-16% of breast cancers
Ductal and lobular tissues have a rapid turn-over and are highly vulnerable to the effects of mutations. The sources of carcinogenic mutations are multi-factorial.
A.Environmental Mutations.1. Radiation2. Chemicals
B. Inherited genetic defects in anti-cancer mechanisms.
A. BRAC-1/2
C. Nutritional deficiencies that makes cells vulnerable to mutations.
©2012 Philip Hoekstra, PhD
A woman’s chance of being diagnosed with breast cancer is:
from age 30 through age 39 1 in 233
from age 40 through age 49 1 in 69 (the most common cause of death for women aged 35-50)
from age 50 through age 59 1 in 38 from age 60 through age 69 1 in 27 Lifetime risk 1 in 8
– NIH SEER Statistical Review 1975-2003.
Age of Women Average tumor doubling time
Under age 50 years 80 days
Age 50-70 years 157 days
Over age 70 years 188 days
Source: Cancer 1993,71:3547-3551
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96% chance of being alive 5 years after a diagnosis of early breast cancer.
Less than 40% if that diagnosis is made at later stages.
Source: breast cancer meta-analysis, Lancet 1991
Imaging Fine Needle Biopsy
©2012 Philip Hoekstra, PhD
Physical Examination◦ Self◦ Clinical
Mammography◦ Film◦ Digital
Thermal Imaging◦ Thermography◦ Thermology
Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
◦ Static◦ Dynamic or 4 Dimensional
©2012 Philip Hoekstra, PhD
Earlier Detection
No vessels
Angiogenesis begins
<2 mm 5-10 mm 2 cm > 4 cm
Thermology Mammography Clinical Exam Self-Exam
©2012 Philip Hoekstra, PhD
Quantitative and objective with high sensitivity and specificity but poor localization.
©2012 Philip Hoekstra, PhD