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Savanna Burning:

Fire Severity Mapping

in northern Australia

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Spatial Data Layers

Burnt Area

Fire SeverityMapping

describes the

extent and

severity of fires

Fire

frequency

Time since

burnt

Inter-fire

intervals

Active fires

satellite image

derived:

locations of fires at

the time of satellite

overpass

Topographic

mapping

Hydrography,

Roads,

Landform,

Cultural &

Natural Assets

Habitat mapping

classes describe

vegetation structure

Fuel Loadsmass of fuel

components in

burnt areas

Fuel

accumulation

fuel amassed over

time

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Fire monitoring and

management

Fire planning

burnt area mapping,

fire history and

topographic layers

used to create maps of

proposed burning forsubsequent year

Planning

post fire-season assessment of

fire history and ancillary

information

Assessment

area/locales burnt

efficacy of firebreaks

fire effects on assets

Prescribed

burning

anthropogenic fire

from fire plan

Prescribed burning program

from fire plan. Continuous

monitoring and iterative

assessment of the occurrence

of fires throughout the fire

season

Monitoring

the location of

current/recent fire

activity

Assessment

fire severity mapping

for the season to date

topographic layers

including natural

firebreaks & assets

Emissions

calculations

Burning efficiency

factors

The amount of

biomass burnt

currently based

only seasonality

alone

fire history information

use emissions

factors to calculate

CO2-equivalent

emissions

Burnt Area and

Fire Severity Mapping

fire history layers

Active fires Topographic

mapping

Habitat mapping

Fuels

How Spatial Data relate to the keyFire Management elements:- Emissions calculations- Conservation Management- Indigenous outcomes

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For methane, CH4

For nitrous oxide, N2O

Where the subscripts:o = greenhouse gas species o (oc= CH4, on= N2O);

p = vegetation classk = fire season

l = fuel size class

m = fire severity class

n = number of years since the patch of land was last burned

and parameters:Eoc = Emission (Gg) of CH4;

Eon = Emission (Gg) of N2O;

M = Ratio of molecular mass to the elemental massA = Fire affected (scar) area (ha)

P = Patchiness

EF=Emission factor (% of fuel elemental content released in fire)

FL=Fuel load (t dry matter ha-1)

CC= Carbon content of fuel (gram of carbon per gram of dry fuel)

NC = Elemental nitrogen to carbon ratio

S= Severity class (fraction of fires of severity class m in fire season k)

BEF = Burning efficiency

pk l m

klmmlnplplkpkooc BEFSCCFLEFPAME

pk l m

klmmllnplplkpkoon BEFSNCCCFLEFPAME

Calculating Emissions

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The amount of biomass burned in savanna fires, and resultant accountable

greenhouse emissions, can be calculated using the equation outlined in the National

Greenhouse Gas Inventory (2004):

M = A x FL x BEF

where:

M = mass of fuel burnt in fires (tonnes)

A = estimated area of fires (hectares)derived preferably from Landsat

FL = fuel load (tonnes/hectare)accounting for accumulation of different fuel

components in different veg / fuel types

BEF = burning efficiency factortaking into account (a) patchiness,

(b) amount of fuel pyrolised, based on the fire severity.

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Burnt Area Mapping

M = A x FL x BEF

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88%

94% 93%

88%

89%

86%

89%

79%80%

Burnt area mapping is validated with aerial transects

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Fuels Mapping

M = A x FL x BEF

Stratifying the landscape into fuel types

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Fuels Classification

Mapping

Closed Forest

Open Forest

WoodlandSandstone Woodland

Sandstone Heath

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Fuel Accumulation

M = A x FL x BEF

On ground permanent plots

Measurements of fuel types:

- fine fuels (grass and litter)

- shrubs

- coarse woody debris (diameter > 5mm to < 5 cm)- heavy woody debris (diameter > 5cm)

- trees.

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0

6

12

18

24

Fuelload

(tha

-1)

p0.05

0

6

12

18

Fuelload

(tha

-1) p>0.05

0

4

8

12

16

Fuelload

(tha

-1) p>0.05

0

6

12

18

24

Fuelload

(tha

-1) p0.05

0

6

12

18

Fuelload

(tha

-1) p>0.05

0

4

8

12

16

Fuelload

(tha

-1) p>0.05

0

6

12

18

24

Fuelload

(tha

-1) p

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30 plots

10 plots

61 plots

58 plots

70 plots

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Time Since Last Fire

Derived from fire mapping.

Calculates fuel accumulation period.

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Post Fire Assessment

M = A x FL x BEF

Main objectives

Determine fuel consumed through the year for

different fire severities

Characterise patchiness based on seasonality and

fire severity Measure the emission factors (proportion of a gas

in the smoke)

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Emission factors

M = A x FL x BEFOn ground gas sampling

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Fire Severity

M = A x FL x BEF

- On ground sampling

to relate fire severity tobiomass burnt

- Create a remote sensedfire severity map

product

http://../Users/ace/Desktop/0909_severity_finalproof1.pdf

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http://../Users/ace/Desktop/0909_severity_finalproof1.pdf

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(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Simplified models of fire severity

Patchy

Low

Moderate

High

Extreme

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8

88

8 888

888 88 8

8r

N

733450

733450

733460

733460

733470

733470

733480

733480

733490

733490

733500

733500

733510

733510

733520

733520

733530

733530

733540

733540

8618080

8618080

8618090

8618090

8

618100

861810

0

8618110

8618110

861812

08

618120

8618130

8618130

8618140

8618140

Projection:

UTM Zone 52

Datum:

WGS84

Site 2: 12th May 2008

Illustrates the position of the 10 GPS points,the average waypoint at the centre of the sampled area

within the pixeloid sampled by the spectrometer.

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Methods

GROUND MEASUREMENTS

Collected at the same GPS

point

Describing proportions ofcover of the various fireaffected or unaffectedphenomena in various strata

50m

transect

Proportions of cover

5 x 5m quadrat

Transect

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Methods

GROUND MEASUREMENTS

Collected at the same GPS

point

Describing stand structureScorchHeight

Crown

HeightTree

HeightTree radii

Floristics and Structure

50m

transect

Transect

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Unburnt Low Fire Severity Moderate Fire Severity High Fire Severity

GroundStorey

LowerStorey

MidStorey

UpperStorey

10

18

6

27

2

The proportions of each variable

within each fire severity class

for each stratum

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-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

MODIS3 MODIS4 MODIS1 MODIS2 MODIS5 MODIS6 MODIS7 MODIS-NDVI

MODIS-NBR

u

h

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

MODIS3 MODIS4 MODIS1 MODIS2 MODIS5 MODIS6 MODIS7 MODIS-NDVI

MODIS-NBR

u

l

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

MODIS3 MODIS4 MODIS1 MODIS2 MODIS5 MODIS6 MODIS7 MODIS-NDVI

MODIS-NBR

m

h

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

MODIS3 MODIS4 MODIS1 MODIS2 MODIS5 MODIS6 MODIS7 MODIS-NDVI

MODIS-NBR

l

m

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Severe vnot-Severe Low vModerate vHigh

The Normalised Burn Ratio (NBR) MODIS Channel 6

MODIS Channels 2, 6 and 7

Models derived using AICc assessment of 50 sites of data

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DOES NOT indicate Fire Severity DOES indicate Fire severity

The amount of Charred material(blackened)

The amount of Ashened material(whitened)

The amount of Green material(photosynthetic vegetation)

The amount of Green AND non-Greenplant material (photosynthetic and non-

photosynthetic vegetation)

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The application of NBR

Distinguish between Severeand not-Severe fires

accuracy = 92%

Distinguish between Low and ModerateSeverity Fires, however the difference

appears to vary through the fire seasonoverall accuracy = 70%

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Algorithms now developed for Classification

Next step is to calibrate an extensive satellite image dataset

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Fire Severity Category Description

Low/Patchy < 80% horizontal fire effect;Scorch in ground layer only

Low Scorch in ground layer only

Low/Moderate < 50% mid canopy scorch

Moderate >50% mid canopy scorch

Moderate/High < 50% upper canopy scorch

High > 50% upper canopy scorch

Extreme All canopy charred

Date Place Type Total Count Count

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(Fire Severity)17-18/ Apr Kakadu NP, NT chopper 526 282

18 Apr Kakadu NP, NT foot 18 18

22 May Kakadu NP, NT chopper 159 159

3 Jun Kimberley, WA chopper 1144 367

4 Jun Karrunjie Station, WA foot 21 21

11 Jun Karrunjie Station, WA foot 36 36

20 Jul Adelaide River Region/Kakadu

NP,NT

chopper 690 531

26 Jul Delta Downs foot 54 54

27 Jul Normanton/SW Cape York, Qld chopper 1430 683

28/29 Jul Gulf (nr QLD border), NT foot 60 6029 Jul Cape Crawford, NT chopper 561 337

9 Aug Kimberley, WA chopper 275 38

12 Aug Prince Regent, WA chopper 453 251

14 Aug Ellenbrae Station, WA foot 39 39

15 Aug Kalumburu Rd, WA car 171 41

23 Aug west Arnhem Land, NT chopper 56 46

13-16 Sep Robinson River station, NT foot 92 92

16 Sep Robinson River region, NT chopper 112 85

20-22 Sep Nicholson Block, NT foot 11 11

26 Sep Doomadgee, Qld foot 60 60

27 Sep Burketown, Qld to Stuart Hwy, NT car 160 61

20 Oct East of Katherine, NT chopper 1159 121

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-600

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-1200

-1100

-1000

-900

-800

-700

Patchy Low Low/Moderate Moderate Moderate/High High Extreme

error bars = standard error

-726.5

-910.5

High

Moderate

Low

severe

non-severe

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Fire monitoring and

management

Fire planning

burnt area mapping,

fire history and

topographic layers

used to create maps of

proposed burning for

subsequent year

Planning

post fire-season assessment of

fire history and ancillary

information

Assessment

area/locales burnt

efficacy of firebreaks

fire effects on assets

Prescribedburning

anthropogenic fire

from fire plan

Prescribed burning program

from fire plan. Continuous

monitoring and iterative

assessment of the occurrence

of fires throughout the fire

season

Monitoring

the location of

current/recent fire

activity

Assessment

fire severity mapping

for the season to date

topographic layers

including natural

firebreaks & assets

Emissions

calculations

Burning efficiency

factors

The amount of

biomass burnt

currently based

only seasonality

alone

fire history information

use emissions

factors to calculate

CO2-equivalent

emissions

Burnt Area and

Fire Severity Mapping

fire history layers

Active fires Topographic

mapping

Habitat mapping

Fuels