視覺藝術

Visual Arts

3甚麼是公民社會？

What is Civil Society?

4

1

2

1

2

5甚麼是公民社會？

What is Civil Society?

3

4

4

3

6

庫斯克 (通識老師，主場新聞博客)

身為通識教師的庫斯克，經營網誌多年，並

在新聞網站和雜誌發表文章，評論社會時

事。相比起課室，網誌可以接觸到更多不同

年齡的人，層面更廣，不同背景的讀者也可

即時回應，交流意見。利用文字和網絡塑

造公眾輿論，是參與公民社會的其中一個

方式。

KURSK (TEACHER, BLOGGER)

Kursk is a Liberal Studies teacher who also publishes social commentaries on his blog, news websites and magazines. Compared to a classroom, a blog can reach people from a wider range of age groups. People of different backgrounds can make comments in real time. Sharing opinions by online writing is a form of civic participation.

庫斯克網誌 Kursk’s Blog: http://kurskhk.net

7甚麼是公民社會？

What is Civil Society?

公民參與階梯 ARNSTEIN’S LADDER OF CITIZEN PARTICIPATION

8 公民權力參與

公眾有不同程度的

決策權

CITIZEN POWERCitizens own various degrees of decision-making power

公民控制 Citizen Control政策規劃和執行都是由民間主導，公民擁有決策權。 The job of planning, policy making and management is handled by citizens.

7 授予權力 Delegated Power政府授權公眾自行成立組織作決策和處理問題。Citizens hold delegated powers to make decisions.

6 伙伴 Partnership政府與公民合作，共同擁有決策權。 Power holders and citizens share planning and decision-making responsibilities.

5 象徵式參與

公眾無決策權

TOKENISM Citizens do not have the right to make decisions

安撫 Placation推行政策的委員會中設公民代表，讓公民在決策過程中發揮影響力，但決策權仍在政府手中。 At this level, citizens have some form of influence. Citizens are represented in committees, but the power holders still retain the right to judge the feasibility of the citizens’ advice.

4 諮詢 Consultation公民可透過民意調查、地區會議、公眾聽證會等表達意見，但意見未必一定被政府採納。Citizens can voice out their opinions through surveys, neighbourhood meetings and public hearings, but these opinions may not necessarily be taken into account.

3 通知 Informing政府單向地通知公民其所有的權利、責任和選擇，但沒有開放的溝通渠道，公民難有實質參與。 The power holders inform citizens of their rights, responsibilities and options in a single-directional manner. Due to the lack of an effective channel for feedback, citizen participation is still limited.

2 無參與

政府控制公民參與形式，

誘導公眾接受政策

NON-PARTICIPATION Manipulation masked as citizen participation

教化 Therapy政府以公民參與作掩飾，實則卻是要“教化”公民，令其改變想法以接受政策，而非開放溝通渠道。The power holders try to “cure” or educate citizens through a pseudo-participation process, changing their minds instead of engaging them in procedures, so that they will agree with the government.

1 操縱 Manipulation公眾諮詢只是政府公關技倆，目的是爭取群眾支持，而非接受意見。Citizen participation is distorted into a public relations vehicle by the power holders. It is a way to gather support instead of opinions from the public.

資料來源 Source: Sherry R. ARNSTEIN, “A Ladder of Citizen Participation”, Journal of the American Planning Association 35, no. 4 (July 1969): 216-224.

8

9人人都是公民

Everyone is a Citizen

鄭志堅《末貌》2011 Max CHENG Chi-kin, Armageddon, 2011

楊老師的學生鄭志堅以貌似工業城市的電腦底盤，配以燒香的濃煙，拼湊成死城的景象，提醒人們可持續發展的重要性。

Max, a student of Ricky YEUNG, combined broken

computer motherboards and smoke from burning incense to create an apocalyptic scene of a city. The artwork was intended to remind people of the importance of sustainable development.

10

11人人都是公民

Everyone is a Citizen

討論DISCUSSION

傳統抗爭方式，

例如遊行，次數不定

Traditional forms of resistance eg.

Demonstration on an irregular basis

社會關注和支持、

建立公眾論述

Gain attention and support from the public

& build a public discourse

12

《紙筲箕》社區迷你雜誌

Different issues of Paper Shau Kei

你的專長是甚麼？怎樣運用自己或集合其他朋友的專長，令自己的社區變得更好？

What are your talents? How would you utilize your ability or combine the strengths of your friends to make your community a better place?

討論DISCUSSION

13人人都是公民

Everyone is a Citizen

《好「惜」食》義工從街市收集回來的剩菜

Leftover vegetables collected by Cherish Food volunteers from fresh markets

14

Indignado（意即憤怒者）運動的參與者在馬德里的太陽門廣場上種菜。

Members of the Indignado (meaning “the outraged”) Movement planting in the Puerta del Sol, Madrid.

圖片來源Source: Flickr user Lecamaleon (CC BY-NC-SA)

討論DISCUSSION

15每日英雄

Everyday Heroism

16

已經很多人圍住，

我插手也幫不了甚麼忙。

Many people are already attending to him. I can’t help

much anyway.

他是睡著還是暈倒呢？

Is he sleeping? Or has he passed out?

應該已經有人報警吧⋯⋯

I guess someone else should have called the police

already…

17每日英雄

Everyday Heroism

18

19每日英雄

Everyday Heroism

20

練習一

Exercise 1

練習二

Exercise 2

21踏上社會創新之路

On the Way to Social Innovation

22

23關鍵字

Key Words