2013 University of Oklahoma

8/10/2019 2013 University of Oklahoma

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University of Oklahoma_____

The Crimson Edge!

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This vehicle *as fa0ricated this

year and has not 0een in com4etition 0efore&________________________________________

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time- the vehicle is not a0le to 0e *eighed for a total *eight&________



The University of Oklahoma

,$#2 AS7E 89:C – West; NASA Ames Research Center

Unrestricted Class Entry – Vehicle 74

The Crimson Edge:ehicle <esign Re4ort



Team Roster

1. Derit 9earcy2. <re* 7iller 3. Ed*ard =ohnson4. Eric 9yle5. Ethan :an 7eter 6. =ames Stevens 3Team Ca4tain67. =immy Walta 3<esign Ca4tain68. =ordan Whetsell 3airing Bead6

9. >ale0 9arks 3Steering Bead610. >yle Williams11. 7artha ?atten0y 3<rivetrain Bead612. 9a)l Cagle 3Sta0iliation Bead613. Shashank Ramarao



3-View Drawing of The Crimson Ege



!"stract

The Sooner 9o*ered :ehicle 3S9:6 team of the University of Oklahoma has designed- 0)ilt- andtested a com4etitive rec)m0ent 0icycle to 4artici4ate in the )nrestricted class of the AmericanSociety of 7echanical Engineers ,$#2 8)man 9o*ered :ehicle Challenge 389:C6 at the NASAAmes facility in California& This year *e have introd)ced three key feat)res in o)r ne*ly designedvehicle; 3i6 an ad5)sta0le 4edaling system- 3ii6 landing gear s)44ort- and 3iii6 f)ll com4osite fairing*ith honeycom0 stiffeners& Analyses of 0oth str)ct)ral and aerodynamic loading *ere 4erformedto ens)re rider 4rotection from rollover and side loadings and to minimie aerodynamic drag force&We )sed !#2$ steel for the frame str)ct)re and car0on fi0er com4osite reinforced *ith honeycom0

stiffeners in the fairing to ma1imie vehicle 4erformance and rider safety& We )sed light *eightfoam material to develo4 the male mold for the com4osite fairing& The mold s)rface *as coated*ith fi0er glass resin several times- follo*ed 0y sanding to 4re4are the mold for lay)4& Threelayers of car0on fi0er *ith e4o1y resin *ere )sed *hile a44lying hand lay)4 and vac))mtechniF)es& Several com4osite 4anels *ere fa0ricated 0efore act)al molding took 4lace for 4rocessand 4erformance verification& 9rototy4es for the landing gear s)44ort and ad5)sta0le 4edalingsystem *ere also develo4ed for verification of ca4a0ility and f)nctionality of the com4onents&inally- com0inations of e14erimental and analytical tools *ere )sed to design a safe- 4ractical andhigh4erformance 0icycle that sho)ld a44eal to everyone in the race comm)nity&



Ta"le of Contents

AS7E orm .Title 9ageTeam RosterGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG&&i 2:ie* <ra*ing of :ehicleGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG&iiA0stractGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG&GGGG&&iiiTa0le of ContentsGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG&&GGG&&iv<esignGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG&&#

a& O05ectiveGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG&&GGG#

0& Dackgro)ndGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG&&GGG#c& 9rior WorkGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG&&&GGG#d& <esign S4ecificationsGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG&&&GGGG,e& Conce4t <evelo4ment and Selection 7ethodsGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG2f& HnnovationGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG%

g& <escri4tionGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG&G&&GGG%

AnalysisGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG&GGGG&#'a. R9S AnalysesGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG&GGGGG#'

b. Str)ct)ral AnalysesGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG#.c. Aerodynamics AnalysesGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG&GGGGG#.

d. Cost AnalysesGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG&GGGGGG#(e. Other AnalysesGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG&G&&GGGG,$

TestingGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG,!a. R9S testingGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG&GGGGGG,!

b. <evelo4mental TestingGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG&&GGGGGG,!c. 9erformance TestingGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG&&GGGGGG,

SafetyGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG&G,%AestheticsGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG&&&GGG,(Concl)sionGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG&GGG,(



a# O"$ectives

The mission of the University of Oklahoma Sooner 9o*ered :ehicle Team 3S9:6 is to design-

fa0ricate- and race a com4etitive rec)m0ent 0icycle in order to 4rovide engineering st)dents *ith theo44ort)nity to demonstrate the a44lication of so)nd engineering design 4rinci4les in thedevelo4ment of s)staina0le and 4ractical trans4ortation alternatives&

This year S9: 4re4ared for an entirely ne* challenge and design o44ort)nity& Hn years 4ast- S9:has 0)ilt and com4eted *ith a rec)m0ent trike 32 *heels6& 8o*ever- this year the team decided todesign from scratch a ne* rec)m0ent 0icycle 3, *heels6 model to 0e more com4etitive at thenational collegiate level- s4ecifically the American Society of 7echanical Engineers 8)man

9o*ered :ehicle Challenge com4etition& ?oals for the ,$#2 vehicle incl)ded the follo*ing;

• %afe for riders- 0ystanders- and the design team

• Comforta"le for riders of vario)s sies

• &nnovative 0y 0ringing ne* design feat)res to rec)m0ent cycling

• %ta"le for riders of vario)s a0ility levels

• D'ra"le to *ithstand 0oth com4etition and )tility )se

b. (ackgro'n

The goal of the ,$#2 S9: team is to raise o)r level of 4erformance in the AS7E 89:Ccom4etition in com4arison to not only other com4eting )niversities- 0)t also to o)r o*n)niversityIs 4erformance in 4ast years& Hn order to do this and to o)tline the 0asic design goals for this yearIs vehicle- o)r team did a thoro)gh analysis of other rec)m0ent 0ikes to assess *hat*orked- *hat didnIt *ork- and *hat *e *anted to strive for&

The design element that *as first 0ro)ght for*ard for consideration *as the *heel config)ration of the vehicle; a three *heel trike vers)s a t*o *heel 0ike& Ht *as clearly evident from 4ast 89:Cres)lts that , *heeled vehicles tend to 0e more com4etitive- and 0eca)se o)r S9: team hasnIt 0)ilta t*o *heeled 0icycle in the 4ast ' years *e *ere ready for a ne* challenge To 4re4are o)rselves



<evelo4ment and Selection 7ethods&K

c. )rior *ork The only 4rior *ork )sed in the fa0rication of this vehicle *as the seat- *hich *as taken from o)r ,$## vehicle& O)r team made the decision to re)tilie this feat)re 0eca)se in o)r assessment of 4revio)s S9: vehicles- it *as noted that the seat on last yearIs 0ike *as )ncomforta0le and nots)ita0le for long distance riding& Hn com4arison- the c)stom )4holstered- car0on fi0er seat )sed onthe ,$## vehicle *as fo)nd to 0e comforta0le- f)nctional- and in good condition& We chose to notredesign the seat- 0)t instead re)se this F)ality 4art so that *e co)ld foc)s o)r design efforts on thene*- innovative as4ects of o)r vehicle s)ch as the f)ll 0ody fairing and the

s)s4ension sta0iliation system& Ht is also im4ortant to note that the 0rackets )sed to attach the seatto the frame- as *ell as the incor4orated safety 0elt system- are not incl)ded in J4rior *ork&K Theyare ne* designs that *ere made this year&

# Design %+ecifications

Hn order to select design criterion for o)r 0ike- *e created a list of fo)rteen reF)irements that *efelt *o)ld 0e necessary for a high 4erformance vehicle& rom these fo)rteen reF)irements- *ecom4ared com4etition reg)lations and 4ast team s)ccesses in order to em4hasie certainreF)irements as 0eing the most im4ortant& Dased )4on o)r 8o)se of L)ality- *hich can 0e seen 0elo*- safety- sta0ility- d)ra0ility- innovation- and comfort *ere determined to 0e the most cr)cialdesign reF)irements for o)r 0ike& Ht can also 0e seen that *e have targeted *eak design areas fromo)r 4revio)s 0ikes& Deca)se ma1im)m s4eed and drag red)ction are the most 4rominent- *e areseeking to im4rove on these as4ects in the design of this yearIs vehicle 0y incor4orating a f)llcar0on fi0er fairing& M,- M(- M#$





e# Conce+t Develo+ment an %election ,ethos

Frame:

The design ins4iration for the frame came from a m)ltit)de of so)rces ranging from conce4ts )sed 0y 4revio)s S9: teams to ideas fo)nd 0y researching c)rrent commercially availa0le rec)m0ent 0ikes& Defore o)r initial conce4t develo4ment meeting- o)r team act)ally traveled to a rec)m0entcycling sho4 in Be1ington- Oklahoma not only to get a feel for riding t*o *heeled rec)m0ent 0icycles- 0)t also to gather ideas for o)r o*n designs& rom o)r research and this field e14erience-o)r team determined that one of o)r chief goals *as to design a comforta0le 0ike s)ita0le for ridersof vario)s sies and riding a0ilities& Therefore- the s4ine of the 0ike *as designed so the riderIscenter of gravity *o)ld 0e 4ositioned as lo* as 4ossi0le for ease of riding& Also- *ith regard to the

as4ect of safety- the roll cage *as designed to *ithstand a .$$ 4o)nd load *hile still 4rotecting therider in the event that they *ere to fall& or material selection- *e considered al)min)m- titani)m-and steel- and fo)nd !#2$ steel to 0e the most cost efficient- readily availa0le/accessi0le- and mostf)ndamental to *eld& The as4ect of 0eing a0le to easily *eld the material *as a significant 4art of the material decision- 0eca)se constr)ction and s)dden re4airs co)ld then 0e readily made to theframe )sing steel- *hereas the other material o4tions *o)ld reF)ire advanced e14ertise&

Fairing:

Hn an effort to increase the safety of o)r vehicle- considering the *ide range of a0ility levels *e*ere designing for- *e decided to incor4orate a f)ll aerodynamic fairing into o)r design& The 4rimary constraints *e )sed to design o)r fairing incl)ded siing- aerodynamics- andman)fact)ring& Siing *as the most im4ortant 4arameter of the fairing design 0eca)se it isnecessary to fit the frame and the rider inside of it com4letely and comforta0ly& Rather thancramming into the minimal amo)nt of s4ace 4ossi0le- *e decided to em4loy more of a cl)0 racer style fairing that allo*s for the rider to ad5)st their range of motion or 4ost)re d)ring 4otentiallylengthy rides& This res)lted in a rather large design enca4s)lating the 4rotective roll cage of o)r frame& Secondly- the fairing needed to retain an aerodynamic sha4e in order to remain com4etitiveat the collegiate level& ?enerally- the most aerodynamically desira0le design for a rec)m0entfairing is one *hich )tilies an airfoil sha4e from the to4 vie* and has a minimal amo)nt of frontal



Figure 3: Top view of the fairing design options

ig)res , and 2 a0ove ill)strate t*o different fairing designs that *ere considered for o)r 0ike&Deca)se *e *ere designing for the smallest frontal area and the most aerodynamic sha4e- thesecond design o4tion *as clearly the 0est choice& Hn addition to having smoother c)rvat)re- a

smaller nosecone and *indo* section- and a more 4rogressive slo4e from the thickest to thethinnest 4oint- the second design o4tion also incl)ded a tail feat)re to assist *ith minimiing thestagnation and t)r0)lence e14erienced on the 0ack of the 0ike at high s4eeds& The second o4tion*as also effective at 4reventing flo* se4aration along the length of the fairing- th)s 4romoting alaminar flo* and red)cing the effects t)r0)lent flo* *o)ld have on 0alance and s4eed& Bastly- *e*anted to ens)re that o)r design *o)ld 0e feasi0le to man)fact)re& <)e to the large sie of o)r fairing- *e *ere a0le to refrain from designing too many com4le1 c)rvat)res that co)ld inhi0itdra4ea0ility or ca)se crim4ing iss)es *ith the com4osite material& The trade off *e acco)nted for

this genero)s fairing design *as an increased amo)nt of time s4ent on mold 4re4aration and lay)4- 0)t 0eca)se of the aforementioned 0enefits- this *as 5)stified&

Hn addition to develo4ing the conce4t of the fairing sha4e decisions had to 0e made regarding the



fi0er 0ecomes more stiff and 0rittle after introd)cing resin to the com4osite str)ct)re- it has *eak to)ghness and im4act resistance characteristics& Dased )4on these res)lts- the o4timal fairing

choice *as a com0ined )se of >evlar for im4act and car0on fi0er for str)ct)ral strength& 8o*ever-additional analysis *as done to com4are E?lass and S?lass 0eca)se they also had moderate 4erformance characteristics and at a 0etter 4rice& The ceramic com4osite *as removed as a 4ossi0ility 0ased on o)r criterion&

Table 2: Me#hani#al $roperty Comparison Matri !3"

Using Ta0le ,- *e targeted the mechanical 4ro4erties of the three different com4osites that *e

*ere considering aramid fi0er 3>evlar6- car0on fi0er- and fi0erglass& The res)lts of this analysisf)rther solidified o)r 4redictions a0o)t )sing d)al material consisting of car0on fi0er as the 4rimary str)ct)ral constit)ent and *ith an incor4orated aramid com4onent for the critical im4act4oints& Dased on o)r findings and the techniF)es )sed 0y other s)ccessf)l teams- *e decided to



Using Ta0le 2 a0ove- *e determined that 4lain *eave or t*ill *eave *o)ld 0e good *eaveorientations for o)r rec)m0ent fairing a44lication& Deca)se stiffness and strength are desira0le

characteristics for a fairing- satin *eave and 0asket *eave *ere re5ected 0eca)se of their 4oor sta0ility rating& <es4ite having e1cellent sta0ility- the leno *eave *as re5ected 0eca)se of its 4oor and very 4oor ratings in all of the other categories& T*ill *eave and 4lain *eave *ere seen to 0e themost 0alanced in terms of 4erformance and man)fact)ra0ility- and *ere therefore chosen as 4rimecandidates for testing and f)rther analysis&

&rivetrain:

or the drivetrain as4ect of the vehicle- o)r main o05ective *as to increase the s4eed 4otential of the

0ike *hile maintaining design that *ill eliminate misalignment iss)es that have ca)sed tro)0le in 4ast drivetrain designs of o)r team& or starters- *e chose a chain and s4rocket system over the 0eltdriven system from 4ast years- and *e did this for several reasons&

Table ': &e#ision Matri of (elt )ersus Chain &rive#hain

o R'st

o

.'"ricant

%im+le

!lignment

Easy

Removal .ightweight

!$'sta"le

.ength

(elt PE S PE S NO NO PES NO

Chain NO NO PE S PE S NO PE S

Not only did o)r team *ant to 0e cost efficient *ith o)r design- 0)t *e foresa* the need to have amallea0le chain line so *e co)ld easily thread the chain thro)gh o)r f)ll fairing 0ike& Hncom4arison- a 0elt driven system m)st remain 4erfectly straight 0et*een front and rear s4rocket-*hich *o)ld 0e diffic)lt to do aro)nd other feat)res of o)r 0ike s)ch as the landing gear&Additionally- a safety consideration *as noted that a chain driven system *o)ld allo* )s to 4lace achain t)0e aro)nd the chain- th)s eliminating the chance that clothing *o)ld 0e ca)ght in the

chain&

$edal ing *ystem:

The design for the 4edaling system *as made *ith innovation- comfort- and sta0ility in mind& The



to)ch the gro)nd at a ,$Q angle& The second design also consisted of a rotating shaft- 0)t instead of t*o straight 4i4es for legs- it )tilied t*o concentric t)0es *ith a s4ring in the middle to

incor4orate s)s4ension& This design can 0e seen 0elo* in ig)re '&

Figure %: *uspension (ased *ystem

The second model *as the design that *as )ltimately chosen s4ecifically for its innovatives)s4ension feat)re& Ht *as concl)ded that not only *o)ld the s)s4ension 4rovide a smoother ridefor the driver 0y a0sor0ing shock- 0)t it *o)ld also allo* the driver to mane)ver shar4 t)rns moremanagea0ly as *ell& The s4rings )sed for the develo4ment of the landing gear 4rototy4e *erestandard com4ression s4rings- ho*ever- d)ring this time an idea *as 0ro)ght for*ard to

investigate varia0le s4rings- *hich *o)ld a0sor0 some initial shock *itho)t reaching f)llcom4ression )ntil a s)0stantially larger load *as a44lied& Working *ith Cannon S4ring Com4anyin Oklahoma City- *e concl)ded that a varia0le s4ring *o)ld 0etter s)it o)r landing gear a44lication&

Additionally- 0eca)se it is not ideal to *eld s4rings directly onto metal 4lates- *e needed to designa )niF)e *ay to connect the legs of the s)s4ension system to the frame- *hile also 4reventing themfrom t*isting aro)nd *hen in the air or on the gro)nd& The first choice *as to drill holes into the 4lates and sec)re ro4e thro)gh the s4ring to tie the legs together- 0)t the second- moreso4histicated idea *as to im4lement a 4in and slot system onto the legs& To )tilie the landing gear 4ro4erly- a sliding mechanism *as created to e1tend and retract the sta0iliation system& This

h i i f h l i d i h J< i i K i 0 l 0 i h i



f. &nnovation

$edaling *ystem:

The 4edaling system is one of the )niF)e feat)res 0eing 0)ilt in to this yearIs 0ike& Ht *as o)r design goal this year to create a 0icycle that *o)ld 0e comforta0le for all riders of differentheights& While *e have seen some rec)m0ent 0ikes address this iss)e *ith ad5)sta0le seating- o)r team chose to design an innovative ad5)sta0le 4edaling system& Hn o)r design- each rider *ill 0ea0le to move the 4edals to a c)stom length- *hich *ill make the 0icycle more f)nctional for a *idevariety of rider heights& Deca)se commercial rec)m0ent 0icycle com4anies do not have ad5)sta0le 4edaling systems of this nat)re- o)r design a44roach is distinctive& The )niF)e slot system of o)r 4edaling device *ill not only make it easier to rotate drivers d)ring the race- 0)t it *ill save time as

*ell&

+anding ,ear: Nearly every t*o*heel rec)m0ent 0icycle has some sort of landing gear or sta0iliation system- 0)t o)r sta0iliation system is 4artic)larly )niF)e 0eca)se it incor4orates a distinct s)s4ensionfeat)re& Dy integrating s)s4ension into o)r landing gear design- the riders of o)r 0ike *ill not onlyhave a smoother ride- 0)t they *ill more im4ortantly have fo)r *heels of safe contact on thegro)nd *hile taking off- coming to a sto4- and making diffic)lt t)rns& Deca)se the landing gear is

made *ith concentric t)0es- a system *as needed to kee4 the t)0es from t*isting& This led toanother innovated feat)re involving a 4in and slot system- *hich 4revents the 4i4es from rotatingand from sli44ing off one another *hen the system is retracted into the fairing&

*teering:

One innovative conce4t regarding the steering design of the vehicle *as the aforementionedad5)sta0le handle0ar stem& Dy im4lementing this ad5)sta0le stem- not only co)ld riders easily

mane)ver their 0odies in and o)t of the 0ike *itho)t interference from the handle0ar- 0)t theyco)ld also modify the 4osition of the handle0ar to fit their 4ersonal arm length needs& This feat)reis 4artic)larly innovative for the ,$#2 design team since it is o)r teamIs goal to increase o)r com4etitiveness at the collegiate level& S4ecifically- the s*ift e1change of riders that *ill 0e made





drivetrain design- 0)t the team e14erienced many 4ro0lems from the chain sli44ing

at the com4etition& U4on f)rther ins4ection- it *as fo)nd that the gear h)0 had 0een im4ro4erly

installed the mo)nting 0rackets had 0een im4ro4erly sec)red to the frame& Deca)se the internalgear h)0 is a very 4o*erf)l and rather e14ensive drivetrain element- o)r team decided that it *o)ld 0e advantageo)s to reincor4orate it into o)r ne* vehicle design- ass)ring that it *as installed and)sed 4ro4erly&

With this as4ect of the drivetrain esta0lished- o)r ne1t ste4 in drivetrain design *as centeredaro)nd o)r teamIs desire to increase the gear ratio- and therefore the s4eed 4otential- from the 4revio)s yearIs gear ratio of !&'& Deca)se *e had already made the decision to )tilie the 4o*erf)l

#!s4eed internal gear )4 that o)r team already o*ned- *e kne* that the rear gear sho)ld 0e athreaded #. tooth s4rocket& Therefore- to increase the gear ratio *itho)t )sing an im4racticallysied front s4rocket 3%$ teeth6- *e chose to design a t*ostage drivetrain system& While the frontand rear s4rockets of this d)al stage system *ere attached either 0y the crankset or the gear h)0-individ)al s4iders *ere necessary to attach the t*o s4rockets in the center of the chain line to their res4ective 0ottom 0racket shafts& Hsolated s4iders are not common in the 0icycle market e1ce4t for a handf)l of e14ensive 4ro4rietary 4arts that *o)ld reF)ire the drivetrain to 0e redesigned aro)ndan entire c)stomied system of s4iders and 0ottom 0rackets& To remain cost efficient- the decision

*as made to design and fa0ricate c)stom s4iders for the vehicle&

Figure .: 2/0tooth *pro#et with Custom Made solated *pider

The s4iders for this drivetrain system *ere designed )sing SolidWorks ,$#,- and the dimensioning





With all the se4arate 4ieces fa0ricated- the final 4rototy4e *as created and assem0led& ?iven thelarge o4en area the 0ike has in front- *here the 4edals *o)ld 0e- this made it a very easy to ada4t

into the final design&

+anding ,ear:

The main 4)r4ose of the landing gear is to sta0ilie the rec)m0ent 0ike at slo* s4eeds or acom4lete sto4& The landing gear *ill act like training *heels at lo* s4eeds- 0)t *ill retract oncethe rider 0egins o4erating the rec)m0ent 0ike at a faster 4ace& Connected to the shaft are t*oconcentric t)0es that to)ch the gro)nd at a ,$Q angle and have s4rings lodged 0et*een t*o 4lates toact as s)s4ension& Delo* is a com4)ter aided design 3CA<6 model of the design&

Figure 1': *uspension (ased *ystem

The 4)r4ose of the s)s4ension system is to 4rovide a smoother ride for the driver 0y a0sor0ingshock and allo* him or her to mane)ver shar4 t)rns at slo* s4eeds& To a0sor0 shock- *e needed todesign a s4ring s)s4ension system- so *e contacted a local 0)siness called Cannon S4ringCom4any to disc)ss 4ossi0le s4rings& U4on hearing *hat *e needed- Cannon S4ring offered tomake c)stom s4rings *ith varia0le s4ring constants for o)r )se& These varia0le s4rings increase instiffness as the com4ression increases- th)s stiffening the s4rings as needed&

The landing gear is controlled 0y a sliding mechanism attached to the right sho)lder 0ar of therec)m0ent 0ike& The sta0iliation system co)ld then e1tend and retract )sing a ca0le attached0 t i t i l t d th l di d th lidi h i H d t k th



Hn order to kee4 the landing gear retracted- a common )tility s4ring- *hich can 0e 4)rchased at anylocal hard*are store- *as added to hold the system )4 as the rider ke4t the 0ike in motion& Delo*

is a fig)re sho*ing the retracta0le s4ring conce4t&

Deca)se it is not ideal to *eld the s4rings onto the 4lates- a system *as needed in order to 4reventthe concentric t)0es from rotating and sli44ing off& The method of the choice to 4revent the legsfrom rotating *as a 4in and slot system& The 4in and slot system- another ne* feat)re- *orks 0ydrilling a hole into the smaller 4i4es and slots in the larger ones& This system *ill not only 4reventthe legs from rotating- 0)t it *ill also allo* the legs to 4ro4erly com4ress *ith the s4rings and sto4

the legs from sli44ing off one another as the system retracts into the fairing& Delo* are t*o fig)ressho*ing the sho*ing the 4in and slot method as it is 0eing com4ressed and standing at free height&

Figure 17: *pring 8etra#ted



*teering:

The steering 4ortion of the 0icycle *as designed to 0e as light*eight as 4ossi0le- *hile still

4lacing high 4riority on f)nctionality and comfort for the rider& A cr)cial as4ect of the steeringdesign *as the head t)0e angle- as sho*n 0elo* M#.- 0eca)se the head t)0e angle is essential for skillf)l handling of the 0ike&

Figure 21: &iagram of Head Tube 4ngle

7)lti4le criteria *ere taken into acco)nt *hen designing the head t)0e angle- *hich incl)dehaving a com4etitive t)rning radi)s- avoiding heel overla4- and avoiding hitting the riderIs legsd)ring a shar4 t)rn& The design team decided on a relatively conventional $Q head t)0e angle tosatisfy these criteria&

Ergonomics *ere also considered d)ring the design of the steering system& Deca)se o)r S9: teamvaries greatly in height- an ad5)sta0le handle0ar system *as of high im4ortance 0oth for the a0ilityto control the vehicle comforta0ly as *ell as the a0ility to e1change riders *itho)t handle0ar interference& Dy )sing a handle0ar stem *ith an ad5)sta0le angle- *e *ill 0e allo*ed to 4ersonalie



!nalysis

a# R)% !nalysis

Hn accordance *ith the r)les for the ,$#2 89:C- the design team analyed t*o static cases of roll cage loading *ith ANSPS Work0ench #!& The first loading case is a 2$$ l0& load a44liedhoriontally to the roll 0ar at the riderIs sho)lder height- *hich sim)lates the vehicle in a sidecrash& As instr)cted 0y 89:C r)les- the horiontal load is reacted 0y fi1ed constraints of *here thevehicle seat *o)ld 0e attached to theframe& The res)ltsof this analysis can

0e seen in the fig)re 0elo*&

rom this analysis- the design team fo)nd that the ma1im)m von7ises eF)ivalent stress acting)4on the right sho)lder side of the roll cage *as !!&' 4si& When com4ared to the yield strength

of !#2$ steel 3.22$$ 4si6- a safety factor of #2&22 is calc)lated and ass)res the rider that a sidecrash *o)ld not ca)se the rollover 4rotection system to fail& Hn addition- the total elasticdeformation d)e to the horiontal loading *as calc)lated to 0e $&$ #,2 inches- *hich is m)ch lessthan the allo*a0le #&' inch deformation standard set 0y 89:C r)les& This ens)res the design

Figure 2%: )on0Mises *tress due to 3// lb Horiontal +oad on 8$*



Figure 27: )on0Mises *tress due to 7// lb )erti#al +oad on 8$*



rom this analysis- the design team fo)nd that the ma1im)m von7ises eF)ivalent stress acting)4on the roll cage *as 2#(%' 4si& When com4ared to the yield strength of !#2$ steel 3.22$$ 4si6- a

safety factor of ,&$ is calc)lated and ass)res the rider that if the 0ike *ere to fli4 over- the rollover 4rotection system *o)ld not fail and kee4 the rider safe& Hn addition- the total elastic deformationd)e to the vertical loading *as calc)lated to 0e $& inches- *hich is m)ch less than the allo*a0le ,inch deformation standard set 0y 89:C r)les& This ens)res the design team that in the event of thevehicle fli44ing- the rollover 4rotection system *ill not deform s)ch that contact *ith the driverIshelmet- head- or 0ody *ill occ)r& Therefore- the design team is confident that the rollover 4rotection system *ill meet the safety rating and 4rotect the rider in the event that the vehicle fli4sover&

b. %tr'ct'ral !nalysis

Hn order to analye the str)ct)ral strength of the frame- the design team *anted to confirm that theframe geometry *o)ld 0e a0le to *ithstand the *eight of the teamIs heaviest rider- *hich *eighsin at close to ,$$ l0s& Using ANSPS Work0ench #!- the design team sim)lated the res)lting stressthat the 0ike *o)ld e14erience )nder a ,$$ l0& loading acting on the s4ine of the frame *here the 0ottom of the seat *o)ld attach to the frame& or the highest level of acc)racy- the design team)sed fi1ed constraints *here 0oth the front and rear tire *o)ld attach to the frame& The res)lts of

this analysis can 0e seen in the fig)re 0elo*&



eval)ated against the o4tion of not having a fairing or aerodynamic device& Ta0le ' 0elo* incl)desthe res)lts of the seven flo* sim)lations mentioned a0ove& At each s4eed- the drag force *as set as a

glo0al goal for the sim)lation so that it *o)ld F)antify the glo0al drag force e14erienced on the 0ike&

Table %: CF& *imulation 8esults for a dire#t frontal flow

Dy )sing the f)ndamental eF)ation for drag force 3#6 and the average air density at sea level- the

co)ld 0e calc)lated to signify the total effective frontal area that e14eriences the drag 0y )singeF)ation 3,6&

3#6

3,6

Deca)se the angle of flo* and direction of flo* did not change for the direct frontal flo*sim)lations- sho)ld remain ro)ghly constant if the sim)lation is acc)rate& Ht can 0e seen in o)r data

that the ratio of the drag force to the flo* velocity sF)ared is ro)ghly the same for eachsim)lation- 4rod)cing the desired constant &



increases- that '$ red)ction 0ecomes more and more significant- *hile at lo* s4eeds it 0ecomesinconseF)ential&

Figure 2: Flow tra5e#tories for the frame and fairing options at 3% mph

ig)re ,( ill)strates the flo* tra5ectories of air aro)nd the frame o4tion 3to46 and the frame *ithfairing o4tion 30ottom6 at a 4ro5ected ma1im)m s4eed of 2' m4h 3.#. in/s6& Deca)se of the large

conto)red sides and streamlined sha4e of the fairing- there is a noticea0le red)ction in thet)r0)lence of the air coming off of the tail section *hen com4ared to the o0vio)s t)r0)lence of theno fairing o4tion& Witho)t the fairing- the frame and h)man 0ody create too s)dden of a 4ress)redifferential for the 0o)ndaries layers of the air to remain laminar th)s creating a large stagnation



Ht can 0e seen that the drag forces and the area e14eriencing the drag are m)ch higher for the crossflo* than they *ere for the direct frontal flo*& This is 4rimarily d)e to the fact that the fairing islarge and less aerodynamic from the side& 8o*ever- the data also sho*s that as the frontal flo* 0ecomes the 4rimary flo*- the effective drag force area and drag coefficient get smaller as theres)ltant air flo* angle is changing and affecting a slightly different sha4e at each s4eed&

Figure 3/: 12<2 mph side6% mph front #ross0flow tra5e#tory =left>9

12<2 mph side63% mph front #ross0flow tra5e#tory =right>



# Cost !nalysis

Cost analysis of o)r vehicle *as 4erformed- and this year the vehicle *as a0le to 0e man)fact)redat a total of -2%#& Additionally- *e calc)lated the costs associated *ith man)fact)ring #$ of these vehicles 4er month for the ne1t 2 years *hich came to a total of #-.%,-!%& This fig)re isincl)ding ca4itol costs- la0or- materials- and overhead& When 4rofits

from selling the vehicles are considered- *e estimated that *e *o)ld gain !-'#,& The 0reakdo*n of allocations can 0e vie*ed in the fig)re 0elo*& M.- M- M%- M#,- M#!





of 22 l0& a44lied vertically to the 4edal M##& Since the crank length is .&' inches- the torF)ea44lied to the s4rocket at ma1im)m force is calc)lated to 0e ,#($&' in&l0s- *hich correlates to a

tension of ',&.% l0s& in the chain& Referencing the Standard 8and0ook of



Chains M'- the follo*ing t*o eF)ations *ere )sed to determine the force distri0)tion on eachtooth of the !% tooth s4rocket

*here $ is total force acting )4on a single tooth- t is tangential force )4on a single tooth- is 4itch angle of the s4rocket- and is the 4ress)re angle for a ne* chain& After determining the

forces acting on the individ)al teeth- the s4rocket *as loaded )sing ANSPS Work0ench #! inthe manner sho*n in ig)re 2,&

As sho*n in ig)re 22- the ma1im)m stress e14erienced 0y the s4rocket *as #,-.2 4si-res)lting in a safety factor of #&!- verifying that the s4rocket satisfies the reF)irements set 0y=HS and *ill 0e s)ita0le for )se in the drivetrain of o)r vehicle&

$edaling *ystem:

Hn order to verify that the 4edaling system and 0racket *o)ld not fail )nder e14ected loadconditions finite element analysis *as )sed on 0oth conce4ts Using the heaviest e14ected



Figure 3': )on0Mises *tress on $edal Figure 3%: &eformation of $edal

+anding ,ear 0 $ivot $ipe:When initially analying the landing gear system- the design team first had to determine *hat*all thickness of the !#2$ steel 4i4ing )sed for the 4ivot 4i4e *o)ld 4revent the 4ivot 4i4efrom 0ending and )ltimately ca)sing the landing gear system to fail& Under normal o4eratingconditions- the design team made the ass)m4tion that the ma1im)m load acting )4on the 4ivot 4i4e *o)ld 0e the total *eight of the 0ike and the driver 3,%$ l0s&6 dis4ersed evenly 0et*eenthe t*o *eld 4oints& That is- each side of the 4ivot 4i4e *o)ld e14erience e1actly half of thetotal *eight of the 0ike and the driver- or #!$ l0s& After testing m)lti4le variations of different

*all thicknesses )sing ANSPS Work0ench #!- a final val)e of #/% inches *as determined to 0e the most a44lica0le to the vehicleIs needs& The res)lts of the finite element analyses 4erformed )sing this 4artic)lar *all thickness are sho*n 0elo*&



Additionally- the design team had to determine the amo)nt of stress acting )4on the landinggear legs if they *ere to e14erience any horiontal loading d)e to 4otential )neven terrain& or this analysis- the design team ass)med that the ma1im)m horiontal force that *o)ld act )4onone of the legs of the landing gear *o)ld 0e d)e to the leg r)nning into a 0)m4 or falling into ahole at slo* s4eeds& Since the landing gear *o)ld only 0e in contact *ith the gro)nd at s4eeds 0et*een $ and #$ 798 3#!&. ft/s6- the design team meas)red the average acceleration of theteamIs fastest rider from those t*o s4eeds- *hich res)lted in a val)e of 2&(( ft/s,&7)lti4lying this

val)e *ith the mass of the 0ike 3%& sl)gs6- a res)lting 2!&% l0& force *as calc)lated as thema1im)m total force that *o)ld 0e a44lied to the end of one of the landing gear legs d)e to the

vehicle colliding *ith a 0)m4 or falling into a hole&

Using ANSPS Work0ench #!- this load *as a44lied to a sim4lified model of a landing gear arm& Ht *as ass)med that any force acting )4on the landing gear arm *o)ld transfer to thesection of the leg that is at a ,$ degree angle& Therefore- the design team *as a0le to neglectthe 2 inch section of the large 4i4e that the *heel attaches to and a44ly the 2!&% l0& loaddirectly on the 4art of the larger 4i4e that is at a ,$ degree angle& Hn addition- the section of thesmaller 4i4e that is *elded to the 4ivot 4i4e *as fi1ed since the *eld restricts all degrees of

freedom of the to4 of the smaller 4i4e&

Figure 3-: )on0Mises *tress due to Horiontal +oading on the +anding ,ear 4rm

The ma1im)m von7ises stress and shear stress acting )4on the landing gear leg *ere fo)ndto 0e '.,$ 4si and 2##'&, 4si- res4ectively& Using .2&2 ksi and 2&# ksi for the yield strength



*as fi1ed and the 4ortion of the handle0ars *here the gri4s are located *as given a moment of '$ ftl0 a0o)t the stem& The res)lts are sho*n 0elo*&

Figure 3.: F?4 on Handlebars9 )on Mises *tress 8esults

As seen a0ove- at the s4ecified conditions- the handle0ars e14erience a ma1im)m stress of 2-%( 4si& Since *e *ere )sing AHSH !#2$ Steel- a material *ith a yield strength of .2-2$$ 4si- it is seen that o)r handle0ars have a safety factor of #&.& Deca)se *e do not intend toe1ert this m)ch force on o)r handle0ars- they are considered d)ra0le and safe for )se&

Testing

a. R)% Testing

Hn order to verify the calc)lated EA res)lts- *e 4reformed t*o se4arate tests to sim)late theloading conditions constr)cted in EA& The first test *as cond)cted 0y tilting the entire frame 0ack*ards at an angle of t*elve degrees and firmly s)44orted& Once the frame *as in 4lace aro4e *as attached to the to4 of the R9S and ,$$ 4o)nds *as asserted directly do*n*ard& Thisacc)rately sim)lated the EA calc)lations and gave a total dis4lacement of $&,' inches *hichis acc)rate and linear to the relationshi4 of the EA calc)lation of $&. inches of dis4lacement*ith a .$$ 4o)nd load& With the to4 load scenario acc)rately tested the side load *as 4reformed ne1t& The 0ike *as s)44orted along the s4ine and held side*ays& While in this

4osition a 2$$ 4o)nd load *as a44lied to the *idest 4oint of the R9S& No meas)ra0ledeformation *as seen& This acc)rately re4resents the deformation of $&$ #,2 inches for a 2$$ 4o)nd side load and verifies that all the EA for the R9S *as acc)rately and correctly

l l d h i h hi l h 0 dil d f l d i d



Figures 3 and '/: )erti#al 8$* Testing at a 12 &egree 4ngle

To test the str)ct)ral integrity of the vehicle *hile )nder load of the rider the 0ike *as firmlymo)nted in the riding 4osition& With the seat in 4lace a rider mo)nted the 0ike and thedeformation of the s4ine *as meas)red to 0e #/#. th of an inch& This varia0le is slightly higher than e14ected 0)t it likely d)e to com4ress in the r)00er tire and not totally deformation of thes4ine itself& With all varia0les considered *e are very 4leased *ith the res)lts and are

comforta0le in o)r concl)sion that the 0ike is of a strong and s)44ortive design&

b. Develo+mental Testing

Fairing Testing:

Testing *as an im4ortant as4ect in the design and o4timiation of the fairing& Since o)r gro)4 4lanned on fa0ricating the fairing o)t of car0on fi0er- it *as im4erative to test vario)s car0onfi0er 4anels and lay)4s to ens)re strength and d)ra0ility&Hnitially- *e laid )4 si1 layers 3. 4ly6 of 2> 4lain *eave car0on fi0er- vac))m 0agged the

4anel- and inf)sed it *ith resin )sing standard :ART7 4rocesses& We then allo*ed t*entyfo)r ho)rs at room tem4erat)re for the 4anel to c)re& After the c)ring 4rocess- *e c)t the larger 4anel into three smaller 4anels and took m)lti4le readings of dimensions to allo* for the most

i i AST7 d di d M# W d h i l l f



fle1)re test- )sing )niversity eF)i4ment- to determine the 0ending ca4a0ilities and yield strength of the car0on fi0er& Ta0le sho*s the res)lts of the fle1)re testing&

Table -: 30point #arbon fiber fleure test results

Hn order to calc)late the stress e14erienced 0y the 4late of car0on fi0er- *e )sed the 0eam theoryeF)ation for a rectangle crosssection that is fi1ed on each end *ith a load 0eing a44lied at thecenter of the 0eam& This eF)ation is given 0y

326

*here is the ma1im)m 0ending moment- is the distance from the center of the s4ecimen to theo)ter s)rface- is the crosssectional moment of inertia- is the a44lied load- is the s4ecimen length-is the s4ecimen *idth- and is the s4ecimen thickness M#& The res)lts of this e14eriment allo*ed )sto 0egin making decisions on the n)m0er of com4osite 4lies *e tho)ght *o)ld 0e s)ita0le for o)r

fairing& As seen a0ove in Ta0le - the . 4ly car0on fi0er *as incredi0ly resilient to loading and 4rod)ced an average yield stress and ma1im)m load on each small 4anel

of and res4ectively& Hn order to save as m)ch *eight as 4ossi0le on the fairing- *e determined thatthe )se of . 4lies *o)ld not 0e reF)ired es4ecially considering o)r 4lan to incor4orate honeycom0



the contact area and *eight of o)r vehicle d)ring a crash& Unfort)nately- #$ m4h is not o)r ma1im)m s4eed- 0)t this s4eed does serve to sho* the characteristics of each com4osite 4late for

com4arison&



The final test that *as 4erformed for the fairing analyses *as to see *hether or not honeycom0*as *orth adding to o)r fairing& To investigate this- *e ro)ted o)t a nosecone )sing 7< and laid)4 t*o different c)rved 4anels- one *ith honeycom0 and one *itho)t& <)ring this test- *e )sed a*et lay)4 techniF)e and vac))m 0agged them )sing a room tem4erat)re resin& The t*o noseconesare sho*n 0elo*&

Figure '2: @ose0Cone Composite $rototype

Once 0oth of these 4anels had c)red- they *ere ins4ected to com4are the stiffness and the *eightof each& While the 4anel *ith the honeycom0 *eighed a44ro1imately ,' more than 4anel*itho)t honeycom0 3#$.&% g and #!,& g res4ectively6- the stiffness *as noticea0ly increased

across the entire str)ct)re& Deca)se the ti4 of the nosecone is s)ch a com4le1 c)rvat)re- thecom4osite system is fairly rigid and strong at that 4oint- 0)t as force is e1erted along the lessconcave edges the nosecone 0ecomes m)ch more flimsy&

c# )erformance Testing

+anding ,ear *uspension *ystem:

The Crimson EdgeIs landing gear s)s4ension system is an entirely ne* innovative conce4t fromlast yearIs vehicle- the Crimson )ry& Unlike the Crimson )ry- the Crimson Edge is a t*o

*heeled rec)m0ent 0ike and reF)ires a greater amo)nt of sta0ility to ride the vehicle at slo*er s4eeds& Hn order to do so- the design team added a landing gear system m)ch like the landing gear of an air4lane or the training *heels of a childrenIs 0ike& 8o*ever- contrary to other schools vehicle



To determine *hether or not the s)s4ension system *o)ld f)nction as 4redicted the landing gear *as s)05ected to cyclic com4ression loading of ,$$ l0s&- *hich is .$ l0s& more than half the overall

*eight of the vehicle and the teamIs heaviest rider& After loading and )nloading the landing gear s)s4ension system nearly 2$$ times- the s)s4ension s4ring system still f)nctioned as designed andthe c)stom fa0ricated s4rings *ith varia0le s4ring constants *ere still f)lly f)nctional& The designteam did learn- ho*ever- that a44lying l)0rication 4eriodically to the concentric 4i4es increased theoverall smoothness of the com4ression loading- *hich *o)ld allo* for a m)ch smoother ride for the vehicle rider d)ring com4etition& Therefore- the design team *ill 0e thoro)ghly l)0ricating theconcentric 4i4es of the landing gear system m)lti4le times thro)gho)t the com4etition to decreasethe fatig)e of the s)s4ension system and to ma1imie the smoothness of the vehicle& Hmages taken

d)ring the cyclic com4ression loading can 0e seen 0elo*&

Figure '3: +anding ,ear Cy#li# +oading Test ing

%afety

Safety *as one of the 4rimary concerns *hen designing the vehicle Thro)gho)t the design 4hase



Hn order to remain safe *hile fa0ricating the vario)s testing lay)4s and 4re4aring the fairingmold- 4ro4er safety eF)i4ment and facilities *ere )tilied& When 4erforming *et lay)4s and)sing the e4o1y resin system- late1 gloves and 0r)shes *ere )sed to handle and s4read the resinafter mi1ing& Hn addition- gloves- eye 4rotection- and air filter face masks *ere )sed in a *ellventilated area *hen sanding the ,l0 4oly)rethane foam- )sing the ga4 V crack foam- anda44lying 0ondo in order to 4rotect team mem0ers&or the com4etition- not only is the riderIs safety a ma5or concern- 0)t their health as *ell& Eachrider m)st 0e f)lly a*are of the 4hysical demands that are reF)ired 0y the com4etition and of their o*n 4hysical limitations& Hf the rider feels short *inded or faint- that rider *ill 0e reF)ired to sto4and a re4lacement rider *ill take his or her 4lace& Hn ho4es of 4reventing this in the first 4lace- the

mem0ers of o)r team have 0een 4hysically training thro)gho)t the semester to ens)re they are ingood 4hysical sha4e to com4etitively race in the AS7E 89:C com4etition& Additionally- ridersare reF)ired to *ear a safety helmet that meets all the 89:C reF)irements set 0y AS7E& Thevehicle also has a f)ll sho)lder seat0elt that m)st 0e *orn at all times& Hf a rider fails to meet any of these reF)irements- he or she *ill not 0e allo*ed to com4ete&

!esthetics

Aesthetics *ere addressed in a n)m0er of *ays d)ring the design of o)r 0icycle& One *ay 0y

*hich *e addressed aesthetics *as the )se of a f)ll fairing& 8aving seen teams at 4revio)scom4etition teams *ith f)ll fairings- *e realied ho* sleek and 4rofessional their 0ikes lookedcom4ared *ith others *ith 4artial fairings& Since *e are )sing a f)ll fairing- *e *ill 0e a0le to 4aint the entirety of the o)tside 4ortion of o)r 0icycle- giving a clean o)t*ard a44earance&Another aesthetical decision is the im4lementation of the retracta0le landing gear *ith as)s4ension system& While some teams *e sa* at com4etition last year did )se a retracta0lelanding gear- *e did not see any that incl)ded s)s4ension& We 0elieve this addition *ill makeo)r 0ike stand o)t and 0e vis)ally a44ealing&

Concl'sions

a. Eval'ation



o)r frame& 8aving a smaller *idth *o)ld greatly red)ce the sie of o)r vehicle- *hich *o)ld)ltimately make it more aerodynamic&

c# Concl'sion

Overall- o)r vehicleIs design *as com4leted in accordance *ith all of o)r design o05ectives; safety-s4eed- and comfort for riders of a variety of sies and a0ilities& As disc)ssed earlier in this re4ort-safety *as o)r main o05ective& Thro)gho)t the design 4rocess- *e *ere consistently finding safetyfactors that *ere considera0ly higher than needed- th)s ens)ring o)r vehicleIs safety in the eventof a catastro4hic event d)ring the com4etition& Additionally- the fairing that *as designed alsoadds s)0stantial val)e to o)r vehicleIs overall safety&

S4eed- another ma5or concern- *as addressed in a n)m0er of *ays& The )se of the fairing greatlyred)ced the drag for the s4eed 4ortion of com4etition& As seen in the aerodynamic analysis section-at higher s4eeds the fairing 0ecame more effective at red)cing drag- making the vehicle 4erform ata high level&

inally- comfort *as thoro)ghly incl)ded in the design of the 0ike& The 4added seat that *as )sedin o)r 0ike *as 5)st one as4ect of the design that added to the comfort& Another as4ect incl)des the

roll cage e1tending a fe* inches 4ast o)r sho)lders- giving the rider a more rela1ed 4osition *hileriding&

Hn concl)sion- o)r rec)m0ent 0icycle met all of o)r initial design reF)irements- as *ell ascom4etition standards& Since this is o)r teamIs first recent design of a t*o*heeled 0icycle- *ethink *e *ill 0e more com4etitive this year and it *ill 0e a great ste44ingstone for the Sooner 9o*ered :ehicle team in the f)t)re&



References

/airing References0

[1] AST7 <raft Standard- Standard Test 7ethods for le1)ral 9ro4erties of i0erReinforced9olymer 7atri1 Com4osites- AST7 Hnternational- W& Conshohocken- 9a& 3in 4re4aration6&

[2] Dattles- Christo4her& L<; 8o)se of L)ality Tem4late& L<; 8o)se of L)ality Tem4late& N&4&- ,2 A4r& ,$#$& We0& #' Se4t& ,$#,& Xhtt4;//***&schrodingersghost&com/Y4Z2(([&

[3] Com4osite 7aterials& 4ir#raftspru#e<#om< Aircraft S4r)ce- n&d& We0& # e0& ,$#2&

Xhtt4;//***&aircrafts4r)ce&com/4df/,$#2Hndivid)al/Cat # 2C7&4df[&[4] <ellinger- <an& Wind Average Wind S4eed 37986& @ational Climati# &ata Center< ,$

A)g& ,$$%& We0& # 7ar& ,$##&Xhtt4;//l*f&ncdc&noaa&gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/avg*ind&html[&

[5] a)lkner- B& B&- ed& 4meri#an Chain 4sso#iation *tandard Handboo of Chains: Chains for

$ower Transmission and Material Handlind9 *e#ond ?dition< Doca Raton- B; CRC 9ress-,$$.& 9rint&

[6] ?lo0al- J7ill/<rill 8ead 9 ,2$-K Xhtt4;//***&glo0alind)strial&com[- accessed 7arch !-

,$#2[7] 8offmann- J7orso NB 7an)al Notching 7achine-K Xhtt4;//hoffmann)sa&com/morsonfl

man)alnotchingmachine[- accessed 7arch !- ,$#2&[8] 8ome <e4ot- J9roSeries #,$:olt Arc Welder-K Xhtt4;//***&homede4ot&com[- accessed

7arch !- ,$#2&[9] =)vinall- Ro0ert C&- and >)rt 7& 7arshek& Fundamentals of Ma#hine Component &esign<

Ne* Pork; =& Wiley- #((#& 9rint&[10] Be1ington Dike Sho4- Be1ington- O>&

Xhtt4;//***&0icycle st)ff&com/main/0ent/okrr0/inde1&html[MY Eley- <aniel- JThe 9hysics of Dicycles-K The University of Oklahoma- S4ring ,$#2&

http://www.schrodingersghost.com/?p=399

http://aircraftspruce.com/


http://www.aircraftspruce.com/pdf/2013Individual/Cat

http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/avgwind.html

http://www.globalindustrial.com/

http://hoffmann-usa.com/morso-nfl-manual-notching-machine


http://www.homedepot.com/

http://www.bicycle-stuff.com/main/bent/okrrb/index.html


http://www.schrodingersghost.com/?p=399


http://www.aircraftspruce.com/pdf/2013Individual/Cat

http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/avgwind.html

http://www.globalindustrial.com/



http://www.homedepot.com/





Xhtt4;//ryanharry&com/archives/%!2[&

http://ryanharry.com/archives/843

http://ryanharry.com/archives/843



The ?antt chart 4ro5ect timeline for the ,$#,,$#2 Sooner 9o*ered :ehicle *as created in 7icrosoft 9ro5ect- and it incor4oratedtimeline goals in the areas of Research- <esign- EA 3and other analysis6- 7an)fact)ring- and Testing&

!++eni1 &0 )ro$ect %che'le

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2013 University of Oklahoma