2013 Virginia Turfgrass Field Days Research Update · 2013-10-01 · 2013 Virginia Turfgrass Field Days Research Update August 27—28, 2013 ... Final conclusions can only be appropriately

2013 Virginia Turfgrass

Field Days Research Update

August 27—28, 2013

Glade Road and Turfgrass Research Centers, Blacksburg, VA

Virginia Turfgrass Council

2

NOTE. Please note that this research report is published to pro-

mote rapid dissemination of information from researchers to our industry

professionals. Many of the results presented are from studies that are in

progress. Final conclusions can only be appropriately drawn after studies

have been completed, the data statistically analyzed, the interpretations

scrutinized by peer review procedures, and the results published in ac-

cepted research publications. Therefore, the data in this report are not for

publication without the expressed consent of the senior researcher.

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2013 Field Day Sponsors

Platinum Sponsor

Coffee/Doughnuts

Lunch

4

Table of Contents Page (s)

Field Day Sponsors 3

Table of Contents 4-5

Turfgrass Team Contact Information 6

Research Cooperators and Sponsors 7

Field Day Tour Schedule GLADE 8

Field Day Map of Sitle Locations --Glade Road Research Faciltiy 9

Field Day Tour Schedule TRC 10-11

Field Day Map of Sitle Locations --Turfgrass Research Center West 12

Field Day Map of Sitle Locations --Turfgrass Research Center East 13

Weather Data at the Virginia Tech Turfgrass Research Center 14

Agronomic Research Updates

Evaluating the potential benefits of adding compost and/or microclover to new and established

turfgrass stands 15

Plant health product for putting greens demonstration trial

16-17

An Integrated Nutritional and Chemical Approach to Poa annua Control in Creeping Bentgrass

Putting Greens

18-19

Effect of Golf Course Turfgrass Management on Water Quality of Non-tidal Streams in the

Chesapeake Bay Watershed

20-21

Testing of Specialty Fertilizer and Surfactant Products for Creeping Bentgrass Putting Green

Summer Performance

22-23

Pathology and Entomology Research Updates

Impact of turf fans on golf putting greens.

24-25

Fungicide programs for golf greens.

26-27

Combined applications of entomopathogenic fungi and insecticides for white grub control

28

5

Weed Science Research Updates

Overseeded Bermudagrass Transition with Negate® Herbicide 29

Methiozolin Research Update and Ball Roll Demonstration 30-31

Goosegrass Control and Bermudagrass Tolerance with Low-Rate Pylex™ Programs 32-33

Metamifop for Goosegrass and Crabgrass Control 34

Preemergence Crabgrass Control with Quali-Pro Products 35

Postemergence and Residual Crabgrass Control with Cavalcade PQ 36

Performance of Quinclorac Formulations for Smooth Crabgrass Control in Cool-Season Turf 37

Can Pylex™ selectively control bermudagrass in bentgrass? 38

Compost incorporation and microclover overseeding in established ‘Yukon’ bermudagrass 39

Compost incorporation and microclover overseeding at seeding of ‘Yukon’ bermudagrass 40-41

Winter annual postemergence weed control in dormant bermudagrass 42-43

Winter annual control in dormant bermudagrass with Scythe

44-47

Variety Evaluations

NTEP Management 48

2013 NTEP Bermudagrass 49

2008 NTEP Creeping Bentgrass 50-51

2010 NTEP Perennial Ryegrass 52-55

2012 NTEP Tall Fescue 56-57

2011 NTEP KY Bluegrass 58-61

2008 NTEP Fine Leaf Fescue 62-63

Variety Recommendations 64-65

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Virginia Tech Turfgrass Research Field Day

The Turfgrass Team of Virginia Tech and the Virginia Turfgrass Council welcomes you to the Virginia

Turfgrass Research Field Days! We sincerely appreciate your support of our efforts and encourage you to

make this YOUR Field Day by participating in discussions with our faculty, staff, and students. The collabo-

rative and cooperative efforts of our Turfgrass Team in research, teaching, and outreach are major reasons for

the success of our programs and we are here to assist you! Please feel free to contact any of us if we can be of

assistance to you.

Virginia’s Turfgrass Field Day provides you an opportunity to see the ongoing research that forms the

basis of our Cooperative Extension educational programming throughout the Commonwealth. A large part of

the research you view today is supported by funding from the Virginia Turfgrass Foundation, so you are seeing

research funded by and in support of its own industry.

NOTE that this research report is published to promote rapid dissemination from researchers to our in-

dustry professionals. Many of the results presented are from studies that are in progress. Final conclusions

can only be appropriately drawn after studies have been completed, the data statistically analyzed, and the in-

terpretations scrutinized by peer review procedures. Therefore, the data in the publication are not for publica-

tion with the expressed consent of the senior researcher.

Thanks to our research program sponsors and supporters over the past year. It is in large part their

funding that keeps our programs viable and productive. These companies and individuals that made such a

difference in our efforts are featured on the next page.

And finally, thanks to the specific sponsors of our Field Days. Many different companies contribute to

the costs of staging this annual event. These individuals and firms are featured on the second page of this re-

port!

Name Dept. Expertise Phone E-mail

Shawn Askew PPWS Weed Science 540-231-5807 [email protected]

Whitnee Askew CSES Agronomy 540-231-5312 [email protected]

Jeff Derr PPWS Weed Science 757-363-3912 [email protected]

Sam Doak CSES Turf Education 540-231-7283 [email protected]

Erik Ervin CSES Physiology 540-231-5208 [email protected]

Mike Goatley CSES Agronomy 540-231-2951 [email protected]

Lloyd Hipkins PPWS Weed Science 540-231-9842 [email protected]

Pat Hipkins Pest. Prog. Pesticide Safety 540-231-6543 [email protected]

David McCall PPWS Pathology 540-231-9598 [email protected]

Rod Youngman ENT Entomology 540-231-9118 young-

[email protected]

Xungzhong Zhang CSES Physiology 540-231-3684 [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]











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Agrium Advanced Technologies Ajinomoto Alexandria Sanitation Authority AMVAC Chemical Amway Andersons Aquatrols Ballyhack Golf Club, Roanoke (Billy Bobbit) BASF Corp Bay Creek Resort, Cape Charles (Mike Smith) Bayer Environmental Science Blacksburg Country Club (Bill Keene) Cardinal Chemical Chantilly Turf (Ray and Mark Weekley) Chevy Chase Club (Dean Graves) Civitas/Suncor Energy Country Club of Virginia (Christian Sain and Troy Fink) Dow Chemical Exacto Floratine FMC Professional Products Foundry Golf Club (Scott Mauldin) GCSAA, Environmental Institute for Golf Glenmore Country Club (Kevin Fortune) Goodyear Golf & Country Club (Mark Vaughn) Grigg’s Brothers Hanging Rock Golf Course, Salem (Brian Duweiss) Hanover Country Club, Ashland (Brendan McNulty) Harrell’s Helena Chemical Holganix John Deere Landscapes Keyplex Koch Bros. Landscape Supply Lavery Sod Farm (Brad Niekamp) Lebanon Turf LidoChem Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments Moghu Research Center Moghu USA National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (Univ. of MD) NuFarm/Cleary Chemical Oakwood Sod Farm Ocean Organics PBI Gordon Company Kinloch Golf Club (Pete Wendt)

Precision Primland Resort (Brian Kearns and Greg Caldwell) Quali-Pro Repar Corporation Riverside Turf Farm Roanoke Country Club (Dan Wheeler) Seed Research of Oregon Simplot Sipcam Advan Smith Turf and Irrigation Southern States Cooperative Spectrum Technologies Sports Turf Managers Association Spotswood Country Club (Kip Fitzgerald) Stoller SubAir Systems, LLC Summit Agro Syngenta Professional Products The Toro Company The VT River Course (Mark Cote) The Waterfront CC, Moneta (Read Harris) Trinity Turf Turf Vu TurfScout, LLC TurfScreen University of Virginia Athletics (Jesse Pritchard, CSFM) USDA/NTEP program Valent USA Virginia Agriculture Council Virginia Golf Course Superintendents Virginia Sports Turf Managers Association Virginia Tech Athletics Virginia Tech GC (Jason Ratcliff) Virginia Tech Recreational Sports (Chad Kropf) Virginia Turfgrass Council Virginia Turfgrass Foundation Westlake Golf Course (H. T Page) Willow Oaks Country Club, Richmond (Eric Frazier and Jordan Booth) Winton Country Club Mike (Zirkle and Robert Habel) Woodward Turf

Research Cooperators and Sponsors

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8:00 Overseeded Bermudagrass Transition with Negate

Herbicide Cox A4

8:20 Bentgrass Response to Pylex Rates and Timings Venner A3

8:40 New dollar spot and brown patch control options on

cool-season fairways McCall A3

9:00 Impact of turf fans on golf putting greens McCall A2

9:20 Methiozolin research update and ball roll

demonstration Venner and Rana A2

9:40 Bentgrass rooting under controlled stress as affected

by biostimulants from 3 companies Xunzhong A2

10:00 Water quality monitoring of streams on VA golf

courses Wilson A2

8:00 New dollar spot and brown patch control options on

cool-season turf McCall A3

8:20 What the rain has brought in 2013 McCall A4

8:40 Overseeded Bermudagrass Transition with Negate

Herbicide Cox A4

9:00 Combining Triclopyr with Tenacity and Pylex S. Askew A3

9:20 New Outreach programs Goatley A1

9:50 Gadgets and Gizmos for Safe and Effective Spray Ap- P. Hipkins A1

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12:10 Metamifop and Pylex for goosegrass and crabgrass control Cox G2

12:30 Bentgrass putting green NTEP and Fe sulfate for Poa control Ervin G6

12:50 2013 Fungicide programming evaluations McCall G6

1:10 Bermudagrass Tolerance to Low-Rate Pylex Programs Cox G10

1:30 Can Pylex Selectively Control Bermudagrass in Bentgrass? Venner G10

1:50 Performance of Quinclorac Formulations for Crabgrass Control Rana G10

2:10 Selective Bermudagrass Control in Kentucky Bluegrass S. Askew G9

2:30 Postemergence and Residual Crabgrass Control with Cavalcade PQ Smith G8

2:50 Wetting agents and plant health products for putting greens Ervin G7

12:10 Landscape weed mangement update Derr G5


12:50 Combined application of entomopathogenic fungi and insecticides

for white grub control Gyawaly G4



1:50 Preemergence Crabgrass Control with QualiPro Products Smith G10

2:10 Postemergence and Residual Crabgrass Control with Calvacade PQ Smith G8

2:30 Tall Fescue and KY Bluegrass NTEPs Goatley and W.

Askew G3

2:50 Micro-Clover, Perennial Rygrass NTEP and Bermdagrass NTEP Goatley and W.

Askew G1

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12:50 Bermudagrass Tolerance to Low-Rate Pylex Programs Cox G10

1:10 Preemergence Crabgrass Control with QualiPro Products Smith G10

1:30 Postemergence and Residual Crabgrass Control with Calvacade

PQ Smith G8

1:50 Combined application of entomopathogenic fungi and

insecticides for white grub control Gyawaly G4


2:30 Tall Fescue and KY Bluegrass NTEPs Goatley and W.

Askew G3

2:50 Micro-Clover, Perennial Rygrass NTEP and Bermdagrass NTEP Goatley and W.

Askew G1

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14

VT Turfgrass Research Center Weather Data

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Evaluating the potential benefits of adding compost and/or microclover to new and estab-

lished turfgrass stands

Objectives: The objectives of this project are: 1) to evaluate and promote the adoption of compost incorpora-

tion prior to turf establishment as a best management practice within new residential developments; 2) to re-

duce lawn N fertilizer use by promoting the use of lawn seed mixtures that contain microclover; and 3) to

show that stormwater volume will be reduced and stormwater quality improved by implementing the first and

second objectives within a residential development.

Virginia Tech (along with Penn State) is conducting satellite demonstrations as part of a University of Mary-

land –funded grant from the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation examining the potential benefits of com-

post and/or microclover addition as part of turfgrass management programs. The research is being conducted

at Winton Country Club in Amherst, VA, a part of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed.

We anticipate that this project will demonstrate that the incorporation of compost prior to turf establishment is

a simple, cost effective way to reduce runoff from residential lots. It will also show that compost incorporation

does not involve increased maintenance requirements or remedial homeowner actions to be an effective long

term means of reducing runoff from residential developments located on flat or gently sloping terrain. The

value of compost incorporation and the use of microclover turf seed mixtures, in sustaining functionally desir-

able turf with little to no fertilizer use will also be demonstrated over the course of this project.

Preliminary results:

-turf-type tall fescue establishment, density and quality is enhanced by the pre-plant incorporation of 2

inches of compost into a prepared seedbed.

-the 2” compost-amended plots had much less weed pressure

-a 1/4” compost topdressing application to established vegetation resulted in a color response comparable

to plots receiving 1 lb synthetic N/1000 sq ft

-as anticipated, compost incorporation and/or topdressing tends to increase soil water infiltration and per-

colation rates

-microclover stands in establishment and/or supplementation trials did not persist following a fall 2012

seeding; microclover persistence following reseeding in the spring 2013 has been much improved to date

It is anticipated that this project will lead to increases in the use of compost and microclover- containing

seed mixtures by the building community, landscape practitioners, and homeowners. The results of this project

will also provide documentation that can be used to support reductions in N fertilization recommendations for

lawn turf when the two project BMPs are used at the time of turf establishment.

Location: Winton Country Club, Amherst, VA with additional site for clover establishment at the Turfgrass

Research Center

Researchers: Mike Goatley, Jr. and Whitnee Askew

Sponsors: National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, University of Maryland, Penn State University, Mike

Zirkle and Robert Habel (Winton Country Club, Amherst, VA)

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Plant health product for putting greens demonstration trial

Objective: Demonstrate visual effects of sequential applications of various plant health product chemistries

on a putting green.

Rationale: A number of products are marketed for their primary (fungicidal, PGR, fertilizer) effects, but also

for secondary beneficial effects for improved putting green summer stress tolerance. We put out this demo in

late July to see if weekly treatment could show some of these “plant health” or secondary effects by Aug 28.

Procedures: The trial is on a mature Penn A4 putting green mowed 5 times a week at 0.125”. All plots receive

0.15 lb N/M from 28-8-18 (bent special fertilizer) and 2 oz/M Magnus (surfactant) weekly. Treatmenst are ap-

plied weekly at 40 psi in 40 gal/A water.

Treatments, with comments on purported “health effects”: Turfscreen® at 1.5 oz/M. Turfscreen® contains the same ingredients as common sunscreen, titanium dioxide

and zinc oxide; it also contains a blue-green pigment. These compounds are very effective absorbers of UV

light; they work on us to not allow high free radical production in our skin that can destroy cells and cause sun-

burn. Adding in the pigment, as above, should result in similar positive results on full sun leaves.

2. Signature® at 2 oz/M

Generic phosphite at 0.5 oz/M

Signature® is a combination of fosetyl-Al (a phosphite fungicide) and a blue-green pigment (Stressgard®).

Phosphite (PO3) fungicides and fertilizers have been documented to protect against moderate pythium blight

pressure via systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Foliar uptake of the phosphite, PO3 rather than normal phos-

phate (PO4), sends a stress signal through the plant resulting in the systemic production of higher levels of an-

timicrobial compounds called phytoalexins. These compounds do not directly kill the fungus, they merely de-

ter or slow infection. If pythium pressure gets high enough, the “naturally-induced” tolerance provided by the

phosphite is overcome and a stronger pythium fungicide is required. There is an energy cost to the plant to pro-

duce the antimicrobial compounds caused by repeated phosphite application. This is where the pigment comes

in. Virginia Tech and Rutgers research has shown that pigment application (every 7 to 14 days) blocks UV

light (a huge contributor to free radical production), resulting in a greater maintenance of chlorophyll and caro-

tenoid pigment levels. More pigments for light absorption translates into slight increases in net photosynthesis

(energy gain) and turf that maintains greater color and density under heat stress.

Daconil Action® at 1 oz/M.

Daconil Action is a new product out from Syngenta combining chlorothalonil with acibenzolar. Acibenzolar

has been shown to be a successful salicylic acid mimic working to induce SAR and antimicrobial compounds

within the plant. Kansas State research reported that acibenzolar applied alone on a 14-day interval resulted in

26 to 38% less dollar spot than the control. Virginia Tech research has shown that pre-treatment with salicylic

acid prior to heat stress improved tolerance by temporarily boosting antioxidant levels. New research compar-

ing acibenzolar to salicylic acid for improved heat tolerance is warranted, along with research regarding any

role it might play in prevention or alleviation of the bacterial decline complex.

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Insignia® at 0.5 oz/M.

Insignia (pyraclostrobin) is a broad-spectrum strobilurin fungicide that research at multiple universities has

shown to have plant health benefits. Repeated applications have been shown to slow down respiration (less

energy loss) and result in boosted antioxidant content under heat and drought stress. Interesting also is the

finding that the active ingredient naturally degrades to the amino acid tryptophan which is the precursor to the

plant rooting hormone, auxin. Thus, University of Tennessee research reported increased Penn A1 root mass

following three (14-d interval) applications under mild drought stress when compared to the untreated control

and azoxystrobin.

Iron-sulfate at 0.25 lbs/M. Our ongoing research with sequential high rates of iron-sulfate for Poa annua con-

trol (see field day report and talk) has shown good effects on Poa, dollar spot, and moss. However, our highest

rate looks bad (too dark!) and is beginning to thin the canopy most likely via Fe-toxicity. The rate applied here

is much lower and better looking, perhaps without the toxicity.

Primo Maxx® (trinexapac-ethyl) at 0.125 oz/M. Primo is a plant growth inhibitor that saves on mowing by re-

stricting leaf production of gibberelic acid (GA), the hormone responsible for leaf elongation. Less elongation

concentrates chlorophyll and provides a darker canopy. Our research has also shown it enhances leaf content

of another hormone, cytokinins that result in improved summer stress tolerance.

Location: Turfgrass Research Center, Blacksburg, VA.

Researchers: E.H. Ervin, J. Dickerson, David McCall

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An Integrated Nutritional and Chemical Approach to Poa annua Control in Creeping

Bentgrass Putting Greens

Objectives: To determine the effects of repeated high rates of Fe-sulfate on transitioning a Poa infested

creeping bentgrass putting green to a monoculture. To determine if seaweed extract or paclobutrazol, in combi-

nation with Fe-sulfate, improve Poa control.

Rationale: Creeping bentgrass provides an ideal putting surface for golf courses located in temperate cli-

mates. These greens are invaded by Poa annua (Poa), which can be difficult to control. Poa disrupts putting

green uniformity, is more susceptible to summer stresses, requires more maintenance, and lowers aesthetics. A

widely accepted nutritional approach in the U. K., and an increasing practice in cooler climates of the U. S. for

suppressing Poa, is the application of Fe-sulfate and ammonium sulfate fertilizers. These fertilizers are used to

lower the soil pH to below 5.5, favoring creeping bentgrass growth and reducing Poa’s competitiveness. To

further reduce the Poa population previous research suggests that fertilizers containing P and K are not to be

applied. In addition, a chemical approach to Poa suppression is applying a plant growth regulator, paclobutra-

zol. In the U. K. and U. S. seaweed extract (SWE) is commonly applied to enhance bentgrass stress tolerance.

However, it is unknown if SWE favors the growth of one grass over another. In addition to possible control of

Poa, Fe-sulfate has been observed to reduce dollar spot incidence and silvery thread moss populations in put-

ting greens.

Procedures: The green was originally planted with ‘Penneagle’ creeping bentgrass more than 30 years ago;

it has benn interseeded with ‘L-93’ over time and has been colonized by more than 30% Poa with some plots

reaching as high as 65% coverage. Fertilizer and chemical treatments are applied by a CO₂ (40 psi) walk be-

hind sprayer at 40 GPA every two weeks from March through October. Ammonium sulfate is applied at 0.10

lb N/1000 ft² every 2 weeks uniformly across all plots. No P or K containing fertilizers have been applied for

over 3 years. Ferrous sulfate is applied at the following rates across plots 9x6 ft with 4 replications of each

treatment and arranged in a randomized split block design.

1. 0.0 lb/1000 ft² = 0x

2. 0.25 lb/1000 ft² = 0.5x

3. 0.5 lb/1000 ft² = 1.0x

4. 1.0 lb/1000 ft² = 2.0x

Treatments of seaweed extract and Trimmit (paclobutrazol; PAC; 22% ai) are sprayed on 3x6 ft split plots at

the following rates.

Untreated

Seaweed extract at 4 oz/1000 ft²

Trimmit (PAC) at 0.5 oz/1000 ft² (Spring and Fall) 0.25 oz/1000 ft² (Summer)

Poa plants are counted using a grid containing 512 squares of equal size and are counted when sufficient Poa

seedheads are observed. Quality ratings are taken one week after each fertilizer and chemical application from

March to November. Color and quality ratings are based on a 1-9 scale where 1 equals a brown color or dead

turf and 9 equals dark green, dense, uniform turf.

Results, Table 1:

Best summer quality is occurring at the 0.5x and 1.0x Fe-sulfate rates, especially in combination with pa-

clobutrazol. Sequential treatment with Fe-sulfate at the 2.0x rate has begun to thin the plots (Poa first,

19

then bentgrass) most likely due to direct Fe-toxicity. This thinning effect has taken 3 years to really be-

come apparent.

Sequential, aggressive applications of paclobutrazol (alone) have effectively reduced Poa annua. Add in

the 0.5s or 1.0x Fe-sulfate treatments and Poa control has been even better.

Repeated Fe-sulfate applications have been quite effective at reducing dollar spot pressure, most likely due

to direct Fe-toxicity to the Sclerotinia mycelium.

Poa control in this trial has not been associated with a drastic drop in soil pH most likely due to our alka-

line irrigation water (pH=7.6). However, close monitoring at your site is highly recommended as root-

zone pH and irrigation water conditions are likely to be different at your site.

Table 1.

Location: Turfgrass Research Center, Virginia Tech

Researchers: E.H. Ervin, Mattia Accorsi, Adam Boyd, and Nate Reams

Sponsors: Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station and Virginia Agricultural Council

July Quality May Poa % Dollar spot count #/plot

Treatment 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013

Control, 0x FeS 6.0 5.4 43 47 48 5

0x FeS + SWE 6.5 5.8 36 39 42 10

0x FeS + PAC 6.4 5.9 14 3 9 4

0.5x FeS 6.5 7.4 26 33 12 7

0.5x FeS + SWE 6.6 7.6 31 33 16 3

0.5x FeS + PAC 7.6 7.4 8 1 2 2

1.0x FeS 7.3 6.9 28 27 5 5

1.0x FeS + SWE 6.6 7.4 29 30 2 3

1.0x FeS + PAC 6.6 7.3 10 3 1 0

2.0x FeS 6.8 6.4 24 32 1 1

2.0x FeS + SWE 6.1 6.9 18 25 5 1

2.0x FeS + PAC 6.9 6.4 7 8 1 0

LSD (0.05)

0.9

0.8

15

20

12

5

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Effect of Golf Course Turfgrass Management on Water Quality of Non-tidal Streams in

the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

Objective: Water quality data from selected golf courses in the James River Watershed will be collected to

assess if existing golf course turf management has a possible correlation with water quality changes in local

streams. These data will be useful for identifying the degree to which golf course turf management may be as-

sociated with possible pollution or improvement of water in local streams.

Rationale: Golf courses are generally viewed to be a significant potential contributor to nonpoint source wa-

ter pollution. Numerous Virginia golf courses are located in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, which has a his-

tory of nutrient pollution and eutrophication problems. To date, no watershed-scale studies have been com-

pleted in Virginia investigating the role of golf course turf management in nutrient deposition or attenuation in

local streams. No studies have extended this information to the Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL) of an

associated watershed to find nutrient contribution or reduction amounts. The goal of this project is to quantify

effects of golf course turf management on stream water quality by comparing areas upstream and downstream

of managed turf areas. These data will help to clarify if possible future water quality regulation by the State or

EPA is warranted for golf course management.

Procedures: Water quality data and turfgrass management practice data from at least six golf courses with

perennial streams in the James River Watershed will be collected to assess effects of golf course turf manage-

ment on local streams. Grab samples representing each season are taken at all sites six times per year and ana-

lyzed for phosphate-P, total N, nitrate-N, and ammonium-N concentrations at the Virginia Water Resources

Research Center using Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Samples are only

taken at baseflow conditions. Selected streams will be assessed for in situ temperature, dissolved oxygen, spe-

cific conductance, and pH values using a Hydrolab meter. Samples will be taken with respect to upstream loca-

tions where streams enter the golf course (ins) and downstream locations where streams exit the golf course

(outs) and compared to ascertain whether water quality changes are occurring between upstream and down-

stream sampling locations as influenced by adjacent turfgrass management practices. Sampling began in

Spring 2011 and will continue through at least Spring 2015.

Results: See the Table of Results. Data for nine quarterly sampling seasons have been analyzed thus far for

six golf courses in the James River Watershed. To date, we have not seen any significant trends of impairment

with respect to dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, temperature, or pH on eight monitored stream sites.

Stream levels of NO3-N (nitrate-N) were below the EPA established level of 10 mg/L for drinking water for all

sites. No established guidelines for freshwater streams in VA are available, although < 1 mg/L is considered

“good”, while 1-10 mg/L is considered “fair” water quality (Janke et al, 2006) Four of eleven sites (on three

separate golf courses) had means of nitrate-N higher in the water leaving the course than the water entering the

course as well as concentrations > 1 mg/L. However, these differences to do not appear to be significant. NH4-

N (ammonium-N) is also a source of N allowing for algal growth and eutrophication. Ammonium-N increased

at five of the sites (on four courses), but these increases do not appear to be significant. As for PO4+-P

(phosphate-P), minor increases were observed at two downstream locations with other sites showing down-

stream decreases or no detectable phosphate-P. Phosphate-P levels in waters leaving the course were below the

EPA recommendation of 0.05 mg/L.

Location: James River Watershed, VA

Researchers: C.M. Wilson, S.H. Schoenholtz, and E.H. Ervin

Sponsors: GCSAA, VGCSA, VAC

21

TABLE 1. Mean nutrient levels in streams on participating James River Watershed golf courses. All values

are averages from nine seasonal samples with the exception of Course 3, which are averages of seventeen

monthly and seasonal samples. “Ins” represent areas upstream of turf management and “outs” represent down-

stream areas.

*High values represent the highest mean value of the corresponding “in” aValues are the averaged means of two “in” sites bValues are the averaged means of three “in sites

Nitrate mg L-1 Ammonium mg L-1 Phosphate mg L-1

Mean

Standard Deviation Mean

Standard Deviation Mean

Standard Deviation

Course 1 IN 0.109 0.087 0.108 0.105 0.015 0.029

Course 1 OUT 0.079 0.104 0.070 0.094 0.000 0.000

Course 2 IN A 0.688 0.389 0.017 0.026 0.000 0.000

Course 2 OUT A 0.433 0.419 0.060 0.026 0.009 0.024

Course 2 IN B 0.404 0.310 0.085 0.075 0.000 0.000

Course 2 OUT B 0.209 0.159 0.046 0.054 0.000 0.000

Course 3 IN Aa 0.944 0.225 0.090 0.063 0.013 0.009

High*: 1.103 High: 0.134 High: 0.020

Course 3 OUT A 1.225 0.978 0.042 0.100 0.009 0.012

Washpad OUT 3.997 2.762 0.188 0.432 0.026 0.037

Course 3 IN Ba 1.713 1.074 0.051 0.030 0.045 0.062

High: 2.473 High: 0.073 High: 0.089

Course 3 OUT B 2.800 1.051 0.132 0.285 0.032 0.054

Course 4 IN Ab 2.780 2.013 0.062 0.069 0.001 0.002

High: 4.955 High: 0.143 High: 0.003

Course 4 OUT A 3.407 1.467 0.043 0.051 0.010 0.018

Course 4 IN B 0.970 0.547 0.079 0.160 0.008 0.012

Course 4 OUT B 3.521 1.514 0.220 0.550 0.005 0.011

Course 4 IN Ca 1.428 0.068 0.025 0.012 0.004 0.000

High: 1.476 High: 0.033 High: 0.004

Course 4 OUT C 2.762 1.177 0.024 0.037 0.003 0.008

Course 5 IN 0.208 0.290 0.046 0.058 0.006 0.019

Course 5 OUT 0.124 0.124 0.045 0.047 0.000 0.000

Course 6 IN A 0.218 0.190 0.027 0.033 0.000 0.000

Course 6 OUT A 0.156 0.120 0.031 0.050 0.000 0.000

Course 6 IN B 1.702 0.972 0.048 0.060 0.000 0.000

Course 6 OUT B 0.196 0.109 0.055 0.065 0.000 0.000

22

Testing of Specialty Fertilizer and Surfactant Products for Creeping Bentgrass Putting

Green Summer Performance

Objectives: Determine if Amway and Cytozyme fertilizer and surfactant products outperform industry stan-

dards.

Rationale: We are testing APSA-80 in this trial against Magnus. APSA-80 is an older (1954) class of surfac-

tant chemistry called polyoxyethylenes (POE), while Magnus is in the newer (1995) surfactant class called re-

verse block co-polymers (EOPO). POEs are generally good soil wetters, with excellent residual, but have a

greater risk of burn if not watered in completely after application. EOPOs are excellent soil wetters, with

slightly less residual, but much less risk of burn. The Amway and Cytozyme groups also have specialty foliar

fertilizers that they recommend to be used in conjunction with APSA-80 for a summer putting green program.

Thus, we tested some combinations of their recommended program.

Procedures: Products will be mixed in water and applied with a CO2 pressurized sprayer at 1 gal water/1000 ft2 at 40

psi. Treatments will be lightly watered in. Products will be applied during calm weather to avoid prod-

uct drift to other plots.

Fungicides (chlorothalonil, primarily) will be applied to prevent disease.

The trial is on a mature USGA-sand based ‘L-93’ green. Irrigation will be kept to a minimum to match in-

dustry standard and allow minor wilting events to pull out the strengths of the tested products against

drought and localized dry spot development.

Treatments (M = 1000 ft2), applied monthly (4 applications, May to Aug):

Fertilizer control at industry standard rate, 28-8-18, at 0.2 lb N/M with surfactant Magnus at 4 fl oz/M

Fertilizer at industry standard rate, 28-8-18, at 0.2 lb N/M with NutriPlant AG (6-4-3) at 0.74 fl oz/M (32 fl

oz/acre) with APSA-80 at 0.37 fl oz/M (16 fl oz/acre)

Fertilizer at 75% of industry standard rate, 28-8-18, at 0.15 lb N/M with NutriPlant AG (6-4-3) at 0.74 fl

oz/M (32 fl oz/acre) with APSA-80 at 0.37 fl oz/M (16 fl oz/acre)

Fertilizer at industry standard rate, 28-8-18, at 0.2 lb N/M with AG (6-4-3) at 0.74 fl oz/M (32 fl oz/acre)

and Soil+Max at 0.74 fl oz/M (32 oz/acre) with surfactant Magnus at 4 fl oz/M. NutriPlant SL will be

applied one time in early spring in 1:1000 solution (32 fl oz/acre).

Fertilizer at 75% of industry standard rate, 28-8-18, at 0.15 lb N/M with AG (6-4-3) at 0.74 fl oz/M (32 fl

oz/acre) and Soil+Max at 0.74 fl oz/M (32 oz/A) with surfactant Magnus at 4 fl oz/M. NutriPlant SL

will be applied one time in early spring in 1:1000 solution (32 fl oz/acre).

Fertilizer 28-8-18, at 0.2 lb N/M with APSA-80 at 5 fl oz/M.

Results, see Table to the right:

Record rainfall in June and July made it very difficult to dry-down the putting green enough to allow surfac-

tant treatment differences to occur. Thus, surface soil moisture remained high (>25%) all summer, with no

treatment differences occurring.

Some minor differences in visual turfgrass quality occurred as the summer progressed, with these differences

23

primarily attributable to less nitrogen applied in the 75% standard fertilizer treatments.

Creeping bentgrass putting green quality and soil moisture (0 to 2 inches) responses to Amway and Cy-

tozyme surfactants and foliar fertilizers


Researchers: E.H. Ervin and Jonathan Dickerson

Sponsors: Amway and Cytozyme Laboratories

Turf Quality Soil Moisture %

Treatment June 20 July 19 Aug 14 June 20 July 16 Aug 15

1: std fert +

Magnus

7.1 6.6 7.5 32 29 30

2: std fert +

AG + APSA

7.3 6.5 6.5 31 29 32

3: 75% std

fert + AG +

APSA

6.8 6.4 6.0 26 27 28

4: std fert +

AG + Soil-

Max + Mag-

nus

7.5 6.4 7.0 32 30 31

5: 75% std

fert + AG +

SoilMax +

Magnus

7.0 6.6 6.4 30 26 27

6: std fert +

APSA

7.3 6.4 7.6 31 30 31

24

Impact of turf fans on golf putting greens.

Objective: Quantify the role of turf fans on the overall health of creeping bentgrass putting greens.

Rationale: Stress to creeping bentgrass during summer months is one of the biggest limiting factors of its suc-

cess in Virginia. Still, it is considered the most desirable species for putting greens worldwide, because of its

uniform appearance and ball roll, density, and color. When soil temperatures rise above 86°F, bentgrass has a

net energy loss with rate of respiration exceeding photosynthesis, resulting in a loss of functionality of roots.

Golf course superintendents utilize various tactics to combat this, including the installation of turf fans. Turf

fans are used to provide much needed air flow in areas with poor circulation. But what is the real benefit… Do

they cool the surface or more importantly, the root zone? Does it aid in maintaining acceptable soil moisture?

How do turf fans impact stress-promoted diseases, such as Pythium root rot? How much of the green is actu-

ally being impacted? There many questions in need of answers. These were some of the questions that led me

to my current research.

Procedures: During the summer of 2013, we spatially evaluated the impacts of turf fans in Richmond. Meas-

urements of soil and canopy temperatures, soil moisture, rooting depth, and maximum wind speeds were col-

lected throughout. Data were collected from six Penn A1/A4 creeping bentgrass putting greens with perma-

nent oscillating 5hp Electric Turf Breeze 50” (TB-50-Premium) (SubAir Systems, LLC, Graniteville, SC) fans

on in-play putting greens. Similar data were collected from three greens without fans to serve as comparisons.

These measurements were compared with mapped geo-referenced reflectance data as an objective measure-

ment of turf quality, that is often more sensitive at detecting stress than the naked eye.

Results: See Figures on the next page. Because of real-world situations, two of three greens with no perma-

nent fans had temporary fans running throughout portions of the season. Additionally, the greens with no per-

manent fans installed were best available matches for the study, but were considered lower risk for stress be-

cause of location and microenvironment. Moisture remained relatively high throughout the season, and was

not impacted by turf fans (Figure 1). Root zone temperature (Figure 2), canopy temperature (Figure 3), and

rooting depth (Figure 4) were all influenced by turf fans, with areas closest to fans being impacted the most.

Reflectance data to quantify plant health have yet to be analyzed. On sampling date of data shown (Figure 5),

average wind speed on greens without fans were consistently around 2mph. Wind speeds on greens with fan

averaged 13mph closest to fans to 4mph at 70ft away.

Location: Willow Oaks Country Club, Richmond, Virginia

Researchers: David McCall, Camden Shelton, and Andrew Landreth

Sponsors: Virginia Turfgrass Foundation, Virginia Ag Council, SubAir Systems, LLC., The Toro Company

Figure 1. Impact of turf fans on soil moisture (1.5 in.) on August 12, 2013.

25

Figure 2. Impact of turf fans on root zone temperature (1.5 in.) on August 12, 2013.

Figure 3. Impact of turf fans on canopy temperature on August 12, 2013.

Figure 4. Impact of turf fans on rooting depth on August 12, 2013.

Figure 5. Average wind speeds at turf canopy on August 12, 2013.

26

Fungicide programs for golf greens.

Objective: Evaluate various fungicide spray programs for their effectiveness at managing summer diseases

and other stress related disorders.

Rationale: Since the majority of golf greens are attacked by multiple diseases at a given time, it is essential for

superintendents to use spray programs that will protect the turfgrass from numerous summer stresses and dis-

eases. With many options available on the market, it is essential to select the proper fungicide at the proper

time. The purpose of this trial was to compare the impact of each spray program on overall turf health and uni-

form playing conditions throughout the summer stress period.

Procedures: Spray programs were evaluated for overall performance and disease management. The site con-

sisted of an established annual bluegrass and ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass golf research green at the

Turfgrass Research Center, Blacksburg. Individual plots were 6 ft x 10 ft (PT1) or 4 ft x 6 ft (PT2) and were

arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. All treatments were initiated on June 7

and were reapplied every 14 days throughout the growing season. All programs were applied at a spray vol-

ume of 2 gal per 1000 ft2 using TeeJet TTI11004VS spray nozzles. All plots received 0.125 lbs of nitrogen per

1000 ft2 every two weeks alternate of fungicides. Turf quality, disease severity, and any observable differences

were assessed weekly. Additionally, objective turf quality was assessed using multispectral radiometry and

geospatially mapped using TurfScout data processing service.

Results: The storyline of 2013 has been the excessive rainfall in most of Virginia. Departure from normal is

currently +16 inches for the year. To date, dollar spot and anthracnose pressure have been very mild at the test

site. Even plots that have not received fungicide have been clean of these diseases for the majority of the sum-

mer. Dollar spot is most severe when soils are maintained below field capacity, which was rare in this study.

Brown patch was active at certain times throughout the season, with most programs providing complete con-

trol. The environment plays a vital role in disease development and plant response. While all diseases may ap-

pear covered with a fungicide program before summer stresses and diseases are present, it will most certainly

require consistent modification throughout the season.

Location: Turfgrass Research Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg.

Researchers: David McCall, Andrew Landreth, and Cam Shelton

Sponsors: BASF, Bayer ES, QualiPro, Suncor, and Syngenta

27

28

Combined applications of entomopathogenic fungi and insecticides for white grub control

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of combined application of two species of entomopathogenic fungi and two

insecticides for masked chafer grub control

Rationale: Entomopathogynic fungi species registered for white grub control are safe means of control, how-

ever, their efficacy against white grub is very low when applied alone. Applications of entomopathogenic

fungi combined with some insecticides have been found to result in synergistic interactions. Such interactions

might make it possible to control pest insects effectively than with a single control agent. This study aims to

determine the efficacy and interactions of combined applications of two insecticides, imidacloprid (Merit) and

chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn), and two species of entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae and

Beauveria bassiana, against masked chafer grubs, Cyclocephala spp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), which is one

of the important pests of turfgrass in Virginia.

Procedures: Two rates of the insecticides (one quarter and one half of the recommended rate), the full recom-

mended rates of both fungi species, and each combination of insecticide plus fungi will be applied in April,

June, August and September. Their efficacy will be compared.

Results: This study has just been started. I do not have any result so far.

Locations: Turfgrass research center, Virginia Tech and Tazewell County Country Club, Tazewell

Researcher: S. Gyawaly, R. R. Youngman and C. Laub

29

Overseeded Bermudagrass Transition with Negate® Herbicide

Objective: To determine if Quali-Pro’s Negate® herbicide is effective for controlling perennial ryegrass in an

overseeded bermudagrass situation and how it compares to industry standards.

Rationale: Spring transitioning of overseeded bermudagrass with herbicides is a common practice among turf

managers. Currently, there are several sulfonylurea herbicides that are effective at controlling perennial rye-

grass, Poa annua and many common broadleaf weeds without injuring established bermudagrass: Monu-

ment® (trifloxysulfuron), Revolver® (foramsulfuron), Katana® (flazasulfuron), Manor® (metsulfuron), and

Tranxit® (rimsulfuron). Quali-Pro’s Negate® herbicide combines the broadleaf weed control of metsulfuron

with the perennial ryegrass control of rimsulfuron to offer a more cost-effective alternative to the bermuda-

grass transitioning market.

Procedures: This trial was initiated on May 29, 2013 on a ‘Patriot’ bermudagrass fairway overseeded with

perennial ryegrass and infested with 3-4% dandelion and 10-15% white clover per 6’ x 6’ plot. Treatments

consisted of one application of QP Negate® (1.5 oz/A), QP rimsulfuron (1.0 oz/A), Monument® (0.35 oz/A),

Revolver® (17 oz/A), and Katana® (1.5 oz/A). All treatments included a nonionic surfactant (0.25% v/v) and

an untreated check was included for comparison.

Results: All treatments controlled perennial ryegrass >92%, 4 WAT, although Monument® was significantly

less with 92% and controlled perennial ryegrass at a slower speed than all other treatments. Katana® and QP

rimsulfuron controlled perennial ryegrass faster, as shown in 7-14 DAT data, than all other treatments but not

significantly better at 4 WAT. All treatments controlled white clover >93%, 4 WAT, but QP rimsulfuron was

slightly less than Negate™, Monument®, and Katana® (100%). All treatments controlled dandelion >95%, 4

WAT. These data suggest that Quali-Pro’s Negate™ herbicide is an effective option for controlling perennial

ryegrass and broadleaf weeds in overseeded bermudagrass, and it performs equivalent to or better than the in-

dustry leading herbicides marketed for this use.

Location: Glade Road Research Facility, Virginia Tech

Researchers: Michael C. Cox and Shawn D. Askew

Sponsors: Quali-Pro

30

Methiozolin Research Update and Ball Roll Demonstration

Objective: To determine which fertility program most effectively aids putting green recovery following either

rapid annual bluegrass removal or an intensive aeration event.

Rationale: Methiozolin (PoaCure) is a new herbicide utilized for the safe and selective removal of annual

bluegrass in creeping bentgrass on putting greens and fairways. This series of experiments focuses on the

most effective means of sward recovery following either rapid removal of annual bluegrass or an intensive

aeration event where 30% of the canopy is removed. After annual bluegrass is removed, preliminary studies

suggest that ball roll uniformity may increase on pure creeping bentgrass compared to annual bluegrass in-

fested turf. Research is now underway to develop methods to measure the influence of several environmental

factors, including annual bluegrass, on ball roll uniformity.

Procedures: Two trials were initiated on March 22, 2012. Trial 1 was conducted at the Virginia Tech Golf

Course and replicated on two separate, push-up style, practice greens maintained at 0.156 in. Trial 1 was a

randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The entire trial was treated with methiozolin at 3.6 fl

oz/1000 ft2 fb 0.6 fl oz/1000 ft2 twice at 2 week intervals in order to facilitate rapid removal of annual blue-

grass.

Trial 2 was conducted at the Turfgrass Research Center (TRC) on a USGA specification L-93 green

that is maintained at 0.125 in. This trial was aerated to remove 30% of the turfgrass canopy on May 5, 2013.

Trial 2 was a split plot design with 4 cultural treatments as main plots and two rates of methiozolin as sub-

plots. Sub-plots contained either no methiozolin or methiozolin applied at 0.6 fl oz/1000 ft2 6 times at 2 week

intervals.

All cultural treatments were the same between trials. The cultural treatments were as follows: no cul-

tural treatment, increased fertility using Bulldog 20-20-20, a commercially available N-P-K product, increased

fertility plus trinexapac-ethyl (Primo) at 0.125 fl oz/1000 ft2 and increased fertility via Floratine biostimulant

products. All fertility treatments were applied every two weeks beginning on April 14, 2013 and plots subject

to increased fertility received an extra 0.125 lb N on top of the normal fertility regime. The biostimulant pro-

gram provided an equal amount of macronutrients to the other increased fertility programs. Light box images,

normalized differential vegetative index (NDVI) and visual ratings were taken weekly for the duration of the

study. Digital images were analyzed for % green pixels using Sigmascan Pro. Statistical analysis was per-

formed using SAS.

Results: Trial 1: There were no interactions between trials, therefore data were pooled. At trial initiation,

turfgrass was dormant and creeping bentgrass cover ranged from 15 to 19%. Turfgrass cover increased ap-

proximately 5% across all treatments each week for the next three weeks. Fertility was applied beginning on

April 14, when turfgrass cover was between 50 to 60%. One week after initiation of cultural treatments, bio-

stimulant treated plots were significantly greener than increased fertility alone and the untreated plot, but not

increased fertility plus Primo. By 6 weeks after initial treatment (WAIT), all increased fertility treatments

were significantly greener than the untreated, but not different from one another. At the conclusion of the trial,

cover in treated plots ranged from 95 to 96%, and 90% in the untreated. This trend continued until the conclu-

sion of the trial 12 WAIT. Area under the progress curve (AUPC) indicated that, over time, plots with in-

creased fertility had significantly better cover than the untreated, supporting the percent green cover data.

These data suggest that increasing fertility following rapid annual bluegrass removal will aid turfgrass recov-

ery. Initially, biostimulant products seem to assist recovery better than commercial fertility alone or with

Primo.

Trial 2: At trial initiation, turfgrass was dormant, and percent green cover ranged from 11 to 20% across the

trial area. One week after initiation of fertility, percent green tissue on treated plots ranged from 72 to 78%,

whereas the untreated plot was 54%. The green was aerated to remove roughly 30% of the turfgrass canopy

31

and topdressed heavily with sand. At 2 weeks after aeration (WAA), biostimulant plots recovered more than

all other treatments. Increased fertility alone increased green cover more than the untreated but not increased

fertility plus Primo. At 3 WAA, all increased fertility treatments increased green cover relative to the un-

treated. At the conclusion of the study, approximately 8 WAA, there were no significant differences between

treatments. These data suggest that methiozolin applications do not influence turfgrass recovery following an

intensive aeration event. Initially, biostimulant products provide an increase in green cover versus increased

fertility alone or with Primo.

The results from both of these studies suggest that increasing fertility of a putting green to recover from

rapid annual bluegrass loss or aeration is not influenced by methiozolin, and that either biostimulants or com-

mercial fertilizers can be used to effectively speed recovery. Biostimulant programs may be advantageous

compared to fertilizer in the first two to three weeks of recovery.

The ball roll demonstration will show some techniques we are currently employing to assess the uni-

formity of multiple golf ball trajectories when rolled across the putting surface under controlled conditions.

We will discuss the different factors that could influence ball roll uniformity and compare uniformity to stimp,

which is a measure of ball speed but does not address the lateral and longitudinal deviation the green may im-

part on the balls intended path.

Location: Virginia Tech Golf Course and Turfgrass Research Center, Virginia Tech

Researchers: K. A. Venner, S. S. Rana, and S. D. Askew

Sponsors: Suk-Jin Koo, Ph.D., CEO of Moghu Research Center, Dajeon, Korea

32

Goosegrass Control and Bermudagrass Tolerance with Low-Rate Pylex™ Programs

Objective: To determine effective application rates and tank mixes with Pylex™ for goosegrass control in

cool-season turf and bermudagrass.

Rationale: Pylex™ (topramezone) is a promising new herbicide from BASF for crabgrass, goosegrass, ber-

mudagrass, and some broadleaf weed control in cool-season turf. It is similar to Tenacity® (mesotrione) in

that it controls many weeds and is safe to many cool-season turfgrasses. Pylex™ can effectively control crab-

grass, goosegrass, and white clover with a single application and is more effective than Tenacity® for bermu-

dagrass control. In non-replicated studies, Pylex™ has controlled mature goosegrass at lower rates, while ber-

mudagrass only appears to be slightly suppressed at these rates. With the lack of effective goosegrass control

programs in bermudagrass, research should determine if lower application rates of Pylex™ will control

goosegrass without sustaining unacceptable injury to bermudagrass turf.

Procedures: These trials were initiated on July 24, 2013 in three locations: 1) a zoysiagrass area infested

with a high population of crabgrass and goosegrass and maintained at lawn height, 2) a fallow area with high

goosegrass and smooth crabgrass pressure, and 3) a strip-killed creeping bentgrass fairway planted with

goosegrass seed in May 2013. Treatments consisted of Pylex™ at 0.005 lb ae/A (0.25 fl oz/A) and (0.011 lb

ae/A) (0.5 fl oz/A) each applied alone or mixed with Turflon® Ester Ultra at 0.125 lb ae/A (4 fl oz/A). All

treatments were applied twice at a 3-week interval. All treatments included a methylated seed oil surfactant

(0.5% v/v), and an untreated check was included for comparison.

A bermudagrass tolerance demo was initiated on August 14 and 20, 2013 in ‘Patriot‘ bermudagrass.

Rates for the demonstration were based on previous studies. Treatments consisted of two applications of

Pylex™ at 0.001 lb ae/A (0.05 fl oz/A), 0.002 lb ae/A (0.1 fl oz/A), 0.003 lb ae/A (0.15 fl oz/A), 0.004 lb ae/A

(0.2 fl oz/A), 0.005 lb ae/A (0.25 fl oz/A), and (0.011 lb ae/A) (0.5 fl oz/A) applied alone and with Turflon®

Ester Ultra at 0.06 lb ae/A (2 fl oz/A) and 0.125 lb ae/A (4 fl oz/A). The nearby bermudagrass variety trial has

received two applications of 0.25 fl oz/A and 0.5 fl oz/A of Pylex™ and Turflon® Ester Ultra at 4 fl oz/A to

date and can be observed for a future comparison with these Pylex™ programs. All treatments included a me-

thylated seed oil surfactant (0.5% v/v). An untreated check was also included for comparison.

Results: Goosegrass Study. All treatments controlled goosegrass greater than 90% by 3 weeks after initial

treatment (WAIT) at the fallow and bentgrass strip-kill locations and greater than 98% by 6 WAIT at the

zoysiagrass location. In the fallow location, Pylex™ at 0.5 fl oz/A with and without Turflon® and Pylex™

alone at 0.25 fl oz/A has controlled goosegrass significantly better than Pylex™ at 0.25 fl oz/A + Turflon®. In

the strip-killed bentgrass location, Pylex™ at 0.5 fl oz/A with and without Turflon® has controlled goosegrass

significantly better than Pylex™ at 0.25 fl oz/A with and without Turflon®. Pylex™ + Turflon® treatments

reduced whitening symptoms significantly more than treatments without Turflon® approximately 7-10 DAT;

however, these differences diminished as plants began to recover. These studies are still in progress, and the

second application for the fallow and strip-killed bentgrass sites was applied on August 14, 2013. At the cur-

rent time, these data suggest that two applications of Pylex™ at either 0.25 or 0.5 fl oz/A is an effective poste-

33

mergent treatment for mature goosegrass, and when combined with Turflon® Ester Ultra will cause minimal

white tissue injury.

Bermudagrass Variety Trial. In the variety trial, ‘Numex Sahara’ and ‘Midlawn’ were not injured above an

acceptable threshold (>30%) from any treatment 2 weeks after initial application. ‘PST-R6FLT’ and

‘PSG91215’ were not injured above 30% from any treatments except Pylex™ alone at 0.5 fl oz/A. Generally,

all other varieties were not tolerant to any treatment except Pylex™ (0.25 fl oz/A) plus Turflon® (4 fl oz/A)

and/or Pylex™ alone at 0.25 fl oz/A. All bermudagrass varieties were injured above the acceptable threshold

two weeks after the second application. By three weeks after the second application, ‘SWI-1113’, ‘Sunsport’,

‘RAD-CD1’, and ‘PSG9Y2OK’ were not injured above 30% from any treatment. The following varieties

were also tolerant to at least three of the treatments (generally all treatments except Pylex™ at 0.5 fl oz/A +

Turflon®): ‘Princess 77’, ‘Numex Sahara’, ‘SWI-1070’, ‘SWI-1081’, ‘SWI-1083’, ‘SWI-1122’, ‘Midlawn’,

‘SWI-1057’, ‘Patriot’, ‘OKS2004-2’, ‘PSG91215’, ‘PSG94524’, ‘IS-CD10’, ‘J-720’, and ‘PSGPROK’. The

following varieties were the least tolerant (generally only tolerant of Pylex™ alone at 0.25 and 0.5 fl oz/A):

‘Riviera’, ‘SWI-1117’, ‘Tifway’, ‘Premier’, ‘BAR7CD5’, ‘PST-R6FLT’, ‘OKC1119’, ‘OKC1134’, ‘IS-01-

201’, ‘Yukon’, ‘Veracruz’, and ‘PSG9BAN’.

These data suggest that although there are several varieties of bermudagrass which recover from

Pylex™ treatments of 0.25 fl oz/A and higher with and without Turflon®, three weeks of recovery is likely

still too long to wait for acceptable turf quality. Research is currently being conducted on lower rates and pos-

sibly more applications of Pylex™ for postemergent goosegrass control. If found to effectively control

goosegrass, Pylex™ rates below 0.25 fl oz/A should be less injurious to bermudagrass; however, at this time

nothing can be recommended as Pylex™ is not labeled for use in bermudagrass.



Sponsors: BASF

34

Metamifop for Goosegrass and Crabgrass Control

Objective: To determine optimal timings and rates of metamifop for goosegrass and/or smooth crabgrass con-

trol and zoysiagrass response.

Rationale: Metamifop is a new herbicide under development in U.S. markets by Summit Agro. Metamifop

controls annual grasses without harming desired crop or cool season turfgrass species. Already marketed in

nine other Asian and six Middle Eastern countries, metamifop shows potential for future expansion to Japan

and North America. Previous research with metamifop has demonstrated effective control of crabgrass in

most cool-season turfgrasses with rates from 200 g ai/ha (27.4 fl oz/A) to 400 g ai/ha (55 fl oz/A) and only one

to two applications. Effective goosegrass control, however, has not been documented in the U. S. with

metamifop. Since metamifop is marketed for goosegrass control in rice in Japan, more research is needed to

further validate this use in the U.S.

Procedures: This trial was initiated on July 28, 2013 in zoysiagrass maintained at lawn height and infested

with 25-50% goosegrass and 30-75% smooth crabgrass per 6’ x 6’ plot. Treatments consisted of two and three

applications of metamifop at 200 g ai/ha (27.4 fl oz/A), 300 g ai/ha (41 fl oz/A), and 400 g ai/ha (55 fl oz/A),

and one application of Acclaim® Extra (fenoxaprop) at 140 g ai/ha (28 fl oz/A) plus a nonionic surfactant at

0.25% v/v. An untreated check was included for comparison. This trial is still ongoing, and the second appli-

cation was applied on August 17, 2013.

Results: At this time, metamifop at 41 and 55 fl oz/A and Acclaim® Extra at 28 fl oz/A has controlled

smooth crabgrass 85-87% and significantly better than metamifop at 27.4 fl oz/A, 3 weeks after initial treat-

ment (WAIT). Neither metamifop nor Acclaim® Extra has controlled goosegrass, as control has not exceeded

13% so far in this study. Acclaim® Extra injured zoysiagrass 20% and significantly more than all other treat-

ments, 3 WAIT. Metamifop has not injured zoysiagrass more than 7% since trial initiation.

Metamifop at 27, 41, and 55 fl oz/A will be applied for the third time on September 8, 2013 to approxi-

mately half of the plots to assess any differences between two and three applications of metamifop. At this

time, these data suggest that one application of metamifop at 41 and 55 fl oz/A is effective at controlling

smooth crabgrass and equivalent to Acclaim® Extra at 28 fl oz/A; however, metamifop appears to be much

safer to zoysiagrass than Acclaim® Extra. None of the treatments appear to control goosegrass.



Sponsors: Summit Agro

35

Preemergence Crabgrass Control with Quali-Pro Products

Objective: To compare preemergence liquid formulations of Quali-Pro (QP) products for efficacy against

smooth crabgrass and selectivity in cool- and warm-season turfgrass.

Rationale: Crabgrass is considered one of the most troublesome weeds in turfgrass. There are several

preemergence herbicide options available in both granular and liquid formulations. Liquid formulation Quali-

Pro products were compared against current industry standards.

Procedures: Trials were initiated in fairway height perennial ryegrass and bermudagrass on April 4th. Treat-

ments in bermudagrass were as follows: QP dithiopyr at 16 and 32 fl oz/ac, QP oxadiazon at 121 fl oz/ac, and

QP prodiamine at 32 fl oz/ac compared to industry standard dithiopyr at 16 and 32 fl oz/ ac, oxadiazon at 121

fl oz/ ac, and prodiamine at 32 fl oz/ ac. Dithiopyr applications at 16 fl oz/ac had a sequential application of

the same rate 7 weeks after initial treatment (WAIT). In perennial ryegrass, all treatments were the same ex-

cept for the exclusion of oxadiazon. A non-treated check was included for comparison. Any injury to the

turfgrass was rated 1 week after treatment (WAT). Crabgrass control was or will be rated 3, 4, and 5 months

after the initial treatment (MAIT). Late season ratings are still on-going.

Results: Oxadiazon injured bermudagrass approximately 40% 1 WAIT, but turf recovered quickly. Dithiopyr

injured perennial ryegrass 7% and other treatments did not injure perennial ryegrass. In bermudagrass, crab-

grass control was excellent. At 3 MAIT, all treatments controlled crabgrass 96% or better. At 4 MAIT, appli-

cations of dithiopyr at 16 fl oz/ac, QP oxadiazon, QP prodiamine, and industry standard dithiopyr at 32 fl oz/ac

controlled crabgrass 93% or better. Industry standard prodiamine controlled crabgrass 88%, and QP dithiopyr

at 32 fl oz/ ac controlled crabgrass 82%. The best control 4 MAIT in bermudagrass was dithiopyr at 16 fl oz/

ac; both treatments controlled crabgrass 98-100%. In perennial ryegrass, crabgrass control 3 MAIT was 100%

for all treatments. At 4 MAIT, QP prodiamine controlled crabgrass 82%; all other treatments maintained

100% control.

Location: Glade Road Research Facility and Turfgrass Research Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA

Researchers: A.N. Smith and S.D. Askew

Sponsors: Quali-Pro

36

Postemergence and Residual Crabgrass Control with Cavalcade PQ

Objective: Evaluate the performance of Cavalcade and Cavalcade PQ at varying rates against industry stan-

dards for smooth crabgrass and broadleaf weed control.

Rationale: Quinclorac is a postemergence control option for crabgrass in cool-season turfgrass. Preemer-

gence products containing quinclorac (such as Cavalcade PQ) allow some flexibility in application by combin-

ing preemergence residual control with early postemergence crabgrass control from quinclorac. Products con-

taining prodiamine and quinclorac were compared for efficacy.

Procedures: Trails were initiated in fairway height perennial ryegrass and on June 12th and July 9th. On June

12th, smooth crabgrass was 3-4 leaf stage. On July 9th, smooth crabgrass was 1-2 tiller stage. Treatments were

as follows: Cavalcade at 0.37 oz/ 1000 ft2, Cavalcade PQ at 0.85 oz/ 1000 ft2, industry standard quinclorac at

0.365 oz/ 1000 ft2, industry standard prodiamine at 1.5 fl oz/ 1000 ft2, Cavalcade PQ at 0.7 oz/ 1000 ft2, and

Cavalcade PQ at 0.7 oz/ 1000 ft2 with methylated seed oil (MSO) at 0.55 fl oz/ 1000 ft2. A non-treated check

was included for comparison. Crabgrass and broadleaf control was rated 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks

after treatment (WAT). Late season ratings are still on-going.

Results: In 3-4 leaf stage crabgrass, initial control was excellent for all products containing quinclorac. At 2

WAT, products containing quinclorac controlled crabgrass 91% or better. The best control was 100% from

Cavalcade PQ + MSO and industry standard quinclorac. Industry standard prodiamine controlled crabgrass

25%. At 4 WAT, products containing quinclorac controlled crabgrass 99% or better. Industry standard

prodiamine controlled crabgrass 94%. At 8 WAT, industry standard quinclorac and prodiamine alone con-

trolled crabgrass 78%. Cavalcade did not provide sufficient control. Cavalcade PQ at both evaluated rates and

with MSO controlled crabgrass 94-98%. The same treatments controlled white clover 100% and common

dandelion 88-98%.

In 1-2 tiller crabgrass, prodiamine alone treatments provided minimal control of crabgrass; only treatments

containing quinclorac controlled crabgrass. At 1 WAT, industry standard quinclorac and Cavalcade PQ con-

trolled crabgrass 81-86%. At 2 WAT, crabgrass control ranged from 81-93%. Cavalcade PQ at 0.85 oz/ 1000

ft2 controlled crabgrass 93%. At 4 WAT, crabgrass control ranged from 73-89%. Industry standard quinclorac

controlled crabgrass 86%. Cavalcade PQ at 0.7 oz/ 1000 ft2 controlled crabgrass 73%. Cavalcade PQ at 0.7

oz/ 1000 ft2 + MSO and Cavalcade PQ at 0.85 oz/ 1000 ft2 controlled crabgrass 88 and 89%, respectively. The

results suggest that the inclusion of MSO to Cavalcade PQ at a low rate can provide sufficient control of

smooth crabgrass and can significantly increase crabgrass control when applied on more mature crabgrass.

Location: Glade Road Research Facility and Turfgrass Research Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA

Researchers: A.N. Smith and S.D. Askew

Sponsors: Sipcam Advan

37

Performance of Quinclorac Formulations for Smooth Crabgrass Control in Cool-Season

Turf

Objective: To compare the efficacy of different quinclorac formulations, against fenoxaprop, for smooth crab-

grass control in perennial ryegrass.

Rationale: Smooth crabgrass is among the most common and invasive weeds in turfgrasses. Currently, many

herbicides are registered for preemergence (PRE) control of crabgrass. However, only four herbicides can be

used for postemergence (POST) crabgrass control. With the loss of MSMA as a POST, control options are

even more limited. Quinclorac is the active ingredient in Quali-Pro Quinclorac 1.5 L, Quali-Pro Quinclorac 75

DF, and Drive XLR8. Whereas, fenoxaprop is the active ingredient in Acclaim Extra. The liquid formulations

(Quali-Pro Quinclorac 1.5 L, Drive XLR8, and Acclaim Extra) have improved mixing and handling over the

wettable powder formulation (Quali-Pro Quinclorac 75 DF). Moreover, liquid formulations may stay in solu-

tion in cold water even with minimal agitation.

Procedures: A study was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and initiated on

July 25, 2013, in Blacksburg,VA. Perennial ryegrass turf was mown at 0.6 inches. Treatments included Quali

-Pro Quinclorac 75 DF at 16 oz wt/A, Quali-Pro Quinclorac 1.5 L and Drive XLR8 at 64 fl oz/A, and Acclaim

Extra at 21.1 fl oz/A. All treatments included methylated seed oil adjuvant at 0.25% by volume. Treatments

were applied to mature smooth crabgrass (³4 tillers). Ratings included turfgrass injury and smooth crabgrass

control.

Results: Herbicide treatments did not injure perennial ryegrass. At 2 WAT, QP Quinclorac 75 DF and Ac-

claim Extra controlled smooth crabgrass 77 and 68%, respectively, and less than QP Quinclorac 1.5 L and

Drive XLR8, which both controlled smooth crabgrass 94 to 95%. At 3 WAT, QP Quinclorac 75 DF controlled

smooth crabgrass 53% and less than all other treatments (>90%).

These data suggest liquid quinclorac formulations can perform better than dry formulations and equivalent to

Acclaim Extra. Previous studies suggest dry flowable quinclorac formulations require methylated seed oil

(MSO) adjuvant at 0.5 to 1.0% by volume and may not perform well under conditions of limited foliar absorp-

tion. In this study, MSO was included at 0.25% by volume to simulate conditions of limited absorption. To

improve performance of dry flowable quinclorac, practitioners should increase the MSO rate to 0.5 to 1.0% by

volume.

Location: Virginia Tech’s Turfgrass Research Center, Blacksburg, VA

Researchers: S. S. Rana and S. D. Askew

38

Can Pylex™ selectively control bermudagrass in bentgrass?

Objective: To determine whether or not Pylex™ (topramezone) can selectively control bermudagrass in

creeping bentgrass with rates ranging from 0.25 oz to 1.0 oz per acre.

Rationale: Previous research has shown that applications of Pylex™ control many weeds safely and effec-

tively in cool-season turfgrass species, with the exception of creeping bentgrass. Unlike mesotrione, which is

used to control creeping bentgrass, topramezone, the active ingredient in Pylex, has been found to have some

safety to creeping bentgrass when applied at low rates. Pylex™ has also been found to selectively control ber-

mudagrass in cool-season turfgrass species. In this study, a range of rates was evaluated in fairway height

creeping bentgrass to determine which rates selectively and safely control bermudagrass in creeping bentgrass.

Procedures: A completely randomized factorial study was conducted on a mixed creeping bentgrass main-

tained at 0.75 inches at TRC and a L-93 fairway maintained at 0.6 inch at the Glade Road Research Facility.

A 12-inch strip of ‘Midiron’ bermudagrass was sodded into the center of each plot at TRC to assess both safety

on creeping bentgrass and control of bermudagrass. Pylex™ was applied at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 oz/A three

times at 3 week intervals on 3 ft by 6 ft subplots and initiated at three timings (spring, summer and late sum-

mer), which served as main plots. Initial applications were made on June 1, July 1 and August 17. Applica-

tions were made with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 30 gallons per acre. Methylated

seed oil was included with each treatment at 0.5% v/v. An untreated check was included in each trial for com-

parison.

Results: At 24 DAT, bermudagrass was controlled between 61 to 69% in 0.5 and 0.1 oz/A, respectively. The

lowest application rate did not control bermudagrass. By August 15, spring applications of Pylex™at all rates

did not control bermudagrass. Summer applications concluded on August 12, and were controlling bermuda-

grass between 13 and 33%. All treatments injured bentgrass 10 days after initial treatment (DAT). Pylex ap-

plied at 0.75 and 1 oz/A injured creeping bentgrass 82 and 77%, respectively whereas applications made at 0.5

oz/A injured creeping bentgrass 57%. Applications made at 0.25 oz/A injured creeping bentgrass 20% and

below the minimally acceptable level. At 14 (DAT), injury symptoms were no longer visible. The spring ap-

plication regime of Pylex at 0.75 and 1.0 oz/A reduced turf cover. These results suggest that not only do rates

higher than 0.25 oz/A reduce turfgrass cover over time, they cause unacceptable levels of injury to turfgrass

during treatment. Although rates of 0.25 oz Pylex per acre appear to be safe enough to use in creeping bent-

grass, they do not appear to control bermudagrass.

Location: Glade Road Research Facility, Virginia Tech

Researchers: K. A. Venner, S. D. Askew and K. Miller

Sponsors: BASF Crop Protection

39

Compost incorporation and microclover overseeding in established ‘Yukon’ bermuda-

grass

Objective: Evaluation of methods to introduce microclover into an existing ‘Yukon’ bermudagrass lawn both

with and without the compost topdressing.

Rationale: Incorporating compost and microclover into an established stand of bermudagrass should improve

the quality, color, quality, and green-up of the bermudagrass.

Procedures: Plots measuring 15 feet by 15 feet were arranged in a randomized complete block on an eight

year-old stand of ‘Yukon’ bermudagrass. Verticutting of the plots occurred on September 5, 2012. Compost

was added to plots and raked in on September 7, 2012. The plots were aerated that same afternoon. Plots re-

ceiving microclover were seeded on September 10, 2012. A March 2013 preemergence application of Pendu-

lum 2G (1.5 lbs pendimethalin per acre) and a late April application of Dimension 2EW (0.25 lbs dithiopyr per

acre) was made for crabgrass control. Plots were mowed twice per week at 2 inches. Half of each plot re-

ceived 0.5 lb N per 1000 feet2 on June 13, 2013 using a 30-0-10 fertilizer containing 30% sulfur-coated urea.

Plots were evaluated visually in April, May, and June.

Results: Microclover cover increased in both treatments where microclover was seeded, with compost addi-

tion increasing the amount of microclover compared to no compost. The compost also increased the color rat-

ings of the turfgrass. However, the microclover stand did decrease the quality of the turfgrass due to the spo-

radic nature of the microclover, causing non-uniformity

Location: Virginia Tech’s Hampton Roads Ag. Research and Extension Center, Virginia Beach

Researchers: Jeffrey Derr, Adam Nichols, and Mike Goatley

Sponsors: Chesapeake Bay Stewardship Fund, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation

Mean percent microclover cover during the second

quarter 2013.

Trt No. Treatment

1 Compost 0 c 0 c 1 c

No Microclover

2 Compost 44 a 50 a 53 a

Microclover

3 No Compost 0 c 0 c 0 c

No Microclover

4 No Compost 23 b 26 b 30 b

Microclover

Percent Microclover Cover

%

April May June

LSD (P=.05) 14 10 11

Mean bermudagrass quality and color during the

second quarter 2013.

Trt No. Treatment

1 Compost 4.5 a 4.9 b 6.1 a 7.0 b

No Microclover

2 Compost 4.5 a 5.1 ab 6.4 a 8.1 a

Microclover

3 No Compost 4.8 a 5.5 a 5.1 a 6.3 c

No Microclover

4 No Compost 4.0 b 5.0 b 5.6 a 6.9 b

Microclover

1.0 0.5LSD (P=.05) 0.4 0.4

Turfgrass Quality

(1-9, 9 = Best Quality)

May June

(1-9, 9 = Darkest Green)

May June

Turfgrass Color

40

Compost incorporation and microclover overseeding at seeding of ‘Yukon’ bermudagrass

Objective: Evaluation of methods to introduce microclover at seeding time of ‘Yukon’ bermudagrass lawn

both with and without compost topdressing.

Rationale: Incorporating compost and microclover with bermudagrass seeding should improve the quality,

color, quality, and green-up of the bermudagrass. Compost incorporation should improve water infiltration

rates.

Procedures: Plots measuring 15 feet by 20 feet were arranged in a randomized complete block on a tilled area

that had received several applications of Roundup ProMax prior to the tilling to remove any previous vegeta-

tion. Plots receiving compost had two inches of the material spread evenly over the surface and then tilled in

with the native soil on June 29, 2012. Plots were seeded on July 2, 2012 with either 2 lbs ‘Yukon’ bermuda-

grass seed per 1000 feet2 or 1.9 lbs per 1000 feet2 ‘Yukon’ bermudagrass seed plus 0.1 lbs microclover seed

per 1000 feet2. The plots were then overhead irrigated. Half of each plots received 0.5 lb N per 1000 feet2 on

August 22, 2012 using a 30-0-10 fertilizer containing 30% sulfur-coated urea.

A March 2013 preemergence application of Pendulum 2G (1.5 lbs pendimethalin per acre) and a late April ap-

plication of Dimension 2EW (0.25 lbs dithiopyr per acre) was made for crabgrass control. Plots were mowed

twice per week at 2 inches. Half of each plot received 0.5 lb N per 1000 feet2 on June 13, 2013 using a 30-0-

10 fertilizer containing 30% sulfur-coated urea. Plots were evaluated visually in April, May, and June. Initial

infiltration data was collected in July.

Results: The preemergence herbicides controlled crabgrass, which had hindered the 2012 grow-in of ‘Yukon’

bermudagrass. Bermudagrass cover therefore increased from April 2013 to June 2013 in all four treatments,

with the highest cover in the compost plots. However, the reduction in summer annual weeds also allowed an

increase in the natural population of white clover to increase and become more prevalent. As hypothesized in

the research goals and objectives, incorporating compost prior to seeding has increased turfgrass quality, color,

and density. Preliminary infiltration results showed the benefits of incorporating compost prior to establish-

ment.


Researchers: Jeffrey Derr, Adam Nichols, and Mike Goatley

Sponsors: Chesapeake Bay Stewardship Fund, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation

41

Mean percent turfgrass cover and clover cover during the second quarter 2013.

Mean bermudagrass quality, color, and density for Trial 3 during the second quarter 2013.

Preliminary infiltration rates for 2013.

Trt No. Treatment

1 Compost 36 a 58 a 79 a 5 a 9 b 10 b

2 Compost + 40 a 60 a 78 a 17 a 15 b 16 b

Microclover

3 No Compost + 6 b 17 b 28 b 16 a 58 a 55 a

4 No Compost + 1 b 6 b 16 b 14 a 75 a 71 a

Microclover

Percent Turfgrass Cover

(%)

Percent Clover Cover

(%)

LSD (P=.05) 22 20 21 21 23 22

JuneMayApril May June April

Trt No. Treatment

1 Compost 5.0 a 5.9 a 6.5 a 8.0 a 5.3 a 5.9 a

2 Compost + 4.5 a 5.9 a 6.4 ab 8.0 a 5.3 a 6.1 a

Microclover

3 No Compost 2.4 b 2.6 b 4.9 c 6.8 a 2.6 b 3.0 b

4 No Compost + 2.0 b 2.3 b 5.4 bc 7.0 a 1.8 b 2.3 b

Microclover

1.6LSD (P=.05)

JuneMay June May June May

1.6 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.8

Turfgrass Density

(1-9, 9 = Best Quality) (1-9, 9 = Darkest Green) (1-9, 9 = Most Dense)

Turfgrass Quality Turfgrass Color

Infiltration

cm hr-1

Trt No. Treatment July

1 Compost 20.10

2 Compost + 20.38

Microclover

3 No Compost 3.98

4 No Compost + 6.46

Microclover

42

Winter annual postemergence weed control in dormant bermudagrass

Objective: Evaluate the postemergence control of annual bluegrass and henbit, and the preemergence control

of crabgrass of various herbicides

Rationale: To determine the effectiveness of SureGuard applied along or with glyphosate for winter weed

control in dormant bermudagrass.

Procedures: Treatment applications were made on February 12, 2013. Air temperature was 59°F, 26% rela-

tive humidity, 7 MPH west winds, and no cloud cover. All treatments were irrigated the next day.

Results: Katana, Monument, and SureGuard plus Roundup ProMax provided excellent control of annual

bluegrass, while the other herbicide treatments gave unacceptable control. SureGuard plus Roundup ProMax

provided faster annual bluegrass control compared to other treatments. All herbicide treatments controlled

henbit. No bermudagrass injury was observed.


Researchers: Jeffrey Derr and Adam Nichols

Sponsors: Virginia Turfgrass Foundation, Virginia Turfgrass Council

Reps: 4 Plots: 6' x 10'

Trt Treatment

No. Name

1 Untreated

2 SureGuard 0.25 lb ai/a 8 oz/A

X-77 (NIS) 0.25 % v/v


X-77 0.25 % v/v

4 Xonerate 0.22 lb ai/a 5 oz/A

X-77 0.25 % v/v

5 Katana 0.047 lb ai/a 3 oz/A

X-77 0.25 % v/v

6 Monument 0.025 lb ai/a 0.5 oz/A

X-77 0.25 % v/v

7 Revolver 0.026 lb ai/a 17.5 fl oz/A


Roundup ProMax 0.56 lb ae/a 1 pt/A

X-77 0.25 % v/v

Rate 1 Rate 2

43

Mean annual bluegrass control following treatment (DAT = Days after treatment)

Mean Henbit control following treatment

Trt

No.

1 0 d 0 d 4 d 0 d 0 d 0 d

2 23 bc 35 b 48 b 21 c 24 c 13 d

3 25 b 37 b 43 b 30 c 30 c 43 c

4 14 c 23 c 13 cd 3 d 0 d 3 d

5 14 c 21 c 23 c 50 b 80 b 94 a

6 1 d 4 d 11 cd 50 b 80 b 90 a

7 0 d 5 d 16 cd 48 b 69 b 58 b

8 38 a 63 a 95 a 99 a 100 a 100 a

LSD (P=.05)

Annual bluegrass Control (%)

1311 11 14 8 12

64 DAT8 DAT 15 DAT 27 DAT 38 DAT 49 DAT

Trt

No.

1 0 c 0 d 0 c 0 c 0 c 0 b

2 38 a 83 ab 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a

3 40 a 80 ab 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a

4 19 b 56 bc 88 a 96 b 86 b 100 a

5 13 bc 41 c 97 a 100 a 100 a 100 a

6 0 c 8 d 81 a 99 ab 100 a 100 a

7 0 c 9 d 58 b 96 b 100 a 99 a

8 25 ab 91 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a

LSD (P=.05)

Henbit Control (%)

116 27 22 2 13

64 DAT8 DAT 15 DAT 27 DAT 38 DAT 49 DAT

44

Winter annual control in dormant bermudagrass with Scythe

Objective: Evaluate varying rates of Scythe and experimental compounds versus common herbicides for their

postemergence winter annual control in dormant bermudagrass, and the effects they have on spring green-up.

Rationale: Scythe should provide rapid weed control with no injury to bermudagrass when applied to dor-

mant turf.

Procedures: Treatments were applied on March 15, 2013. Weather conditions were 44°F, 40% relative hu-

midity, 3.5 MPH west-southwest winds, and clear skies. Henbit, common chickweed, annual bluegrass 2 to 5

inches tall

Spray volume - Scythe treatments 100 gal/A, other treatments 25 gal/A

Results: Scythe caused a rapid burn on all 3 weed species by 3 DAT, with good control of all weed species at

7 DAT for the 3 higher rates. Control decreased as regrowth was noted by 13 DAT, though, especially for an-

nual bluegrass and common chickweed. Control may have been higher if weeds were treated when smaller,

and if air temperature was higher at application. Roundup ProMax and Finale gave the overall highest level

of weed control in this trial, although control was much slower to develop compared to Scythe, especially for

Roundup ProMax. No treatment adversely affected bermudagrass greenup. Any decreases in bermudagrass

quality were due to weed infestations.


Researchers: Jeffrey Derr and Adam Nichols

Sponsors: Gowan, Virginia Turfgrass Foundation, Virginia Turfgrass Council

45

46

47

48

NTEP Turfgrass Cultivar Management Programs

Objective: Evaluate turfgrass cultivars for quality, performance, and overall adaptability as turfgrasses for

functional, recreational, and aesthetic uses in Virginia.

Procedure: The following table lists the parameters under which each test is maintained. All quality ratings

are on a scale of 1 to 9 with 9 as “best” (a rating of 5 indicates acceptable turf). To determine statistical differ-

ences among entries, subtract one entry’s mean from another entry’s mean in the same column and if the dif-

ference is greater than the corresponding Least Significant Difference (LSD) value at the bottom of the col-

umn, then the treatments are significantly different at a 95% confidence level.

Results: Please visit the NTEP web site at: http://www.ntep.org/ for results from these sites as well as those

from various areas across the country.

Researchers: Michael Goatley, Erik Ervin, and Whitnee Askew

Cultivar Trial Entries Mowing

Height

N fertility program

2008 Bentgrass 19 (green)

23 (fairway)

0.140”

0.5”

4 lbs N/M/yr

Treated by Golf Course

2008 Fine Fescue 25 2-3” 1-3 lbs/1000 sq ft annually

2010 Perennial Ryegrass 88 1-2” 0.5-1 lbs/1000 sq ft/growing mo

2011 KY Bluegrass 82 2” 2-4 lbs/1000 sq ft annually

2012 Tall Fescue 116 3” 2-4 lbs/1000 sq ft annually

2013 Bermudagrass 37 1.5” 1 lb/1000 sq ft/growing month

49


2013 NTEP Bermudagrass Trial

2013 NTEP Bermudagrass Trial

Cooperators: Dr. J. Michael Goatley and Whitnee Askew

Location: Virginia Tech Turf Research Center

Entry Variety Rep 1 Plot #

Rep 2 Plot #

Rep 3 Plot # Entry Variety

Rep 1 Plot #

Rep 2 Plot #

Rep 3 Plot #

1 Tifway 113 201 315 20 12-TSB-1 104 220 326

2 Latitude 36 135 202 301 21 MSB 281 109 221 319

3 Patriot 129 203 325 22 11-T-251 124 222 316

4 Celebration 105 204 306 23 11-T-510 106 223 312

5 NuMex-Sahara 126 205 320 24 DT-1 127 224 324

6 Princess 77 118 206 305 25 FAES 1325 102 225 327

7 MBG 002 112 207 329 26 FAES 1326 121 226 321

8 OKS 2009-3 131 208 335 27 FAES 1327 103 227 332

9 OKS-2011-1 137 209 304 28 PST-R6P0 107 228 323

10 OKS 2011-4 136 210 322 29 PST-R6T9S 130 229 307

11 JSC 2-21-1-v 133 211 337 30 PST-R6CT 128 230 331

12 JSC 2-21-18-v 125 212 314 31 Bar C291 101 231 302

13 JSC 2007-8-s 119 213 308 32 OKC 1131 108 232 311

14 JSC 2007-13-s 122 214 336 33 OKC 1163 114 233 313

15 JSC 2009-2-s 115 215 333 34 OKC 1302 132 234 318

16 JSC 2009-6-s 123 216 303 35 Astro 116 235 317

17 Riviera 117 217 330 36 Wayland 111 236 310

18 Yukon 134 218 309 37 Goodyear 110 237 334

19 North Shore SLT 120 219 328

50

Creeping bentgrass putting green NTEP trial

Objective: Evaluate standard cultivars against new lines of bentgrasses for adaptation to SW Virginia over a 5 year period.

Rationale: As golf course budgets continue to tighten, cultivar selection can play a key long-term role in reducing maintenance

costs in terms of fungicide, irrigation, and thatch control needs. This NTEP trial will provide critical selection information.

Procedures: The putting green trial was seeded onto a fresh 90% sand/10% peat rootzone meeting USGA specifications on Septem-

ber 29, 2008.

The putting green trial is mowed 5x/week at 0.125”; solid-tined and sand-topdressed in April and October; fertilized with approxi-

mately 4 lbs N/M/yr. Dollar spot is allowed to develop over the summer, rated, and then curatively controlled; other than this 6-wk

period, diseases are controlled preventively. Entry

No. Name Species Sponsor

* 1 Penncross creeping Standard entry

* 2 Penn A-1 creeping Standard entry

* 3 SR 7200 velvet Standard entry

* 4 Declaration creeping Standard entry

* 5 Proclamation creeping Lebanon Seaboard Corp.

* 6 L-93 creeping Standard entry

* 7 T-1 creeping Jacklin Seed by Simplot

* 8 Alpha creeping Jacklin Seed by Simplot

* 9 Penn A-2 creeping John Deere Landscapes

10 Barracuda creeping Mountain View Seeds

* 11 Luminary creeping The Scotts Company

12 AFM creeping John Deere Landscapes

* 13 Authority creeping John Deere Landscapes

* 14 Focus creeping Seed Research of Oregon

15 SRP-1BLTR3 creeping Seed Research of Oregon

* 16 Pure Distinction creeping Penncross Bentgrass Assoc.

* 17 V8 creeping Jacklin Seed by Simplot

* 18 Pin-up creeping ProSeeds Marketing

* 19 Villa velvet Standard entry

* COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE IN THE USA IN 2013.

Comments on Results: The most consistent performers in the putting

green trial in Blacksburg and Pinehurst (top 5

(and ties) in August averaged across both sites)

have been Pin-up, Barracuda, V8, Alpha, Lu-

minary, Focus, Authority, and Proclamation.

Notice that all these are new cultivars except

Penn A1. Reasons for entries not doing well

include being not as tolerant to dollar spot and

inability to maintain summer density and uni-

formity under close mowing. When averaged

over the whole year some other cultivars rank

high also, but were not listed above due to lower

overall summer performance.

Locations: Turfgrass Research Center, Blacks-

burg, VA.

Researchers: E.H. Ervin and J. Dickerson

Sponsors: National Turfgrass Evaluation Pro-

gram

51

52


2010 NTEP Perennial Ryegrass Trial

Southgate


Location: Turf Research Center – Blacksburg, VA

Cooperator: Dr. J. Mike Goatley and Whitnee Askew


Rep 2 Plot #


Rep 1 Plot #

Rep 2 Plot #

Rep 3 Plot #

1 Rinovo 101 201 314 17 Sienna 149 217 374

2 CL 11701 103 202 317 18 Brightstar SLT 153 218 378

3 Pizzazz 2 GLR 105 203 320 19 CL 307 157 219 382

4 Pangea GLR 107 204 323 20 APR 2320 161 220 386

5 APR 2036 109 205 326 21 Haven 165 221 337

6 Linn 111 206 329 22 PPG-PR 121 169 222 341

7 Uno 114 207 332 23 PPG-PR 128 173 223 346

8 DLF LGD-3026 117 208 335 24 PPG-PR 133 177 224 351

9 DLF LGD-3022 120 209 339 25 PPG-PR 134 181 225 355

10 Sideways 123 210 344 26 LTP-PR 135 185 226 359

11 Wicked 126 211 349 27 PPG-PR 136 142 227 363

12 Playoff 2 129 212 353 28 PPG-PR 137 146 228 367

13 Evolution 133 213 357 29 PPG-PR 138 150 229 371

14 LTP-RAE 137 214 362 30 PPG-PR 140 154 230 375

15 Allante 141 215 366 31 PPG-PR 142 158 231 379

16 Insight 145 216 370 32 PPG-PR 143 162 232 383

101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127

1 60 2 61 3 62 4 63 5 64 6 39 65 7 40 66 8 41 67 9 42 68 10 43 69 11 44

128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154

70 12 45 71 86 13 46 72 87 14 47 73 88 15 27 48 74 16 28 49 75 17 29 50 76 18 30

155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181

51 77 19 31 52 78 20 32 53 79 21 33 54 80 22 34 55 81 23 35 56 82 24 36 57 83 25

182 183 184 185 186 187 188 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220

37 58 84 26 38 59 85 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274

48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74

275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313

75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 57 83 58 84 59 85 60 86 61 87 62 46 88

314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340

1 63 47 2 64 48 3 65 49 4 66 50 5 67 51 6 68 52 7 69 53 8 70 21 54 9 71

341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367

22 34 55 10 72 23 35 56 11 73 24 36 12 74 25 37 13 75 26 38 39 14 27 76 40 15 28

368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388

77 41 16 29 78 42 17 30 79 43 18 31 80 44 19 32 81 45 20 33 82

53






Rep 2 Plot #


Rep 1 Plot #

Rep 2 Plot #

Rep 3 Plot #

33 PPG-PR 164 166 233 387 71 PST-2MG7 131 271 340

34 PPG-PR 165 170 234 342 72 PST-2TQL 135 272 345

35 BAR Lp 10969 174 235 347 73 Dominator 139 273 350

36 BAR Lp 10972 178 236 352 74 PST-2MAGS 144 274 354

37 BAR Lp 10970 182 237 356 75 PST-2K9 148 275 358

38 2NJK 186 238 360 76 PST-2BNS 152 276 364

39 BAR Lp 7608 112 239 361 77 PST-2ACR 156 277 368

40 Pinnacle 115 240 365 78 Rio Vista 160 278 372

41 APR 2445 118 241 369 79 Octane 164 279 376

42 Fiesta 4 121 242 373 80 Bonneville 168 280 380

43 GO-G37 124 243 377 81 PSRX-4CAGL 172 281 384

44 CS-20 127 244 381 82 GO-DHS 176 282 388

45 ISG-36 130 245 385 83 GO-PR60 180 283 302

46 ISG-31 134 246 312 84 Sox Fan 184 284 304

47 A-35 138 247 316 85 PRX-4GM1 188 285 306

48 CS-PR66 143 248 319 86 SRX-4MSH 132 286 308

49 CST 147 249 322 87 Pick 4DFHM 136 287 310

50 JR-178 151 250 325 88 Palmer V 140 288 313

51 JR-192 155 251 328

52 SR 4650 159 252 331

53 Karma 163 253 334

54 Mach I 167 254 338

55 RAD-PR62 171 255 343

56 RAD-PR55R 175 256 348

57 IS-PR 409 179 257 301

58 IS-PR 463 183 258 303

59 IS-PR 469 187 259 305

60 IS-PR 479 102 260 307

61 IS-PR 487 104 261 309

62 IS-PR 488 106 262 311

63 IS-PR 489 108 263 315

64 IS-PR 491 110 264 318

65 IS-PR 492 113 265 321

66 DLF LGT 4182 116 266 324

67 ISG-30 119 267 327

68 PST-204D 122 268 330

69 PST-2NKM 125 269 333

70 PST-2DR9 128 270 336

54

55

56

2012 NTEP Tall Fescue Trial




Rep 2 Plot #


Rep 1 Plot #

Rep 2 Plot #

Rep 3 Plot #

1 Terrano 1037 2001 3100 16 JS 819 1098 2016 3029

2 KY-31 1020 2002 3096 17 JS 818 1079 2017 3113

3 Regenerate 1013 2003 3068 18 JS 809 1105 2018 3071

4 Fesnova 1044 2004 3112 19 JS 916 1015 2019 3001

5 ZW 44 1068 2005 3063 20 JS 825 1084 2020 3057

6 W45 1008 2006 3025 21 MET 1 1112 2021 3043

7 U43 1092 2007 3082 22 F711 1104 2022 3088

8 LSD 1032 2008 3040 23 IS-TF 291 1109 2023 3099

9 Aquaduct 1025 2009 3075 24 IS- TF 276 M2 1049 2024 3061

10 Catalyst 1080 2010 3054 25 IS- TF 305 SEL 1054 2025 3109

11 Marauder 1056 2011 3110 26 IS- TF 269 SEL 1007 2026 3012

12 Warhawk 1043 2012 3015 27 IS- TF 282 M2 1042 2027 3093

13 Annihilator 1029 2013 3085 28 IS- TF 284 M2 1018 2028 3049

14 Comp. Res. SST 1001 2014 3116 29 QR-21 1021 2029 3097

15 204 Res. Blk4 1101 2015 3102 30 TY 10 1006 2030 3066



57





Rep 2 Plot #


Rep 1 Plot #

Rep 2 Plot #

Rep 3 Plot #

31 Exp TF-09 1030 2031 3027 74 PSG-GSD 1116 2074 3091

32 SRX-TPC 1063 2032 3073 75 PSG-8BP2 1011 2075 3009

33 PSG-WE1 1066 2033 3107 76 PSG-TT4 1052 2076 3114

34 Pick-W43 1035 2034 3024 77 Faith 1085 2077 3026

35 Grade 3 1094 2035 3036 78 K12-13 1048 2078 3103

36 PSG-PO1 1034 2036 3013 79 K12-05 1107 2079 3003

37 U45 1058 2037 3078 80 PPG-TF-156 1023 2080 3065

38 B23 1010 2038 3050 81 PPG-TF-157 1014 2081 3105

39 ATF 1612 1038 2039 3111 82 PPG-TF-169 1047 2082 3037

40 ATF 1704 1070 2040 3008 83 PPG-TF-170 1095 2083 3028

41 Burl TF-2 1106 2041 3032 84 PPG-TF-137 1093 2084 3042

42 Burl TF-136 1046 2042 3004 85 PPG-TF-135 1040 2085 3084

43 LTP-FSD 1022 2043 3022 86 PPG-TF-115 1071 2086 3062

44 LTP-TWUU 1082 2044 3018 87 PPG-TF-105 1091 2087 3067

45 LTP-F5DPDR 1026 2045 3064 88 PPG-TF-172 1017 2088 3079

46 IS-TF 289 1050 2046 3047 89 PPG-TF-151 1083 2089 3016

47 MET 6 SEL 1031 2047 3090 90 PPG-TF-152 1061 2090 3087

48 IS-TF 330 1004 2048 3038 91 PPG-TF-148 1110 2091 3021

49 TF-287 1073 2049 3070 92 PPG-TF-150 1076 2092 3098

50 IS-TF 307 SEL 1045 2050 3045 93 Bizem 1009 2093 3010

51 IS-TF 308 SEL 1036 2051 3023 94 CCR2 1041 2094 3044

52 IS-TF 311 1003 2052 3017 95 MET-3 1027 2095 3058

53 IS-TF 285 1053 2053 3014 96 W41 1055 2096 3089

54 IS-TF 310 SEL 1059 2054 3033 97 PPG-TF-145 1016 2097 3056

55 IS-TF 272 1074 2055 3108 98 PPG-TF-138 1113 2098 3031

56 IS-TF 1736 1012 2056 3002 99 PPG-TF-139 1028 2099 3019

57 IS-TF 1754 1024 2057 3081 100 PPG-TF-142 1065 2100 3046

58 Hemi 1067 2058 3055 101 RAD-TF-89 1100 2101 3080

59 Firebird 2 1099 2059 3086 102 RAD-TF-92 1108 2102 3041

60 Bullseye 1051 2060 3039 103 GO-DFR 1077 2103 3094

61 PST-5EV2 1057 2061 3034 104 K12-MCD 1002 2104 3011

62 PST-5GRB 1033 2062 3101 105 PST-5EX2 1111 2105 3030

63 PST-5SALT 1090 2063 3006 106 PST-5MVD 1086 2106 3115

64 PST-5STD 1114 2064 3048 107 RAD-TF-83 1062 2107 3007

65 PST-5DZP 1075 2065 3059 108 RAD-TF-88 1115 2108 3104

66 PST-5RO5 1102 2066 3077 109 BAR Fa 120878 1005 2109 3092

67 PST-5BPO 1087 2067 3052 110 BAR Fa 121089 1019 2110 3035

68 PST-5BRK 1069 2068 3074 111 BAR Fa 121091 1088 2111 3076

69 DB1 1039 2069 3020 112 BAR Fa 121095 1060 2112 3072

70 RZ2 1078 2070 3083 113 PST-R5NW 1097 2113 3060

71 TD1 1089 2071 3005 114 Burl TF-69 1081 2114 3053

72 DZ1 1072 2072 3051 115 Falcon IV 1064 2115 3069

73 T31 1096 2073 3095 116 Falcon V 1103 2116 3106

58


2011 NTEP KY Bluegrass

Southgate Drive Picnic pavilion

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59


2011 NTEP KY Bluegrass

Cooperators: Dr. J. Michael Goatley and Whitnee Askew

Location: Virginia Tech Turf Research Center


Rep 2 Plot #


Rep 1 Plot #

Rep 2 Plot #

Rep 3 Plot #

60

61

62

Turfgrass Cultivar Management Programs

2008 Fine Fescue Trial

63

64

65

66

2013 Field Day Sponsors

Platinum Sponsor

Coffee/Doughnuts

Lunch

Documents

2013 Virginia Turfgrass Field Days Research Update · 2013-10-01 · 2013 Virginia Turfgrass Field Days Research Update August 27—28, 2013 ... Final conclusions can only be appropriately