2014 - İLEM - İlmi Etüdler Derneğiœnterd˜sc˜plñary approach to ass˜st the traññg of sap˜ent and sa- ... (KDK) KDK was establ˜shed ... 2014 The State and Society in

2nd

INTERNATIONAL ILEM

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The State and Society in Muslim World

ABSTRACTS

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2nd

INTERNATIONAL ILEM

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The State and Society in Muslim WorldAugust 23-29, 2014 Istanbul

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Organizing CommitteeM. Hüseyin Mercan (Coordinator)

Muhammed Turan Çalışkan Mustafa Ateşçi

Kubilay Zekai Eroğlu Caner Süleyman

Speakers and Moderators*Abdülvahap El Efendi, University of Westminster

H. İbrahim Yenigün, Istanbul Commerce University Kudret Bülbül, YTB

Lütfi Sunar, Istanbul University M. Hüseyin Mercan, Erciyes University

Michelangelo Guida, Istanbul 29 Mayıs University Muqtedar Khan, University of Delaware

Murat Cemrek, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Necmettin Kızılkaya, Istanbul University

Sari Hanafi, American University of Beirut Wael B. Hallaq, Columbia University

* in alphabetical order

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Scientific Studies Society (ILEM)ILEM was founded in 2002 with a view to train and support scien-tists and intellectuals who are expected to suggest encompassing solutions for those problems that have been taking place over two centuries. Studies within İLEM are planned with a comparative and interdisciplinary approach to assist the training of sapient and sa-

gacious scholars who understand zeitgeist and main dynamics of their own civilization. With this regard, one of the main objectives of ILEM is conducting scientific research to suggest solutions for the questions of humanity by laying a ground for training scientists who preser-ve our tradition of science. ILEM hopes its scientific studies to inspire varied groups in Turkey and abroad.

Presidency for Turks Abroad and Related Communities (YTB)YTB is established as a public institution under the Prime Ministry. After its establishment, Turkey’s relations with its citizens living in di� erent parts of the world, as well as with kin communities with whom Turkish people share a common cultural and historic herita-ge, have been firmly restructured on a more institutional foundati-

on. Of its various responsibilities, the Presidency’s coordination responsibilities include defi-ning strategies to meet the needs of related communities and Turkish citizens living abroad, and implementing steps in accordance with the planned strategies.

Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry, Office of Public Diplomacy (KDK)KDK was established on January 30th 2010 precisely to voice what it has to say to the world and to share its story. The O� ice, founded by the mandate of the Prime Ministry, understands its mission to be a multi-dimensional and multi-faceted dialogue. KDK aims to open up new communication lines with diverse groups and positions, cre-ate an e� ective network, and enable an enriched discussion of New

Turkey’s message to the world. To this end, the O� ice launches various initiatives, domesti-cally and internationally, ranging from discussion panels at universities to joint programs on public diplomacy and Turkey’s foreign policy; from meetings with national and international media to workshops whit think tanks; from international student programs to promotional programs on Turkey’s cultural heritage. KDK, aims foster the trust Turkey gained with its di-verse and dynamic human resources and its pluralist and multidimensional vision and contri-bute to regional and global stability.

T.C. BAŞBAKANLIKKAMU DİPLOMASİSİ KOODİNATÖRLÜĞÜ

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Scienti�c Studies Society (ILEM) is willing to share its own intellectual experience with academics, re-searchers and intellectuals from di�erent geographies and to bene�t from their experiences as well. To achieve this aim, 2nd International Istanbul Summer School is organized by ILEM with the support of T. R. Presidency for Turks Abroad and Related Communities and The O�ce of Public Diplomacy. The program will be hosted by the 29 Mayıs University.

This year’s main theme is The State and Society in Muslim World. Under this title, state and society relations is critically examined. In this context, with the lectures, the fact of state, the dimensions of state perception in Muslim World and the roots of Islamic state concept that emerged in Muslim World during a century is being considered and discussed.

The subjects are planned to be presented and discussed within the summer school:

• Dynamics and Fundamentals of Islamic State

• Global Politics and Muslim World

• Religion- Politics Relation in Muslim World

• Global Political Economy and Muslim World

• Alternative Approaches to Global Order

• Islamic Movements in Opposition and Governance

• The Social Dimensions of Transformation and New Issues

Besides the lectures, within the frame of the main theme of the program, there are three workshops which contain presentations and debates to provide the content and aim of the school. Students will also visit the historical places and academic foundations in the Istanbul. This year over 25 country 50 graduated students is participating in the program.

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Development beyond Per Capita Income: A Comparative Development Status of Muslim CountriesAbdulkadir Wahab AmanPhD Candidate, Yildiz Technical University, Department of Economics

Development is di� erent from economic growth. Growth is about increment in the production while development includes many aspects from basic needs to good governance and democ-racy of nations. In this study, the noneconomic development indicators such as education, hu-man development, happiness, security/peace and freedom are assessed. To do this, members of the OIC are taken as representatives of the Muslim World. Status of these Muslim States is compared and contrasted within each other and other regions. The study is descriptive and the main data source is UNDP database. The result shows that few countries very high human de-velopment mainly because of very high per capita income. Many nations of the Muslim world have very low educational, security and freedom records. Moreover, the well-being of citizens in Muslim nations, even in the very rich countries, is not good.

Keywords: Development, Growth, Muslim world.

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The Non-Existence of Nation States in the Mid-dle East as a Major Source of Contemporary ProblemsAhmet GençtürkPhD Candidate, Panteion University, Department of Political Sciences and History

As it is widely recognized, there has been a universal trend of scapegoating notion of the nation state. The arguments against the nation state are wide: building nationalistic states that sup-press ethnic and religious minorities inside and apply war as an extension of politics; excluding religion from public spaces and even from private space when and where possible; its’ inter-twined relations with capitalism and so on.

The historical development of the nation state in the Middle East is di� erent due to the fact that it was introduced by the westernized elites as the only way to survive in a world system that was economically and culturally dominated by the West. Clearly, this is a di� erent story than the Western one in which the emergence of the consciousness of the nation, of the nation state and of the market economy went hand in hand.

After the failure of the nation-state building experiences in various Middle East countries, the concept of the nation state is widely recognized as the root of the economical, ethical, sectarian and administrative problems from which the Islamic Middle East su� ers today.

However, there are some important questions that need to be answered by the critics of the nation state experiences’ in the Middle East: Firstly, were there really any nations in the Islamic Middle East? To elucidate further, were there states that succeeded to re-distribute the wealth, to regulate the markets, to create citizens? Secondly, Did non-nation states such as the Gulf States, Saudi Arabia were more successful in the sense of distributing justice and equal rights for their “citizens”? Thirdly, which solutions are o� ered if we are to dismantle nation states, which are supposedly responsible for the main problems we are currently experiencing?

This paper intends to reveal that it is not the existence of the nation states that created the cur-rent complicated problems such as the ine� cient state mechanisms, the ethical and sectarian problems in the Muslim states and the unfriendly relations between Muslim countries in the Middle East. It will argue, on the contrary, that the non-existence of the authentic nation states created the above-mentioned problems.

Keywords: Nation State, Nation-Building, Middle East, Legitimacy Crisis, Political Economy.

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Enhancing Future Innovation and Encouraging Long Term Investment: Finding Best Practices of the Entrepreneurship Education for the Youth in the Muslim worldAmer Maraqa MBA Student, Marmara University

The world economy is experiencing a severe economic downturn, with potentially dire eco-nomic and social consequences. Despite tens of trillions of dollars injected into global economy since 2008 by central banks in the US, UK, and Europe, real job creating investment is slowing everywhere globally. The global crisis which admitted as primary resource of this problem led to an exceptionally comprehensive job-centered policy response. This is a large accumulated problem-solving of what the impact of crisis have. A key lesson from the global � nancial and economic crisis is that policies for job creation over the past three decades need to rethink.

In the Muslim World This report point out to the many bene� ts of a coherent job-centered strat-egy policy. In this context, rather than having too much focus of the job-created policy which is still challenging and puzzling, create nature of entrepreneurs who understands the idea of real value creation according to Islamic beliefs and will play an essentials and vigorous role in all economies as well as being key generators of real employment and income, and drivers of innovation and growth are more undeviating. In the global economic view, enterprises employ more than half of the labor in private sector, and in the European Union, they account for over 99 %. Given the importance in all economies, they are essential for the economic recovery. Entrepreneurship education is a life-long learning process and entrepreneurial mindset can be applied also in other context for enhanced creativity and innovation.

This paper recommends that entrepreneurship education for the youth as an engine of growth should be given support by the government, formal education institutions, and lending � nan-cial institutions in developing economies to be well-strengthened to remain viable as the im-pactful investment in the future. In order to reach this goal, strategic measures are needed that increase the entrepreneurial intention (the number of people considering self-employment as an occupational option) of young people. One feasible strategy is to implement entrepreneur-ship education in secondary school. The best practices which will be present in this paper were brought up by the literature review and � eld research.

Keywords: Best Practices, Entrepreneurship Education, Global Crisis, Youth.

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Social and Political Change in Muslim World: Lessons Learned from the Dynamics of Egypt’s Political ChangeT. Anwar HassenPhD Candidate, Marmara University, Department of International Relations

This paper discusses the social and political changes in the Arab Republic of Egypt to learn from the failurity of its Political democratization. Towards that end the paper examines con-temporary trends of democratic liberalization and political changes from the fall of Mubarek to the current president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. To further understand the dynamics of the political changes, the paper makes special focus on the actors involved, their motivations and their ul-timate goals and the main reasons for the failurity of the democratization process. Following the September, 11 attack in the US, there has been a mind set of security change due to the Western assumption that security threat might come from outside. And hence, new forces are not supported because of fear that of radical groups may come in power and might be a threat for security for Israel, US or for the region. This period become test for all Arab countries. The external Powers both from the West and Arabic countries, should trust the demands of the people which is a self regulating system (Democracy) and they should not be scared that who will be coming in power. However, what questioning is whether it be good for the security of Israel, the stability of the region, or it will be followed by other Arab counties like Saudi Arabia and Arab emirates. Thus, the military prefers to scarify its people freedom for the security of external Powers, US and Arabic Countries like Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates which feel worried about possible revolution in their respective countries.

Keywords: Muslim Brotherhood, Political Change, Political Democratization, Arab Spring, United States, Military.

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The Rentier State and structural despotism in the Islamic world (Middle East countries) Quasi- decision making and unstable Rentier StateArash BeidollahkhaniPhD Student Political Science, Tehran University ,Faculty law and Political Science, Department of Political Science

As for the economy of rent seeking it should be said that governments running such economies gain their considerable amount of wealth out of rent seeking. rentier state is the state which receives considerable amount of foreign rents regularly. The degree of the rent should be at least 42 percent for the government to be called rentier state government. Rent has nothing to do with the production process in the economy of the countries receiving it. Majority of rentier states with high amount of income are in the Middle East. On most cases the income gained out of rent seeking in the rentier states have diverse political and social consequences. Due to government’s � nancial independence of the civil society, the rent seeking governments are fol-lowing authoritative procedures in their ties with the society and as a result in those countries we witness weakness of the civil institutions and social groups. Concentration of resources in the hands of government – as any member of the government alone tries to gain a lion’s share in the wealth– has prevented formation of horizontal and extensive social networks and con-sequently collection of unequal and unilateral vertical relationship between government and people has emerged. On this basis, while dealing with the concept and ideology of rent seeking and the rentier state, the article at hand tries to explain the e� ects which rent-seeking may cause in the � elds of politics, economy and culture and analyze the rentier state in the Middle East and the Persian Gulf on the basis of the model of distance and alienation of the civil society from government and the government’s independence of the civil society.

Keywords: Rent, State, Reinter, Middle East, Economy, Civil Society , Economic and Cultural impacts.

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The Uses of Secularism in Public Debate: The Case of Kosovo.Arber FetiuMA Student, Laval University, Political Studies

This paper presentation will try to observe the two main uses of “secularism” in the public de-bate in Kosovo: secularism as an ideology and anti-secularist discourse. These two discourses are somehow the dominating discourses in the public discussions in Kosovo and this paper will try to analyze both of them and show their problems. I will start by introducing the context of Kosovo and from there I will follow on with a theoretical view of secularism. After this, I will closely observe how secularism in Kosovo is used as an ideological tool and what are the motivations of this use, or rather speculate on what generates it. Then I will observe how this kind of discourse helps developing anti-secularist discourse and will look upon its motivations. I will go on with showing how this discourse provides, generally speaking,”legitimacy” for the anti-secularist attitude and how they are inevitably interdependent and how the existence of one is vital for the existence of the other. At the end, I will o� er some reasons why there’s a lack of a more substantive discussion about secularism as a political notion in the context of Kosovo and will argue on the importance of engaging with “secularism” as a political notion, or as a statecraft (Casanova) notion. As the timeframe that I will try to engage with will be the post-war Kosovo.

Keywords: Secularism, Public Debate, Kosovo, Ideology, Anti-secularist Discourse.

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Relationship Between State and Nation in Early Modern IranAzar RashtianiPhD Candidate of Sociology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran

Iranian people have systematic and unsystematic activities to reach civil society throughout history and particularly in Early Modern Iran (from the Constitutional Revolution in 1906). With hoped with formation of rule-based management, they have participated in management of the community a� airs, economic, social and political activities. The review of Constitutional Revolution achievements in stabilizing the participatory political management and establish-ment of the Pahlavi dynasty show that the structure of Iranian political power is belong to fundamental elements and socio -cultural society which they have caused features of politi-cal structure were centralized, despotic, authoritarian. The global economy has also had great impact on the formation of political, social and economic development in Iran. Access to civil society is directly related to the type of management pattern of society. This paper presents a theoretical analysis of this issue that: how to apply the rules of the institution of property, dependence on tribalism and other fundamental factors in Iranian society and also impacts of international factors on formation of civil society. We use models of Jurgen Habermas as theoretical method for explaining the relationship between government and the institution of property, and along with it, the theory of Oriental despotism and the theory of the bureaucratic authoritarian state, especially in the contemporary period was applied.

The result of this study shows that the institution of government provided the � elds of unques-tioned domination over society which has inhibition the emergence and recognition of insti-tutions of retaining between state and society that leads the formation of the public sphere.

And rather than emphasized external factors, should be paid to internal factors in the per-sistence of this phenomenon in Iran, because the political culture that comes from the political and social structure will not bring � eld and opportunity to become active in the political ac-tivities for society.

Keywords: State, nation, civil society, social and political structure.

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Making Youth Peace Movements SpeaksCur-rent Trends in IndonesiaBernando J. Sujibto Master Student of Sociology at Selçuk University, Department of Institute of Social Sciences

This paper investigates a basic problem amongst youth peace movements by presenting the phenomenon of Indonesian’s youth peace movement in the last 15 years. After the Reforma-tion Era of 1998, a turning point to democratization in Indonesia, Indonesian youth in general have become more active to produce public voices and expressing their aspirations through many sorts of medias both in local and national levels such as school and campus activities, mass media, non-governmental organizations, and other public events (workshop, conference, seminar, training, etc.). These movements consist of various topics according to the interest and creativity among young generation. Movements concerning on peace issue and mutual under-standing are one of those which take role in national settings and become more questionable, not to mention as ‘inconsistent’. This inconsistency has occurred due to the lack of consolidation to bridge the potential power among the movements and, additionally, no support has been given, neither by privates nor local and national governments. However they are likely trapped in dilemma to, in the one hand, continue promoting peaceful culture and mutual understand-ing and, in the other hand, to leave those kind of activities for seeking a better job to in expense of good life.

Key words: Youth, Peace, Movement, Indonesia.

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Muslims in the Philippines: Their Struggle for Self-DeterminationCyrollah DisomaMA Student, Uludağ University, Zoology

Muslims in the Philippines have been attempting to achieve self-determination and indepen-dence since the arrival of Americans after Spaniards in early 1900s. The ethno-linguistically diverse group, collectively known as Bangsamoro believes that Mindanao has never been part of the colonized Philippines due to their sustained resistance. However, when Spain handed over Philippines to America it included Mindanao. The struggle become more evident when 28 Muslims under military training were massacred in Corregidor Island, a small island in Manila Bay on 18 March 1968. This infamous incident is now popularly known as Jabidah massacre and it formalized the struggle of the Bangsamoro. This has opened to stronger assertion for independence by organized rebel groups, starting with Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF). Peace negotiations between the government and MNLF have culminated through the signing of 1976 Tripoli Agreement under the auspices of OIC on 23 December in Libya. However, the agreement failed to achieve its goal to lasting peace in Mindanao due to ine� ective political machineries. Another breakaway group from MNLF was formed, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) whose ideology is more Islamic compared to MNLF’s secular ideology. Peace nego-tiations have been going on since late 1990’s but only recently have the two parties arrived to an agreement. The road to � nal agreement was not a smooth one, there were armed confronta-tions in between. In April to September 2000, for example, the then President Estrada declared an “All-out War” that claimed thousands of lives from the military, rebel groups, ad civilian. The recent agreement calls for the creation of a sub-state giving wider freedom for Muslims, dissolutions of the current Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, and implementation of Muslim’s own political structure and judiciary. The agreement is expected to be implemented before the end of the current administration in 2016.

Keywords: Self-determination, Secular ideology, Philipinnes, Muslims in Philipinnes.

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Syrian Islamist RebellionÇağrı KoşakMaster Student, Istanbul Şehir University, Department of Political Science and Interna-tional Relations

Regional, sectarian and tribal diversity of Syria is one of the most important feature of this country, as well as the rest of the Middle East. This diversity tried to be suppressed with nation-alist Ba’ath regime, but the voices of religious groups, especially Sunnis has never stopped since Syria was founded. The identity issue has been one of the most essential problems especially after the independence of Syria as a nation state. While the country was su� ering from mod-ernization and trying to adopt itself to this new era of nation state, Ba’ath regime appeared as a solution to unite sectarian, tribal and ethnic di� erences under the � ag of Syrian Arab Repub-lic. However, political stance of the regime which is supported by a strong and harsh military intelligence service and militant groupsare used as a tool for pressure, especially against the Sunni groups. On the other hand, main opponent group and Islamist movement in Syria has become Syrian branch of Muslim Brothers since Syria was founded. This political opposition was suppressed by the Ba’ath regime like other opponent religious and ethnic groups and Syria witnessed its very brutal pressure in Hama massacre previously. Another important point is about the transformation of the opposition, it started as a group of human rights protests in Daraa March 2011,turned to a marginalized and radicalized Islamist rebellion after three years of brutal con� ict. AlawiteAsad family who dominated the Ba’ath regime has become the side of Iranian backed Shiite camp of this con� ict; the clear support of Iran made this distinction more obvious. As a result, Syria, where was “Babel of religions and sects” turned into “Babel of violence and terror”. The end of this internal war and reestablishment of the state have not seemed possible in the short term.

Keywords: Syrian Rebellion, Islamists in Syria, Assad Regime, Opposition, Muslim Brother-hood.

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Codification: From the State to the Sharı aDanish Naeem PhD Candidate at the Alliance of Civilizations Institute, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University

The form of the law in� uences the legal outcome itself and how the law interacts with society.Contemporary societies have sought to reform their legal systems by resort to codi� cation. The more recent impulse to ‘Islamize’ the legal system has built on these e� orts but remains prob-lematic. Much of the trouble in Islamization stems from the misapprehension with regard to the nature of Islamic law. By conceptualizing Islamic law as ‘law’ commonly conceived the com-paratist projects a distorted understanding of Islamic law and this leads to di� culties when far-reaching projects such as Islamization are undertaken. The di� culties encountered have in part been engendered by the assumption of codi� cation as a mainstay of a modern legal system. Codi� cation as a pillar of modern legal structures performs certain functions. Func-tional analyses of codi� cation uphold these functions such as uniformity and certainty holding that they are inescapable in the working of modern legal systems.This paper scrutinizes the functions of codi� cation and questions the assumptions that pervade the discourse advocating codi� cation. It reviews Islamic law in order to inquire whether it is subject to the same values and norms that are implicit in the dynamics of western conceptions of law and legal systems.

Keywords: Codi� cation, State, Comparative Law, Islamic Law, Legal System.

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An Analysis of the Institutional Structure of Zakat and the Case for TurkeyFatma Nur Zağralı Research Assistant at Istanbul 29 Mayis University

Poverty has been the challenge humanity is facing for ages. From one angle it is possible to talk about some amelioration of the acuteness of poverty’s e� ects in proportion to world pop-ulation. But this should not misguide the urge to � ght against poverty especially for1.2 billion people still living in extreme poverty and Sub-Saharan Africa hardly bene� ts from concerned e� orts in that cause. (World Bank, 2013) Taking poverty as the principal concern to be solved this study is concerned with tackling some practical issues with regard to zakat which is an act of worship that is a blend of � nancial, economic, social, political, moral and religious compo-nents to entail the solution of poverty. In particular, the object of this study is: (i) to discuss brie� y the relation between zakat and poverty in the introduction part; (ii) to present the Turkish framework and to locate the Presidency of Religious A� airs (Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı); and (iii) to conclude with a proposal for introduction of a new institutional structure of zakat, renewed call for voluntary-based zakat collection and distribution system under the Presidency of Religious A� airs.

Key Words: Poverty, Zakat, Islamic Economics, Turkey, Presidency of Religious A� airs.

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Chronic verbal violence against Kosovo’s womenFjolla Spanca

The paper examines the role of state, identity and religion in the social dimensions of transfor-mation and their in� uence on the image of women that characterized late Kosovo (2012-2014).

The postwar era brought many social transformations that changed the political culture and the social identity of the late Kosovo by involving the women in the discussion of state and reli-gion. This change in social dimension is apparent in the identity of women in a newest country in the world, and in meantime show Kosovo’s gradual loss of control over the mechanism of power. As the identity become more powerful and the women in public spheres more numer-ous, Kosovo lost her legitimacy in the eyes of West as a laic pro-west country with no relation with the East. To explore the image of identity of Muslim women in a laic country with o� en-sive religious indicators and discriminatory public discourse, this thesis analyze available public speeches, articles and debates given in Kosovo from 2012 to 2014. Mainly, debate and public speeches given by the President or ruling elite were leading forces in the e� ort to distance the state from the people, and in meantime they were treating mostly the Muslim women as “the other”, “the stranger” of the society, in a way to remove identity’s power of the majority of pop-ulation. In the process, debate and public speeches helped change how politics operated in laic Kosovo but also how people has been misinformed and how the women have been portrayed as tricked, and overall according to the elite the Muslim women didn’t choose their identity with free will. So, we have a double standard on the way how we treat the sensitive issues. Being modern is related with the modernization. But hijab or other related symbols are equal with ignorance and these are signs of a permanent danger because of the in� uence of the East and other related issues like terrorism or extremism. The role of the double standards on treating women in post transition society has been widely debated in social science. Ironically, Muslim women have to face with many stereotypes from the religious community for being “too moderate” according to their point of view, and in meantime they are exempted from the non-religious community because of their religious identity. So, living in a country with double standards, furthermore in a post-transitional society it makes harder and di� cult the process of empowering women.

The project is in progress. The literature for the theoretical background is mainly in� uenced by the feminist perspective but the rest is a realistic approach.

Keywords: social transformation, women, state, identity, religion, public discourse, stereo-types, Islam, empowering, double standards, transition, war.

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Successes and Failures of Republic of Iran as an Islamic State in Global PoliticsHaris Ubeyde DündarPhD Student, Istanbul University, Department of Political Science and International Relations

In the early twenty-� rst century, there is clear resurgence of political involvement involving a range of religious entities. This has been especially noticeable in the post-Cold War era. Al-though what started this development in politics is open to question, many would agree on the importance of the Islamist Iranian revolution of 1979 as a key event. The return of Aya-tollah Khomeini to Tehran led to the proclamation of Iran’s Islamic Republic in February 1979. The Iranian revolution of 1979 marked the decisive ‘reappearance’ of political religion in global politics. The emergence of a state calling herself as an Islamic State shook the world, both the Western and the Muslim world. While the Western world see the state established after the rev-olution as an evil enemy and a threat to the modern world, the Muslim world got excited with the establishment of this new state based on Islamic Rule. However, how this new state has changed Muslim World and what advantages and bene� ts provided to and disadvantages and harms caused global politics as an Islamic State has remained as a highly controversial topic for all Muslims around the globe. In this presentation I intend to try to argue the role of Islamic Republic of Iran as an Islamic State in Global Politics. In order to accomplish this purpose I try to examine the foreign policy behaviors of Islamic Republic of Iran in speci� c political issues of world political history starting from the Islamic revolution in 1979 such as the Iran-Iraq war, the Gulf War, the 9/11 events, the Iraq war in 2003 and the Arab Spring. While determining the foreign policy behaviors and choices of Iran in these political issues, I will also try to argue these choices of Iran as successes and failures of an Islamic state and bene� ts / harms in the sense of Muslim world.

Keywords: Iranian Revolution, Islamic State, Iran-Iraq war, the Gulf War, the 9/11.

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Political Transition: Deconstruction and Reconstruction of Post-Saddam IraqMd. Abdul Ga� arPhD Candidate, Centre for West Asian Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University

Iraq War 2003 is a signi� cant event in Middle Eastern politics as it provided the promoters of democracy with many challenges that couldn’t be overcome easily. State reconstruction pro-cess turns out to be very challenging task for the occupying forces. It was asserted that invasion of Iraq was to liberate Iraqis from the repressive Saddam regime and to form a democratic state. However, what remains to see is, were the outcome, as they desired? That is to build a democratic state, which would be an example for the rest of the Middle Eastern countries. The task of the state reconstruction had to face lot of challenges due to insu� cient planning and mismanagement. The failure of the occupation forces to live up to Iraqis expectation angered the Iraqis and attracted foreign � ghters who were against the US.

Iraqis demanded that for restoration of the state sovereignty and the end of occupation, there are varied reasons for such outburst: Firstly, the occupying forces were ignorant and lack un-derstanding about the society, culture and language of Iraq, which became a hurdle to have any meaningful relation towards state reconstruction. Secondly, the institutions formed for the purposed of state building was seen by most Iraqis as illegitimate because i) the leaders were chosen in the line of ethnic and sectarian basis, ii) most of the people chosen as leader were exiles, a move viewed by most home based Iraqis as overriding them. Thirdly, all powerful and authoritative nature of the CPA frustrated the Iraqis. Fourthly, DeBaathi� cation process a� ected Sunnis lots and left almost no representation in the new system. Fifthly, the hesitant nature of the occupying forces to hand over the state a� air to the Iraqis gave raise to resistance movement. The paper will examine the state building process, formation of the governmental institutions and drafting of the constitution. It also will analyse the issue of legitimacy faced by the occupation forces with regard to the Iraqi demand for transfer of power to them.

Keywords: Iraq war, Middle Eastern Politics, State reconstruction, US Coalition forces, De-Baathi� cation.

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Secularization and Nation-Building in Turkish Modernization ProcessMehmet Alkış M.A. Student and Research Assistant, Dicle University, Department of Political Sci-ence and Public Administration

Modernization, as a product of Enlightenment, had started in Europe a� ect in gall � elds of life. Political, economic and social impacts of modernity has not seen only in Europe but also in non-European cultures and civilizations. Ottoman Empire which represented leadership of Muslim world is an important case for understanding non-Western modernization process. By the 18th century, political and economic decline made Ottoman emperor store structure state system. Insu� cient precautions and reforms did not allow Ottoman state to recover political and economic structure. Many intellectuals, thinkers and state bureaucrats develop did east or revitalize state. This reformist group of people were in� uenced philosophical, political and social structure of modern Europe. New ideas and mentality was aiming to change traditional structure of state and society. Heritage of Ottoman modernization sustained by political elites of earlier republican era. Political modernization based on secularization and nation-building. Secularization referred to denial and suppress of Islam in political and law system for state elites. Nation-building process realized as structuring nation around de� ning Turkish identity. This de� nition excluded many social groups in society. This study is aiming to examine Turkish modernization regards to secularization and nation-building axis in late decades of Ottoman Empire and early republican years.

Keywords: Nation-Building, Turkish Modernization, Secularization, Ottoman Empire.

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Islamic Banking and Its Opportunities in Islamic and Non Islamic CountriesMohammad Tayeeb MA Student, Anadolu University, Department of Economics

The present study was designed to evaluate the “Opportunities of Islamic modes of banking and � nance in Afghanistan”. The study is based on theoretical approach, where secondary data from di� erent sources was collected and the primary data was collected directly in banks from the bank o� cials.

Islam is complete code of life. It provides guidance to it followers in each and every � eld of life. It has its own educational, judicial, social and economics systems, and requires its believers to lead their lives ac-cordingly. One of important components of Islam is its � nancial system. Islamic � nancial system is unique in the sense that it provides guidance not only on the economic aspect but also covers the moral and ethical aspect of the transactions. Banking system is crucial constituent of any � nancial system. Islam recognizes the importance of banking and requires that the banking system must adhere to the principles of Islam

Steps for Islamization of banking and � nancial system of Afghanistan started in last few years Afghani-stan due to internal problems don’t have any Islamic � nancial system history but recently Islamic � nance system is growing fastly in Afghanistan where about 18 banks are operating Islamic banking and a large amount of capital are in hand from Islamic banking, Afghanistan is a country where almost everybody is muslim and they willing to be a part of Islamic � nance system.

The modes of � nancing includes Musharkah which means a relationship established under a contract by the mutual consent of the parties for sharing of pro� ts and losses in the joint business. Disagressive or diminishing Musharkah is a special form of Musharkah which ultimately culminates in the ownership of the asset or the project by the client.

Istisna It is a contractual agreement for manufacturing goods and commodities, allowing cash payments in advance and future delivery or a future payments and future delivery. Istisna can be used for providing the facility of � nancing the manufacture or construction of houses, plants, and projects, buildings of bridg-es, roads and highways. In Salam, the seller undertakes to supply speci� c goods to the buyer at a future date in exchange of an advanced price fully paid at spot.

Ijara a contract under which an Islamic bank � nances equipment, building or other facilities for the client against an agreed rental together with a unilateral

Undertaking by the bank or the client that at end of the lease period, the ownership in the asset would be transferred to the lessee. The undertaking or the promise does not become an integral part of the lease contract to make it conditional. The rentals as well as the purchase price are � xed in such a manner that the bank gets back its principal sum along with pro� t, which is usually determined in advance.

The chapter four is about the role of Islamic � nancial institutions in development of Islamic society and the institutions that is working for the betterment of society, Chapter � ve discuses opportunities of Islamic banking and � nance in Afghanistan.

Keywords: Islamic Banking, Opportunities of Islamic Banking, Islamic countries, Afghanistan.

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Contextualizing Islam in South Asia- Deobandi and Barelvi Traditions and DebatesMohammad Waqas SajjadPhd Student, Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley Cultural and Historical Studies of Religions

Institutionalized Sunni Islam in South Asia represented primarily through Deobandi and Barelvi movements has, from secular academic perspectives, been divided simplistically into Su� and non-Su� binaries. This ignores internal diversities and complexities, and indeed the histories and core beliefs of these groups, and arises due to a romanticization of Su� sm, which may be attributed solely to Barelvism. What is required is a re-reading of scholarship from both traditions to understand their di� erences, possibilities for common ground, perceptions of each other, and their beliefs and practices, as in the case of Pakistan both aim to promote their own versions of normative and orthodox Sunnism, and claim to speak for the country’s religious path, perpetuating their divisions further. They are also, however, united as traditional institu-tions when facing secular discourses, or state reforms of their madras as. By examining Deo-bandi and Barelvi discourses and debates, this paper argues that such studies, historically and contemporarily, are a very relevant exercise in South Asian Islam today as indigenous religious narratives from within these traditions enable more contextualization within a South Asian milieu, with the subjects being able to speak for themselves and on their own terms.

Keywords: Deobandism, Barelvism, Sunnism, Su� sm, South Asia, Pakistan, Islamic Debates.

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Civil Society in Modern Islamic Political Thought: Apprehensions and AspirationsMohd Yaseen GadaPhD Candidate, Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Islamic studies, India

The theme of civil society as a re� ection of state-society relationship has remained contentious since its beginning; some scholars argue that Islam and civil society remain fundamentally in-compatible as the concept of civil society originated and developed in the western world. On the other hand, many scholars held that the political contexts of discussions of civil society in contemporary Western and Muslim societies are distinct. For them, the ‘civil society’ concept is compatible with Islam; they emphasize that civil society is to exercise legitimate social author-ity outside state control in roles that were vital to community well-being and to safeguard that authority against state interference or trespass. And, the forms of civil society have historically and culturally been a well established feature of Muslim life.

The present paper aims at: First, to analyze the Islamic concept of civil society; Second, it ex-plores a number of institutions that serve to operationalize the concept of civil society in a modern Islamic/Muslim State. Third, it emphasizes that Islamic social institutions provide a stronger foundation for building a civil society than their secular counterparts. Finally, the paper concludes that the concept of ‘civil society’ existed in Islam from the very begining, and thus, in the contemporary Islamic political thought civil society has emerged a key legal force regulating smoothly both society and state.

Keywords: Civil Society concept, State, Relationship, Social Institutions, Waqf, ‘Ulama.

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Governing (Through) Religion Notes on Religion as GovernmentalityMuhammad Ali NasirPhD Candidate, Institute of Political Science, University of Heidelberg, Germany

The present article o� er some notes on religion as governmentality. From this perspective, it reads how religion functions in the European human rights machinery to produce and manage subjects. It thus reads the way religion as a technique of government that forms its subjects and engages the sovereign power accordingly.

Keywords: Religion, Governmentality, Law, Human Rights, Sovereign Power.

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Media, Market and Society in the Muslim Word: Challenges and Opportunities a Case Study of PakistanMuhammad Faisal AwanLecturer, Department of International Relations, University of Karachi, Pakistan

Muslim world is experiencing as never before, at least in terms of its scope and scale, the multidimensional change and either truly absorbed into or greatly in� uenced by the forces of globalization. From Middle East to South East Asia the complex processes of socio-political and economic changes have rendered the Muslim World confronting challenges for the mate-rial and spiritual dimension of society. Pakistan is no exception to it. This paper is an attempt to understand and � nd out the plausible relationship between mass media, market and the changing social fabric in Pakistan. Since 2002 liberalization of media policies in Pakistan mass media as an important actor seems to have been enjoying burgeoning in� uence over changing socio-political and economic dynamics. Growing mass media is considered to be, and rightly so, one of the primary source of political mobilization in Pakistan. More importantly, however, the strong bond between market and media serving each other has and is bound to have deep impact on society in terms of producing globalizing capitalist norms. In this paper it will be analyzed that how media and market bring forth new value system as an agent of change generally and the same will be examined critically in case of Pakistan. Thus the very social fabric that has for decades sustained the traditional value system in Pakistan is gradually breaking apart and giving way to new capitalist set of ethos.

From rising fashion industry to the o� ered social services in market sphere, which earlier were part of tradition customs, and from wealth seems to be becoming a virtue to the increasing consumption culture it can be observed that Pakistani society and economy is being absorbed into the capitalist social norms. In the post-independence era in Pakistan the development dis-course has produced development as freedom and when it is individualized it becomes an im-petus for mass scale social change. Drawing on Denis Goulet concept of development ethics as the theoretical approach taken in this paper to understand the impact of market and media in making these ethics materialized the paper then critically analyze the emerging economic and social praxis in Pakistan. It will be tried to assess the challenges for Muslim societies emerging from this gradual yet massive social change. Any intellectual e� ort by Islamic intelligentsia to ward o� the negative globalizing cum capitalist values should be mindful of the threat that it should not be absorbed into the Western discourse and at the same time should be rooted deeply in Islamic knowledge system.

Key words: Media, Market, Pakistan, Muslim World.

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The “Ethiopian” Identity and Muslims: A Critical Reflection on the Evolution of Muslims’ Identity in EthiopiaMukerem MiftahPhD candidate in Civilizational Studies at the Alliance of Civilizations Institute, Faith Sultan Mehmet Waqf University, Istanbul, Turkey

Understanding the transcending consanguinity of Ethiopia and Islam has long been devoid of social scienti� c fervent for many reasons. The problem even gets worse for the issue of Muslims’ identity in Ethiopia. This article henceforth aims to make a modest contribution to the debate on ‘what it means to be a Muslim and Ethiopian?’Drawing from historical, ethnic and identity studies, it examines the underlying ethnic, historical, and present state of a� airsand processes that might have led to the development of a collective identity, ‘Muslim Ethiopians’ or ‘Ethio-pian Muslims’.The article intends to show this development in two stages, pre-and-post 1991 periods. In so doing, it touches up on the existing problematic discourse among the Ethiopian government, Muslims, and, what Ostebo call, “governmental Islam” in Ethiopia.

Keywords: Identity,Muslim Ethiopians, Ethiopian Muslims, governmental Islam.

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The ‘Virtuous Ruler’ of Al-Farabi, the ‘Shah’ of Ferdowsi, the ‘Supreme Leader’ of Al-Mawardi, and the ‘King’ of Nizam al-Mulk as “Agent” of Statecrafting a CivilizationNassef Manabilang AdiongCo-founder, International Relations and Islamic Studies Research CohortPhD (ABD) in International Relations, Middle East Technical UniversityPhD student, Alliance of Civilizations Institute, Istanbul

Civilization may be regarded as a composition of multiple nation-states converged by homo-geneous factors of belief system, religion, culture, and development in science and technolo-gy. The progress may originate from evolving utilization of language, literary and intellectual histories of thinkers and of their unique local knowledge, and the geo-political and human conditions of a particular age that lead to the axial transition of that certain civilization. The origins of progress caused the emergence of axial transition in every civilization is introduced by Robert Bellah. Moreover, the sustainability of life of a civilization lies to the skillful art of e� ective statecrafting by established institutions.

Statecraft is the skillful ability by institutions to manage both domestic and international a� airs of the state. An institution can be tripartite democracy (i.e., having equal executive, legislative, and judicial representations), theocracy (a religious organization is considered the head of the state), nomocracy (i.e., the government is based on the authority or rule of law within society), or monarchy (the rulers are elite families considered having royal blood). The optimal agents of statecrafting in� uenced institutions of polity and economy including governmental regu-larities and behaviors of societies and of communities under their own territorial jurisdiction.

This article is paramount to and focuses on the salient agent (Virtuous Ruler/Shah/Supreme Leader/King) basing from the works of Al-Farabi (The Perfect State), Ferdowsi (The Epic of Kings), Al-Mawardi (The Ordinances of Government), and Nizam al-Mulk (The Book of Gov-ernment or Rules for Kings). The study will � rst delineate their perspectives about the sub-ject-matter (i.e. the institutional elites in statecraft), and then the author will compare and contrast their views including his own analysis as well. Selected comparative sections pertain to the traceable criteria and processes of their views in order to complement an able and e� ec-tive agent of statecrafting a civilization are presented.

Keywords: nation-state, head of state, Islamicate civilization, political elites.

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Education in the Muslim Countries: Falling Behind? Nenden Octavarulia ShantyPhD Candidate, Middle East Technical University, Department of Secondary Science and Mathematics Education

This article discusses about the current situation of education in the Muslim countries and its factors, as it is important for the formation of brain capital. To � nd out to this question, twen-ty four highly populated Muslim countries have been included in this study. Moreover, four non-Muslim countries, namely UK, France, South Korea and Israel, have also been included in this study in order to make comparisons. To assess and evaluate condition of education in these 28 countries, primary data was collected from UNESCO Institute of Statistics (UIS), The World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Association of Universities. The results show that the quality of education in the MCs is questionable and, consequently Muslims are lagging behind in all � elds especially in education, from the rest of the world. Muslim countries are rich in human resources but not doing su� cient for the formation and development of human capital. Thus, they need to reset their priorities and increase investment, both human and material, in education sector. Moreover, they should take right decision of using the force of education to avoid technological and economic imbalance tomorrow.

Keywords: Education in the Muslim countries, human capital.

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Psychological Research about Decision Making and the Relation Between Politics and KemalatOrgun ÖzcanPhD Candidate, Philipps-University Marburg, Department of Psychology

Since “Hayy ibn Yaqzan” appeared and European thinkers began to develop modern science based on Greek scripts translated into Arabic, human knowledge is rising. This rationality-based knowledge is used to control nature and to make life more and more comfortable. Bentham formulated the utilitarianism, which seems to form the fundamental motivation of everyone: to gain pro� t and to prevent damage. Individuals of a nation are respectively separate kings of their own lives and are controlled by the nation. People of other nations are not worth enough to be considered.

Own citizens are considered as work power, people are following the aim to rise the national economy. Their main ability is their intelligence which is reached when they are between 15 and 20 years old. Soft skills are not necessary in every case; they are needed only in certain business branches. Decision making is in any case a calculation of costs and bene� ts. The deci-sion will be made, when the most bene� ts are left in relation to the costs. Heuristics are ways to facilitate decision making and to maximize the bene� ts.

As a unique way of life and politics, Islam teaches a di� erent system. Everyone is responsible for the people in their environment, and the head of state is responsible for the whole people. People have to � t many capabilities, especially ethical ones. The age of forty is conventionally seen as the age of maturity. A certain quality of Muslim people is that they will see themselves as sinful slaves who need the mercy of God. They just question themselves and are busy with regretting their oblivion. So their only maturity (kemalat) could be to know that they are God’s slaves and essentially as humans only faulty, imperfect and poor. Social and political implica-tions of this comparison are discussed.

Keywords: Western Civilisation, utilitarianism, decision making, Muslim society, maturity (kemalat).

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“The Right to the world” an alternative Global approach to Islamic nation-states in Middle East and North AfricaShima VezvaeiInstitute of Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran, Iran

Are Middle-Eastern and North African citizens allowed to vote for the next United States Pres-idential Election? The obvious as the answer is, it seems that it is unlikely for this to be serious. Although for more than a decade US presidents’s strategic decisions have had an enormous in� uence on the lives of the citizens from this region of the world; arguably more than they ever had on US citizens.

It seems that increasing power of Muslim fundamentalists in countries like Iraq, Syria and Libya and Afganistan is being the result of the nation-state building projects in the Muslim World, either by their states or world’s super powers.

In this article considering repetitive failure of these nation-state building whichonly caused more violence, invasions and military manipulation, we seek an alternative global approach to this matter; an international order fully capable to � ll the gap of strong nation-states in the region and control fundamental forces.Searching for this new order we seek help from what Negri and Hardt refer to as “Empire”, Harvey’s “The Right to the City” and Bayat’s “Refolution” term overlooking so-called Arab Spring.Ultimately we bring a concept we name it “The right to the World”; a right for democratic participation of every citizen of the globe in the world process of production and usage of surplus abale to transform the symbolic role of either peo-ple participating in social movements or active religious/ethnic communities and instituations, to an actual power which later can become a frame of further activities for achieving their demands from nations and beyond.

Keywords: Nation States, Middle-East, Islam, Fundamentalism, New Global Order, Right to the World, Arab Spring, Empire, Refolution.

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Concept of Islamic State and its Applicability in 21st Century: An Appraisal of Muhammad Asad’s ThoughtShowkat Ahmad DarPhD Candidate, Aligarh Muslim University (India), Department of Islamic Studies

Muhammad Asad (1900-92), was a 20th century Muslim thinker, political theorist, diplomat and Islamic scholar. The concept of State, which he formulated in the 20th century and is quite applicable even today, is mainly exhibited in his works like The Principles of State and Gov-ernment in Islam (1961) and his magnum opus Qur’ā nic Exegesis, The Message of the Qur’ā n (1980). Besides his critical examination of contemporary forms of government, he dedicated himself to draw a theoretical outline of an Islamic constitution on the strength of the clear-cut political injunctions derived from the Qur’ā n and from authentic Ahā dī th (traditions).The cur-rent paper highlights Asad’s contemporary model of Sharī ’ah state in which people exhibit their compliance (utter Submission) with the Creator and run their administrative a� airs by mutual consultation (Q. 3:159; 42:38): which implies, for Asad, theocracy with regard to God and a democracy between man and man. Moreover, an attempt is made to bring to limelight Asad’s arguments abouthow a true state can be created by conscious and unreserved application of the socio-political tenets of Islam to the life of the nation and by an incorporation of those tenets in the basic constitution of the country.

Keywords: Islamic State; Mutual Consultation; Sovereignty; democracy; Vicegerent of Allah.

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Islamic Movements in Opposition and GovernanceSiddeek Mohamed SufıyanPresident of Sri Lanka Islamic Students’ Movement (SLISM) &Representative for South Asia Region of International Islamic Federation of Student Organizations (IIFSO)

This paper will examine � rstly the di� erences and similarities between the state and society and secondly the Islamic movements in opposition and governance. The example for Islamic movement in opposition is Jamathe Islami of Bangladesh and in governance is Tunisia and the Turkey will be discussed as a model for Islamists and Islamic Movements. The state is an import-ant institution that was established by mankind to full � ll the purpose of binding the manhood to an institution. The attempts of forming, establishing and developing of states becomes as the human history. In this context the society is submitting its sovereignty to the state by the social – agreement and hand over its sovereignty of legislation, administration and also juris-diction. Through the social agreement the state gets the right to rule the society. The State and Society have some common features and di� erences. The State and society sometimes include the same persons and in most cases, an overwhelming majority of the members of a society may be included in the same State. Progress of society depends upon the progress of the state and the working of the state is in in� uence by society. There are many conceptions are existing about state in Muslim world after the fall of Ottoman Empire. Muslims don’t have like these modern secular concepts beyond their own ideology of khilafa. Scholars like Moulana Moududi and some imminence scholars were tried to derive new concepts of Islamic states from Islamic ideology and develop this concept all over this century. The Islamic state is new concepts devel-oped after some namely Muslim and especially secular states were establish all over the Islamic world either based on democracy, dictatorship by dividing the empire. The Turkish state always has tried to use Islam for its own goals, it never allowed the free expression of religion and reli-gious practices. However, the new political, economic and cultural opportunity spaces emerged in 2000s. The religion increasingly became more important in these new urban spaces. A num-ber of religious, ethnic and ideological movements have punctuated the state’s political history.

Keywords: State, Society, Islamic State, Governance, Opposition.

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Reviving ‘Dead Land’: Moulding the Islamic StateSiraj KhanResearch Fellow (MENA, Afghanistan & Pakistan) Max Planck Foundation for International Peace and the Rule of Law PhD Candidate, Dept. of Islamic & Middle Eastern Studies, University of Edinburgh,

Following the independence of States from past colonial rule and the recent revolutions of the Arab spring, some Arab and Islamic States have been faced with severe social, political and legal � ssures resulting in the drafting and passing of new and amended constitutions and gov-ernmental structures. Some transitions have caused societies in these countries to reformulate the legal and governance models that previously existed and many have either introduced, re-introduced or reconceptualised models of governance in accordance with modern constitution-al principles through legal transplants and the trans-judicial migration of constitutional ideas.

Drawing on my experience in post-revolution countries, I hope to present on the prevalence in modern States’ constitutions of (i) the Shari’a law clause (stipulating the Shari’a as one of/the main source(s) of law, and (ii) the repugnancy clause which justi� es the repeal of any law found to be contrary to the Shari’a. I will project this onto (a) the limits provided within the legal and governmental frameworks that exist in various legal jurisdictions, and (b) changes and modi� -cations to the frameworks that would be required in order to fully legitimate such clauses, such as a speci� c Court that decides on matters of constitutionality of laws from an Islamic legal per-spective. In noting trends in the trans-judicial migration of constitutional ideas relevant to the drafting and implementation of the Shari’a clause, I will highlight the appearance of fractures within the model and how certain States have attempted to deal with these.

Relevant to the context of my presentation will be reference to modern political islamist thought and constitutional design with respect to the forms and formation of the Stateas I have understood through various meetings with leaders of islamic political parties and their visions for the realisation of the Islamic state.

Keywords: Constitutional law, Comparative constitutional law, Constitutional design, Arab Spring, Shari’a, Shari’a clause; Islamic Law, State and Governance in Islamic Law.

T.C. BAŞBAKANLIKKAMU DİPLOMASİSİ KOODİNATÖRLÜĞÜ ilmi etüdler derneği

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