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UEMX 3613 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERINGDr Gulnaziya Issabayeva (Dr Gulnaz), SA 5th floor West wingEmail: gulnaziya@utar.edu.myDr Thiam Hui San, SA 1st floor (SA 129)Email: thiamhs@utar.edu.my

3 lecture hours a week6 tutorials (conducted by Dr Lee KM)2 experiments: 2 group laboratory reports (c/w 10%)2 tests (c/w 10% x 2 =20%)1 assignment (c/w 10 %)Coursework - 40 %; Examination 60 %. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE LABORATORY SD001 (Dr Lee Zhi Hua)(lab. manual is available on WBLE) Outcome Based Education (OBE) Unit Learning Outcomes for UEMX 3613: Upon completion of this course, a student shall be able to:

Estimate basic parameters of environmental risk assessment. Evaluate water quality in terms of criteria pollutants and describe applicable treatment processes. Evaluate air quality and compare applicable technologies Prepare laboratory report based on the conducted experiments. Compare and discuss various aspects of sustainable engineering and developmentUEMX 3613 Syllables: Topic 1: IntroductionGlobal environmental issues. Basic concepts and mechanisms of pollutants transport in air, water and soil Topic 2: Water Quality Management: criteria pollutants, surface water treatment, sewage / wastewater treatment Topic 3: Population growth: logistic and exponential, carrying capacity Topic 4: Environmental Risk Assessment: Chronic Daily Intake, Hazard Quotient, Reference Dose, etc.Topic 5: Air Quality Management: criteria pollutants, point & non-point pollution sources, Gaussian model, pre-combustion, combustion & post-combustion technologies Topic 6: Solid Waste Management Topic 7: Hazardous Waste/Industrial ManagementTopic 8: Environmental Management development

Textbooks: 1. Mines, R.O. and Lackey, L.W. (2009). Introduction to Environmental Engineering. Prentice Hall. ISBN 10: 0-13-234747-4. 2. Masters, G.M. (2008). Introduction to environmental engineering & science. (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 10: 0-13-233934-XINTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, definitions THE ENVIRONMENT:The environment is the entirety of Earth minus the set of human activities. It includes various interacting systems called spheres: The atmosphere (air layer); the hydrosphere (surface water in rivers, lakes, oceans; subsurface water); the lithosphere (land and rocks below); the biosphere (all living matter); the cryosphere (ice in glaciers and on the sea), etc.Likewise, the set of human activities can be called the anthrosphere.

Environmental EngineeringA pristine environment is a natural setting that has not been significantly impacted by human activities. Returning the environment to a pristine condition is NOT the goal of environmental engineering, a healthy environment is.ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING:Environmental Engineering is a discipline of engineering devoted to the development and application of scientific knowledge through technology to eliminate or minimize adverse effects associated with human activities. It operates at four different levels: remediation of contaminated sites,treatment of effluents, pollution prevention, and care for future generations.

Environmental engineering is fundamentally object-focused, rather than tool-based. It therefore draws from all other engineering disciplines that are apt to bear on the desired objectives. Pursuit of pollution prevention and sustainability further implicate social, cultural and economic considerations, bringing the environmental engineer to collaborate with policy makers and other non-engineers.ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER:The environmental engineer is a professional trained in the art of applying scientific principles and technological means to avoid or reduce forms of pollution by human activities. This includes possessing knowledge of past and current engineering practice and an ability to innovate.

Environmental science is a group of sciences that attempt to explain how life on our planet is sustained, what leads to environmental problems, and how these problems can be evaluated and solved. Environmental Science is interdisciplinary in nature. Current trends:1. Population growth 2. Generation of wastewater, solid wastes, hazardous waste grows3. Living standards improved (medicine, technology, nutrition, property developments, etc)4. Demand for various technological devices grows and yet5. Poverty and associated with it problems remain; and gap between poor and rich people increases Sustainable global economy means careful management of the planets resources. Attributes:harmony cohabitation of living organisms in the natural systemsenergy consumption/production that does not pollute/damage the environment a working plan to sustain natural resourcesa working plan for renewable energy resources social, legal, and political systems dedicated to such economy

Precautionary principle basically says that if there is a threat of serious, irreversible environmental damage, we should not wait for scientific proof to take steps to prevent potential harm to the environment

Ecosystems and Biodiversity Ecosystem: two parts: living and nonliving. Two main processes: a cycling of chemical elements and a flow of energy.An ecosystem changes over time and can undergo development through a process called succession. Primary succession is the initial establishment and development of an ecosystem where one did not exist. Secondary succession is reestablishment of an ecosystem after disturbances

Food chain involves a transfer of energy, chemical elements and some compounds within an ecosystem. 14

Usable energy flows from the external environment (sun) to the plants, then to the herbivores, and top carnivores. Death at each level transfers energy to decomposers. Energy lost as heat is returned to the external environment. 15

Does it work?The law of entropy relates to energy changes in forms. Energy always changes from a more useful, highly organized form to a less useful, disorganized form. Whenever useful work is done, heat is released to the environment, and the energy in that heat can never be recycled. The amount of usable energy gets less and less. 16Factors promoting biodiversity:a physically diverse habitat moderate amount of disturbance (fire, storm, flood, etc)a small variation in environmental conditions (temp, precipitation, nutrient supply, etc)high diversity at one trophic level increase diversity at another trophic levelan environment highly modified by lifemiddle stages of successionevolutionFactors suppressing biodiversity:environmental stressextreme environmentssevere limitations in suppliesextreme amounts of disturbancerecent introduction of exotic speciesgeographic isolationBiogeochemical cycles

A biogeochemical cycle is the complete path a chemical takes through the four components, or reservoirs, of Earths system: atmosphere, hydrosphere (oceans, rivers, lakes, groundwater, and glaciers), lithosphere (rocks and soils), and biosphere (plants and animals).

A highly simplified systems diagram of the water cyclePathways for cycling of chemicals in an ecosystem

Geologic cycleBiosphere is a dynamic system. The processes responsible for formation and change of Earth materials are referred to as the geologic cycle.

Group of cyclesTectonic cycleHydrologic cycleRock cycleBiogeochemical cycle

Tectonic Cycle

Hydrologic cycle

The rock (minerals) cycle

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE: THE CARBON CYCLE

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE: THE NITROGEN CYCLE

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE: THE PHOSPHORUS CYCLEOzone depletionIn 1985, ground-based measurements first identified ozone depletion over the Antarctic.Ozone holeOzone depletion damages some food chains on land and in the oceans and is dangerous to people, increasing the incidence of skin cancers and cataracts and suppressing immune systems.

Climate change and global warmingEarths atmosphere is a dynamic system (changing continuously), chemically active system, fueled by sunlight, affected by high-energy compounds emitted by living things (for example oxygen, methane, and carbon dioxide) and by our industrial and agricultural activities.Major greenhouse gases: CFC (15-25%), CH4 (12-20%), N2O (5%), O3(8%), CO2 (50-60%)A doubling of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere could rise the mean global temperature 1o-2oC in the next few decades and 1.5o-4.5oC by the end of this century.Global warming is leading to changes in climate patterns, rise in sea level, melting of glaciers, and changes in the biosphere (biological diversity, agricultural productivity).

CATASTROPHE:A large scale disaster.An unmanageable from the magnitude of destruction and the depth of rupture.Natural or Man-Made.An event that brings terrible loss, lasting distress, or severe affliction; a disaster: A hurricane would be a calamity

CALAMITY:HOW DOES IT AFFECTS THE ECOSYSTEM?Critical Habitats:Support sensitive species and ecological process that cannot be sustained in others.i.e. China is the only country which pandas live in the wild.Impact, 80% of panda habitat was damaged.2. Pattern and Connectivity of Habitat Patches:

Cause habitat fragmentation.

Process of natural landscape is broken up into small patches of natural ecosystem.

Affect the soil fertility on the quality plant parts.

3. Nutrient Cycling:

Affect the resiliency of the ecosystem Earthquake causes the loss of nutrients, disrupt the natural cycling of nutrients, and limit ecosystem productivity.

4. Hydrologic Patterns

Tends to fragment or isolate populations species living up and downstream.

Potentially, endangering lives of million of people and causes flooding.

5. Treatment and Purification Services:

Changes of the magnitude, frequency, duration, timing and rate of change of water flow.

Affect the hydrological cycle which provides water for organisms and habitats.6. Epidemics of infectious diseases Cholera spread AIDS/HIV increasesWater quality related diseases SERIOUS ENVIROMENTAL ISSUE:Eradication of Poverty in the WorldNearly three billion people live on less than two dollars a day. Nearly a billion people entered the 21st century unable to read a book or sign their names. 1 billion children live in poverty (1 in 2 children in the world). 640 million live without adequate shelter, almost a billion of people have no access to safe water, a half million have no access to health services. About 15 million died in 2012 before they reached the age of 5 (or roughly 29,000 children per day). Causes of poverty:OverpopulationGlobal distribution of resourcesHigh standards of living and costs of livingInadequate education and employmentEnvironmental degradationEconomic and demographic trendsIndividual responsibility and welfare dependencyEffects of poverty:Shorter life expectancyMalnutritionSlower physical and mental development Number of homeless people increaseSpread of infectious diseases Violence, criminal cases increaseUnemploymentSocial isolation, etc

Is eradication of poverty possible? Poverty eradication is not feasible (matter of opinion)Few factors:CorruptionWar, weapon tradeNatural disasters: drought, flood, volcanic eruptions, earthquake, tsunami, etc. CorruptionDirect consequences on economic and governance factors, intermediately result in poverty. The corruption impedes the economic and social growths of a country. Uneven distribution of the budget, funds result in the inadequate infrastructure, education and employment systems WarPeople lose their home, families, jobsDestruction of infrastructures such as road, energy resources and water resourcesDestruction of crop fields:Decrease the agriculture outputDecrease the income or lost their jobsAffects the income of a country

Natural disastersThe consequences:reduced crop yieldsshortage of waterwar over natural resources, including water and foodreduced electricity productiondeath of livestockcrime rateaccess to education