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Final p
Useliqupro
Optionmarke
ProjectResear
project re
e of uid feoduc
ns for theets
t code: OMrch date: O
eport
quafertiliction
e use of q
MK006-008 October 201
lity diser iof s
quality dig
12-July2013
digesin th
straw
gestates
Da3
statehe cowberr
in horticu
ate: July 20
es asommries
ulture and
015
s a mercia
d other n
al
new
AP’s visiused su
missionainable ugh re-uce andwe use
efining and rec
out mo
n by: Dr Maywhite and
ver photograp
e tried to make sure rs are responsible fopermissions sought ws featured within it. Tntext and you must iP has endorsed a com
on is a ustainab
n is to aresourinventid sell pe and cwhat is
cycling.
ore at w
ary DimambDr Catherin
hy: Strawberrie
this report is accuratr assessing the accurwhere practicable. ThThis material is subjeidentify the source ofmmercial product or
world bly.
accelerarce-efficng how
productsonsumes possib
www.w
bro and Dr Jne Keeling (
es grown using d
te, WRAP does not aracy and conclusionshis report does not reect to copyright. Youf the material and acservice. For more de
where
ate the cient ecw we des; re-the produble thro
rap.org
Joachim Ste(University o
digestate as fer
accept liability for anys of the content of thepresent endorseme
u can copy it free of ccknowledge WRAP’s cetails please see WRA
resourc
move conomyesign, hinking ucts; anough re
g.uk
einer (Cambof Warwick)
rtiliser.
y loss, damage, cost is report. Quotationsnt of the examples ucharge and may use copyright. You must AP’s terms and condit
ces
to a y
nd e-
bridge Eco) )
or expense incurred s and case studies hased and has not beeexcerpts from it provnot use this report otions on our website
or arising from reliaave been drawn fromen endorsed by the ovided they are not usor material from it to
at www.wrap.org.uk
nce on this m the public organisations sed in a endorse or
k
ExeThe joindevelopthe incr
One arehorticultin the bagricultu
The apphorticult(£231 m
This feathe UK cchosen potato wSome dfraction
Nutrientmineral ratio, pH
Trials wproducecommernitrogenperformplants v
There wfeedstocboth totgeneralassessm
The othbut this derived achieve
Results solutionfertiliser
ecutivent Defra/DEp appropriatreased upta
ea in which ture. The su
beneficial prure and fiel
proach taketure. One o
million) of th
asibility studcould be usto reflect thwaste, slurrigestates w.
t characteriN (ammon
H and elect
were carried ed bare-rootrcial grow bn concentra
med to optimvia low pres
were significck types: Thtal fruit yieldly out-perfo
ments. Impr
her three dig reduction wfrom maized better res
showed thans with yieldrs.
e sumECC Anaerobte markets fke of digest
the use of duccessful inoperties, nod horticultu
en in this stuof the largeshe value of
dy had the ased as fertilihe variety ory, food was
were whole (
stics of the ium-N and ric conducti
out in a temted strawbe
bags. Digestations downmise the prosure trickle
cant differenhree of the d and Classormed the crovement in
gestate treawas large ee, manure asults in the
at it is possds and quali
mmarybic Digestiofor quality dtate use in t
digestate controduction ot only in thure.
udy was to st sections iall soft fruit
aim of estabiser in prote
of feedstockste, maize, (wet digesta
digestates nitrate-N), ivity (EC).
mperature aerry plants, tates were dto commer
ofile of the nirrigation.
nces in yieldsix digestat
s 1 yield. Twcontrol throun fruit flavou
atments hadnough to be
and cheese taste testin
ible to prodity similar to
y n Strategy digestates, athe horticul
ould be proof digestate
he protected
target a sizin the UK ist produced
blishing wheected horticks of UK digand a mixtuates) whilst
were deterP, K, Ca, M
and light covariety Elsadiluted betwrcial norms.nutrient solu
d and fruit qtes perform
wo (food anughout the ur was the m
d slightly ree significanwaste). All
ng than the
duce strawbo strawberr
and Action and one of ltural indust
ogressed is ies in this sed horticultu
zeable mark strawberriein the UK in
ether a variculture. For estates. Thure of maizet others wer
rmined withMg, S, Na, m
ontrolled glaanta, were ween 25 an. Some minoution. Solut
quality betwmed as well nd slurry basseason withmost notab
duced yieldt only in onthree of thecontrol.
berries usingries grown w
Plan identifWRAP’s aimtry should t
ts use in prector would re sector, b
ket section ies, which acn 2009 (Def
iety of digesthis study, e feedstocke, manure are the separ
respect to micronutrient
ass house. Cplanted in sd 51 times or amendmtions were d
ween digestas the contsed), produh respect tole difference
ds comparedne of the treese digesta
g digestate-with traditio
fied the neems is to facithe market
rotected provide con
but potentia
n protectedccounted fofra 2010).
states prodsix digestat
k materials and milk warated liquor
their contets, total sol
Commercialstandard peto bring the
ments were tdelivered to
tates of varitrol in termsuced fruit tho the taste te.
d to the coneatments (date treatmen
-based treatonal mineral
ed to litate exist.
nfidence lly in
d or 60%
uced in tes were included aste. r
nt of N, ids, C:N
lly eat eir then
o the
ious s of hat testing
ntrol, digestate nts
tment l
Cost-beoverall fmanagehoweve1% or leproductmust be
Use
enefit analysfertiliser cosed to deliverer, dwarfed ess of the ttion is to bee well under
e of quality di
sis showed st. Transpor on the oveby the valu
total value oe profitable rstood.
igestates as a
that digestart and storaerall cost sae of the fin
of the produin the long
liquid fertilise
ate-based feage cost of aving potenal produce;uce. If the uterm, varia
er in the comm
ertilisation hdigestates wtial. These ; the cost sause of digesbility of yie
mercial produc
has the potewould needpotential coaving being state in comld with dige
ction of straw
tential to redd to be careost savings of the orde
mmercial strestate comp
wberries 4
duce fully are, er of rawberry position
Con1.0 I
1111
2.0 M22
22222
3.0 R33333
33
4.0 C44
4444
5.0 D555
6.0 C7.0 RAppendAppend
AA
Append
Use
ntentsIntroducti1.1 Diges1.2 Diges1.3 Poten1.4 ProjeMethodolo2.1 The d2.2 Creat
2.2.12.2.2
2.3 Trial 2.4 Moni2.5 Fruit 2.6 Vege2.7 StatisResults ....3.1 Estab3.2 Folia3.3 Root3.4 Fruit 3.5 Fruit
3.5.13.5.23.5.33.5.4
3.6 Fruit 3.7 VegeCost benef4.1 Typic4.2 Tran
4.2.14.2.2
4.3 Ferti4.4 Net c4.5 Cost 4.6 Cost-Discussion5.1 Reco5.2 Othe5.3 RecoConclusionReferencesdix 1: Chadix 2: TotaAssumptionAssumptiondix 3: Ana
e of quality di
s on ...........state produstate trials ntial for usiect aims ....ogy ...........digestates uting the nut
1 Mineral N2 pH ........establishm
itoring .......harvest ....
etative harvstical analys................blishment: Lge quality (
t-zone pH ..harvest: Yiharvest: Ta
1 Early sea2 Mid-seas3 Late seas4 Whole seharvest: D
etative harvfit analysiscal digestatsport cost .
1 Transpor2 Cost impliser costs .cost saving saving vs. -benefit con
n and recoommendatioer consideraommendation ..............s ..............racteristical Cost - Rs for June bs for ever blytical me
igestates as a
................uction and uin protectedng digestat.................................used for thetrient solutiN content ....................ent ..............................................est ............sis .............................Leaf growth(calcium def.................ield ............aste testingason fruit (6on fruit (17son fruit (21eason aggrery matter coest ............s ..............e storage c.................rt infrastrucact of nutri..................................risk ...........nsiderationsmmendations for formtions of usi
ons ............................................
cs of eight aised bed bearers: .....bearers: .....thods .......
liquid fertilise
.................use in the Ud horticultutes for straw..................................e trial ........ons ...................................................................................................................................................h and initiatficiency) ......................................g ................6th May, day7th May, day1st May, dayegated tasteontent .........................................osts ...........................cture ..........ent content...................................................s ................ions ..........
mulating digeng digestat...................................................UK digestcultivatio
.................
.................
.................
er in the comm
................K ..............re .............
wberry prod................................................................................................................................................................................................tion of flowe................................................................
y 73) .........y 84) ........y 88) .........e testing ....................................................................................................t ...............................................................................................estate feedtes ............................................................tates ........n .............................................................
mercial produc
................
.................
.................uction .................................................................................................................................................................................................................ering ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................solutions.......................................................................................................................................................
ction of straw
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
wberries 5
.......... 7
.......... 7
.......... 8
.......... 9
.......... 9
........ 10
......... 10
......... 11
......... 11
......... 12
......... 12
......... 13
......... 13
......... 13
......... 14
........ 14
......... 14
......... 15
......... 18
......... 19
......... 22
......... 22
......... 23
......... 23
......... 24
......... 25
......... 26
........ 27
......... 27
......... 29
......... 29
......... 29
......... 30
......... 30
......... 31
......... 31
........ 32
......... 32
......... 33
......... 34
........ 34
........ 35
........ 37
........ 38
......... 39
......... 39
........ 40
Glos AD ADQP
Biofert BiogasDECC Defra Digesta
Digesta
EC Fertiga
MBT
PAS 11
PTEs Whole
WRAP
AckWe than
d T
Use
ssary
tiliser
s
ate fibre
ate liquor
ation
10
digestate
knowlenk: Dr Francis Rdigestates iThe six dige
e of quality di
AnaerobAnaerobproductisource sBiofertiliADQP anMixture The DepDepartmFibrous ffrom theLiquid frwhole diElectricaThe appwhich is Mechanibiologicawaste The pubspecificaof consis
Cp
Ms
Ir
PotentiaMaterial undergoWaste a
edgem
Rayns of Gain horticultuestate prod
igestates as a
bic digestionbic Digestateon and use
segregated wser is the nnd PAS 110 of gases pr
partment of ment for Envfraction of me whole digeaction of migestate al conductivilication of wprincipally cal Biological treatment
blicly-availabation againsstent qualityControls on process of aMinimum quseparated liqnformation
recipient lly toxic eleresulting fr
one post-dignd Resourc
ments
arden Organure. ucers for su
liquid fertilise
n e Quality Pr of quality owastes ame adoptespecificatio
roduced by Energy & C
vironment Fmaterial deestate
material rem
ity water-solubused in tric
cal Treatmets for extrac
ble specificast which proy and fit forinput mate
anaerobic diuality of whquor that is requ
ements (hearom an anaegestion sepaces Action P
s
nic for help
upplying the
er in the comm
rotocol – Enoutputs from
ed for qualion anaerobic dClimate ChaFood & Rurarived by sep
aining after
le fertilisersckle and tapnt – combincting recycl
ation (PAS) oducers canr purpose. Prials and thigestion andole digestat
uired to be
avy metals)erobic digesaration Programme
with obtain
eir digestate
mercial produc
nd of waste m anaerobic
ty digestate
digestion nge
al Affairs parating the
r separating
s through anpe systems nation of meables from
BSI PAS 11verify that
PAS 110 spee managemd associatedte, separate
supplied to
stion proces
ning literatu
es for the p
ction of straw
criteria for c digestion
es that mee
e coarse fib
g coarse fibr
n irrigation
echanical amixed hous
10 is an indutheir diges
ecifies: ment systemd technologed fibre and
o the digesta
ss that has
ure on the u
project.
wberries 6
the of
ets the
bres
res from
system
nd sehold
ustry tate is
m for the gies d
ate
not
use of
1.0 I There athe planindustrydemonsProgramprogramUK.
Figure DECC a
The ADgrown cinjectednutrientand fibrwhetherand micless tha 1.1 DIn 2012digestioremaindhas beeavailablnecessause. Current experimand amthe use
Use
Introducti
are currentlynning stagey’s challengstrated a comme has demme to add
1a Examplnd Defra 20
D process incrops. The bd into the gat-rich biofertre fractions.r the digestcro-nutrientsan 8%. Som
Digestate pr, an estima
on in the UKder was useen working te for the reary evidenc
t WRAP resments in a ra
enity turf, aof digestat
e of quality di
on
y over 100 a. In order toes, the AD
ommitment teveloped a ress this co
e of an AD 011)
volves the pbiogas is usas grid (see tiliser. The d The characate has bees and the w
me examples
roduction ated 1.44 mi
K, with approed for field-gto understasulting dige
ce and unde
search on thange of marand soil manes in the ho
igestates as a
anaerobic do further devStrategy anto increasinrange of ac
ommitment b
plant produ
production osed to geneFigure 1a).
digestate cacteristics ofen separate
whole and liqs are illustra
nd use in thllion tonnesoximately 9grown horticnd and eva
estates. Thiserstanding o
he potential rkets, includnufacture (uorticultural s
liquid fertilise
digestion (Avelop the And Action Png energy frctivities incluby facilitatin
ucing energ
of biogas frerate renewa. The AD pran be usedf digestates ed. Howevequor fractionated in App
he UK s of digesta90% of this bculture and
aluate the pos will ensurof benefits t
markets foding agriculunder projecsector has b
er in the comm
D) plants inD industry ilan (DECC om waste thuding the ‘Dng the grow
y and diges
rom organicable energyrocess also whole, or sdepend on
r all digestans tend to hendix 1.
te were probeing used land restor
otential oppre that eacho make info
r digestate ture, landsccts OMK001been highlig
mercial produc
n the UK, win the UK anand Defra 2hrough AD.
Driving Innovth of the AD
state (biofer
c wastes andy on site, or produces d
separated to the feedsto
ates containhave a dry m
oduced throuin agricultu
ration (WRAportunities a market sec
ormed decis
includes triacape and re1 and OMKghted as an
ction of straw
ith many mond address2011) . WRAP’s Ovation in AD
D industry in
rtiliser). (So
d/or purposr can be refidigestate wo produce liock used ann a range ofmatter conte
ugh anaeroure, whilst thAP 2013). Wand marketsctor has thesions on dig
als and egenerationK004). In add
area for po
wberries 7
ore in the
Organics D’ n the
ource:
se ned and hich is a quor nd f macro- ent of
obic he WRAP s e gestate
, sports dition, otential
developdemonsapplicat Confide110 andminimumreclassifNortherthen theapproac Currenthorticultmedia isfrom enthat digbeneficireviewe The ma Can d Are t Are t Shou
1.2 DA numbcrops, pstudies section Liedl etwith comfound p
1. If((s
2. I
woacc
3. I
s
Use
pment (Rigbstrate both ttions in the
nce in the ud the Anaerm standardfication of wrn Ireland) ie biofertilisech is slightly
ly, ADQP diture, forests not currennvironmentagestates meially in proteed.
in research digestates bthere any cothere busineuld the ADQ
Digestate trber of scientpredominandemonstrathighlights t
t al. (2004ammercial hy
promising re
In hydropofunction a(ammonium(Liedl et al.smaller fruHowever, ppromote thmagnesium
In hydroponwas found optimum walso changconcentratiocommercial
In soil-less same mine
e of quality di
by and Smitthe scientifihorticultura
use of digesobic Digestas for the pr
waste-derivef an operater is no longy different in
gestates ofry and landntly a permial permittingeting the reected hortic
questions obe used for onstraints, aess benefits
QP be chang
rials in protetific trials hatly tomato, te, in theorytheir key ex
a, 2004b, 2ydroponic f
esults in all t
onic tomatos well as
m/nitrate) h, 2004b). Wits were pplants recoe volatilisat
m sulphate.
nically growto be crit
was detrimenging the tons producl solutions (
cucumber pral nitrogen
igestates as a
h 2011, Moc and comm
al market se
states in theate Quality roduction aned digestatetor compliesger classifien Scotland.
f specific typ restorationitted use, ag would be equirementsculture, and
of this projestrawberry
and can thes? ged to includ
ected horticave been unusing eithe
y, that digexperimental
2006) compfeeds in soilthree system
o productioa comme
ad been baWith digestaproduced. Sovered follotion of amm
wn lettuce (ical, as incntal to shootaste by eced shoot (Liedl et al.,
production n concentra
liquid fertilise
ouat et al. 20mercial viabector.
e UK has beProtocol (A
nd quality oes into prods with both ed as a wast
pes can be n. Currentlynd as such needed prios of ADQP ad that they a
ect are: y productionese be over
de using dig
culture ndertaken oer whole digestates could
findings.
pared dilutel-less tomatms:
on, dilutedercial hydr
alanced andate alone, pSigns of mowing air smonia) and
nutrient filmcreasing theot fresh weienhancing fresh weig
, 2004a).
(perlite/coiration as tha
er in the comm
010). The fobility of using
een improveADQP). Thesof digestatesducts. In Enand is indete and can
used for agy, using ADQ
an Environor to use. Hand PAS 110are fit for p
n in the UK?come?
gestates in
outside the gestate or sd be used in
ed digestateto, cucumbe
poultry liroponic fe
d magnesiumlant growthagnesium dsparging osupplement
m techniquee concentraight, with hbitter cha
ghts compa
r media), tht found in
mercial produc
ocus of this g digestate
ed by the exse ensure ths, and enabngland (as wpendently cbe used as
griculture, soQP digestatemental Perm
However, by0 can be usurpose, the
?
this way as
UK on a raneparated fibn glasshous
e produced er and lettu
tter digestrtiliser oncm concentrah rate was rdeficiency wf the digetation with
e), the dilutiation one- igher digesracteristics.arable to t
he digestatethe comme
ction of straw
work is to in a range
xistence of hat there arble the well as Walecertified to a product.
oil/field-groes in growinmit or Exemy demonstrased safely aese rules cou
s a permitte
nge of glassbre or liquose productio
from pouluce product
tate was foce nitrogenation supplereduced, anwere also
estate (in ocalcium nit
ion of the dor two-fol
state concen. Lower dthose prod
e was diluteercial feed.
wberries 8
of
PAS re
es and both, The
own ng mption ating nd uld be
d use?
shouse or. These on. This
try litter tion, and
ound to n forms emented d fewer, evident.
order to rate and
digestate d above ntrations digestate duced in
ed to the Average
f
w DigestatcontaineThe digmore diplants aadded. differen Soil-growas mix Furukawkitchen generaleffluent These tdigestatwithin tgrowth, 1.3 PIn 2011fruit, wipeat is water abiodegr In 2011content Smith, liquid tomatter, was not The mathe growirrigationutrientcontent water if 1.4 PThe focanaerob
Use
fruit weightpercentage with the co
tes from pierised tomaestate was gestate addand those gHeavy mett to the con
own kohlrabxed with the
wa (2006) waste for
ly shown tt and chemi
trials indicates as this the digestat, supplemen
Potential for1, almost 5,ith a markethe most co
and nutritioadable foam
1, a WRAP rof digestat
2011 and somato fertilalthough tht considered
aximum dry wing system
on or other tts is fit forand the d
f necessary.
Project aimscus of this pbic digestion
e of quality di
t decreasedof fruits cla
mmercial fe
g slurry weato productmixed into
ded after 30grown in ptal content nventionally
bi and peppee soil as wit
investigatedthe growth
to be positical NPK fert
ate that, ascan be dette is availabntation of th
r using dige000 ha of set value of ommonly u
on. Howevem) are also
report highltes can varsee Appendisers for plahe use of did.
matter conm used, be techniques.r purpose, igestate nu
s roject is to un can be us
igestates as a
d by 11% wassified as eed) (Liedl e
ere found totion (Poustko peat/bark 0 days. Theeat/bark malso remai
y fertilised to
ers have beth conventio
d the suitah of spinachively affecttilisers.
s with any rimental to
ble in a lowhat nutrient
estates for sstrawberries£280 milliosed growin
er, renewabincreasingly
ighted that ry dependindix 1). The ants grown igestates fo
ntent of feeit recirculat. Thus, to eit is impor
utrient conte
undertake ased as a liqu
liquid fertilise
when plantsgrade 1 incet al., 2006
o be an effková et al growing m
ere was no media that h
ned below omatoes (K
een shown onal fertilise
ability of dih and Brassted when d
fertiliser, o crop qualitwer concentrt can be ben
strawberry ps were growon (Defra, 2g media, w
ble substraty being ado
the nitrogeng on which
report alsoin solid gro
or strawberr
eds suitableting, non-reensure that rtant to coent, and ta
a feasibility uid feed for
er in the comm
s were growcreased (33).
fective inorg2009; Kouř
media at thesignificant yhad had a allowed lim
Kourimska e
to grow as er (Lošák 20
gestates dessica rapa vdigestates w
it is importty and yieldration than neficial.
productionwn in the U2012). Whe
with drip irrites such asopted.
en (N), phosh fraction ofo recommeowing medries and oth
e for fertigacirculating, the use of
onsider the ilor the sol
study to asr strawberry
mercial produc
wn with the% grade 1,
ganic fertilisřimská et ae start of thyield differeconvention
mits, and wet al. 2009).
well when 011, Zhang
erived fromvar. perviridwere used
tant not tod. Moreovethat require
K, producinere soil-less gation systes coir and
sphorus (P)f digestate
ended that ia should be
her glasshou
ation will ultnutrient filmdigestate agrowing s
ution by ad
sess wheth production
ction of straw
e digestate,, compared
ser replaceml, 1999 and
he experimeence betweenal mineral was not sign.
pig slurry det al. 2010
m source sedis. Fresh yinstead of
o over-fertilr, where a
red to suppo
ng over 100s systems aems providfytocell (a
) and potassis used (Ridigestates e less thanuse crop pro
timately dem techniqueas a liquid ssystem, drydding nutrie
her digestaten in the UK.
wberries 9
but the to 26%
ment for d 2009). ent, with en these fertiliser
nificantly
digestate 0).
eparated ield was manure
lise with nutrient
ort plant
0,000t of re used, ing both type of
sium (K) igby and used as 3% dry oduction
pend on e, trickle
source of y matter ents and
es from
2.0 M This secdescribeThen th 2.1 TThe six Table 1UK, inclAnalysisoutlined
Table 1 DigesFood (l)Food (wPotato (Slurry (Maize/MMaize (
Table 2
N
Othe
Total sol
The analsolution analytica
Use
Methodolo
ction outlinees how the he design an
The digestadigestates
1. The digesuding food s was carried in Table 2
1 Details of
state code)w)(w)(w)Manure (l)l)
2 Analysis o
Nitrogen (N)Total N
Mineral N(NH4-N)(NO3-N)
er nutrients(total)
PK
CaMg
SNa
FeB
MnZnCuMo
lids (% w/v)C:NpH
EC (dS m-1)
lytical tests mthe element
al methods ca
of quality dige
ogy
es firstly thedigestates w
nd establish
tes used foused in thestates werewaste and
ed out prior 2.
the six dige
e FeedFood Food PotatoCow sMaizeMaize
of the six tri
Maize/Manure (l)
mg l-1
36201489(1484)
(5)
2243636524146126291
401.23.02.53.3nd
5.57.77.716.0
measured thes will all be ian be found
estates as a li
e characteriwere used t
hment of the
r the trial e trial are sue selected tofarm-fed ADto the com
estates used
dstockwastewasteo wasteslurry and che, manure, ce
al digestate
Maize(l)
mg l-1
38011606(1602)
(5)
17233533707889165
170.92.01.60.6nd
5.27.47.716.6
e elemental vn available foin Appendix
iquid fertiliser
istics of theto create the trial are d
ummarised o represent D systems,
mmencemen
d in the tria
hicken manucheese wast
es
Potato(w)
mg l-1
29141933(1932)
(1)
120482865153234
4.31.10.30.20.2nd
2.23.87.919.6
values of theforms, hencex 3.
r in the comme
digestates he nutrient sdiscussed.
in a range of some whict of the tria
al
DiSepWhWh
ure Whe Sep
Sep
Slurry(w)
mg l-1
42873605(3603)
(2)
2243512283126163570
222.53.35.21.4nd
5.25.68.214.4
e nutrients. ne total nutrien
ercial product
used for thsolutions us
digestates h are PAS 1
al, a summa
gestate typarated liquoholeholeholeparated liquoparated liquo
Food(w)
mg l-1
58763738(3736)
(2)
211212098592
1376
6.20.40.21.10.2nd
2.52.28.430.5
nd=not detecnts = availab
tion of strawb
he trial and sed for the
produced in110 compliaary of which
typeor
oror
Food(l)
mg l-1
42572547(2543)
(4)
9713822192589
1142
7.90.60.61.50.3nd
2.83.58.120.1
cted. In the ble nutrients.
berries 10
then trial.
n the ant. h is
liquid . The
2.2 C 2.2.1 MA typica150 mgdigestatoptimal Secondlammonform wodeficien The firsa meansand fruioften in“straighconcentwere dilmg l-1. Anitrate. N was inamendmsupplemand mostandardBulrush feeds, aSinclair, The feethe endadditiondigestatmolybdereceivedadditionthe end
Use
Creating the
Mineral N coal commerci l-1 mineral tes have apfor strawbe
ly, the vast ium. The uould be potencies due to
t step, thers of reduciniting, comm the form o
ht”. Potassiutrations of tluted betweA further 49In the prepn the form ments addedmented withlybdenum (d fertiliser rtype profes
also commo, 2011).
d solutions of the trial
n of only 28tes were suenum. Detad the same nal iron. The of the trial
of quality dige
e nutrient so
content ial fertigatioN. From th
pproximatelyerry produc
majority ofuse of feedsentially toxithe acidify
refore, was ng the contr
mercial growof potassiumum nitrate wthe mineral een 21 and 9 mg l-1 N wpared digestof ammoniud. Since ph
h monopota(Mo) were arecommendssional feed
only used by
outlined in . For the ea mg l-1 nitrapplemented
ails of whichlevel of am
ese digestat (day 21 to
estates as a li
olutions
on solution fe initial anay ten to 25-ction. Dilutio
f the mineras containingc to the string effect o
to dilute theribution of a
wers providem nitrate, injwas, therefonutrients in51 times in
was then addtate feed soum. The finosphorus (Pssium phosalso generaldations (Redds (only avay growers, w
Table 3 warly-stage feate-N (all otd with nitrath are given
mendment, ate feed solu 104).
iquid fertiliser
for strawbealysis (Tabl-times the aon of the dig
al N containg such a higrawberry plaof ammonium
e digestateammonium-e their plantjected into
ore, also usen each digesn order to acded to eacholutions, theal grey coluP) was low sphate (MKPlly suppliedd Tractor Faailable to prwith the latt
were those eeed, the samther amendte, potassiuin the final apart from tutions were
r in the comme
erries woulde 2), it can
amount of mgestates wa
ned by the dh proportioants, as wem nutrition
s, incorpora-N to total mts with addithe fertigated here. Tastate followchieve a mih digestate erefore, almumn gives din all of theP). Addition. The recomarm Assuranrofessional gter being us
employed frme dilutionsments were
um, phosphocolumn, shthe Maize/Mused from
ercial product
contain be be seen th
mineral N thas therefore
digestates wn of their mll as leadingon root-zon
ating supplemineral N. Dtional nitrogtion system able 3 showwing dilution
neral N conin the form
most 60% ofdetails of thee digestatesal iron (Fe),
mmendationnce, 2011), growers), ansed for this
om flowerins were usede as Table orus, iron, maded in gre
Manure (l) wthe stage o
tion of strawb
etween 120 hat the variohat is deemee required.
was in the fomineral N ing to nutrienne pH.
ementary niDuring flowgen and po as an addit
ws the calcun. The digesncentration
m of potassiuf the total me other
s, all six wer, manganes
n was basedSinclair andnd cheapertrial (Haifa
ng (day 21)d, but with 3). In additmanganeseey. All digeswhich requirof flowering
berries 11
and ous ed
orm of this t
itrate as ering tassium, tional ulated states of 71 um mineral
re se (Mn) d on d r 1-1-3 , 2014;
) until the tion, the
e and states red no until
Table 3amendmnutrientapproprhand co
m
* T
A** N
ǂ T
Total solidEC (dS
R
2.2.2 pIn a commaximispoint atFrom thclimbing Commeof the femay be system control)solutionsubmergmaintainhigher pof the dwhichevin the raamendmRegular 2.3 TThe triawas gronight). Mto appethe gree Comme60 cm s
Use
3 Final nutrment. The dts subsequeriate to the olumn.
mg l-1
min N 120-150
(Req. dilution
P 40-55
K 250-300
Ca 100-120
Mg 25
µg l-1
Fe 1200-170
Mn 500-800
Mo 20-50
1.5-1.8
The control treatmen
Although the control
No additional iron wa
The ECs given here a
ds (%)S m-1)ǂ
Recommendatio
pH mmercial syse plant nutt which theyhat point ong at differen
rcial systemertigation syfeasible to used here,
) ruled out tns was formged pumps n the pH ofpH. The voldigestate feever acid werange 7.0 toments were r small addit
Trial establisal was locatown within Minimum te
ear, minimuen fruit beg
rcially prodstandard pe
of quality dige
ient concendigestate amently added crop. The f
Ma
mg l-1
0 120factor)
270 2170 79
8
µg l-1
00 4170 281
31
1.8
nt solution was prepa
differed in some res
as added to the Maiz
are of the prepared
Control*on
ystem, pH wtrient availay were form, however, nt rates to r
ms generallyystem, and reduce thethe inclusio
the use of inmulated in bu
delivering tf the systemumes of acied solutionsre to be em
o 7.5, in ordto be injec
tions of orth
shment ted at the Ua modern g
emperaturesum temperagan to form.
duced bareeat commer
estates as a li
ntrations in tmendments to all six di
figures refer
Maize/ Maanure(l) (
mg l-1 mg
71 7(21x) (2
11175 152 412
µg l-1 µg
1897 7164 10
0.26 0.2.2 2
ared using an indust
spects from standard
ze/Manure(s) digest
digestate (and cont
would typicaability. The pmulated was
the pH begreach this fi
y involve thethereafter pH of digeon of seven njection sysulk every twthe solution
m at 6.0; theid required s would hav
mployed. Theer to mimicted and delhophosphor
University oglasshouse s were initia
atures were.
e-rooted strrcial grow b
iquid fertiliser
the digestacolumn on
iluted digesr to the min
aize Potat(l) (w)
g l-1 mg l-1
71 7123x) (27x)
8 4150 17943 299 6
g l-1 µg l-1
767 176107 300 0
.22 0.082.1 2.1
try-standard 1-1-3 fe
d recommendations,
tate
trol) feed solutions a
ally be mainpH of each s around 7.0gan to rise, gure in eac
e injection otheir rapid
estate solutitreatments
stems. Instewo to three ns to the plae digestateswould have
ve been disre approach c a commerlivered promric acid wer
of Warwick’sfacility with
ally set at 1e increased
rawberry pbags at a pl
r in the comme
tes followinthe right in
states, to enneral elemen
to Slurry(w)
1 mg l-1
71) (51x)
472338
µg l-1
446860
8 0.101.9
eed (BHGS Ltd.) wit
, all control plants w
as delivered to the p
ntained at aof the dige
0 (the amensettling eve
ch of the dig
of concentrdelivery to ons to 6.0.s (six digestead, each oweeks and
ants. Conses proved to e been so larupted by thtaken, ther
cial system mptly to plare used to a
s Crop Cenh controlled12oC day/8°gradually,
plants, varieanting dens
ercial product
ng dilution, andicates thensure a minnts as speci
Food(w)
mg l-1
71(53x)
443296
µg l-1
138250
0.052.1
h the addition of cal
wereobserved to be v
plants (digestate + w
round 6.0 instate feed sndments areentually at agestates.
ates directlyplants. In sHowever, i
tates and thf the sevenstored in ta
equently, it wbe too stro
arge that thhe respectivrefore, was where digents withoutchieve this.
tre in Welled lighting (1°C night. Asup to 16oC
ety Elsantasity of 8.5 p
tion of strawb
and before e additional imum requiified in the
Food(l)
mg l-1
71 +(36x)
3 +41 +336
µg l-1
240 +36 +0 +
0.081.9
alcium and potassium
very healthy
water + amendments
(
n order to solutions ate generally around pH 8
y into the psuch a systen the experhe commercn treatment anks, with was not pos
ongly bufferhe nutrient bve anion of to maintain
estates and t pH amend.
esbourne. T16 hour days flower budC day/10°C
a, were plaplants m-2 (
berries 12
irement left
+ 49
(as MKP)+ 47+ 196
µg l-1
+ 1200**+ 500+ 40
m nitrate
s)
Digestate amendments
(as KNO3 & MKP)
(as KNO3)
t the acidic).
8.3, but
pipework em it rimental cial
ssible to red at a balance
n the pH
dment.
The crop y/8 hour ds began night as
anted in (8 plants
)
bag-1) ocomplet The peoverheatreatmetrickle isubmerg(0.3 mmto enab Blow flieinitiation
Figure taken af
2.4 MFollowinof flowe 2.5 FThe fruiwas harat each Taste tethree oceighteen On two percent 2.6 VPlants wwere ex
Use
on 30 Januate block des
eat bags cad irrigationent solutionirrigation eqged pumps
m) were insle leachate
es were intn of floweri
1 The expefter seven d
Monitoring ng trial estaering, foliag
Fruit harvesit reached mrvested twicharvest, w
esting (aromccasions (onn volunteer
occasions, age.
Vegetative hwere harvesxcised at the
of quality dige
ary 2013. Fsign.
contained sn used durins deliveredquipment. s delivering stalled afterpH to be m
troduced intng, with po
erimental sedays of fert
ablishment, e quality an
st maturity durce a week, with fruit clas
ma, juicinesn early, midrs at each a
sub-sample
harvest sted on 6th Je level of th
estates as a li
Four replica
sufficient ning this timd to the plaTreatment the solutio
r the pumpsmonitored (F
to the glassopulations b
et-up, showigation with
the strawbnd root-zone
ring the timwhen ripe. Tssified as ei
s, texture, fd and late frssessment.
es of Class 1
June for thehe peat surf
iquid fertiliser
ate bags pe
utrients fome. Fertigatants via lowsolutions w
ons into thes. LeachateFigure 1).
shouse combeing regula
wing the sysh the treatm
berry plantse pH.
mescales antThe fresh wther Class 1
flavour, overuit harvest
1 fruit were
e measuremface. Shoots
r in the comme
er treatmen
or the earlytion commew pressurewere formue fertigatione was collec
mpartment tarly replenis
tem of leacment solutio
s were asse
ticipated bvweight and 1 or non-Cla
erall acceptas), involving
e dried to as
ment of shoos were dried
ercial product
nt were arra
y establishenced on 22
(non-pressulated in 20n system. Ccted from in
to aid pollinhed.
hate collectns (day 7, 1
ssed for lea
v commercianumber of fass 1.
ability) was g between t
scertain the
ot fresh andd at 80°C to
tion of strawb
anged in a
hment phas2nd Februasure compe00 litre tanCoarse inlinndividual pe
nation follow
tion. Photog1st March)
af growth,
al growers. fruit was re
s carried outtwelve and
eir dry matte
d dry weigho constant w
berries 13
random
se, with ary, with ensated) ks, with
ne filters eat bags
wing the
graph
initiation
Fruit ecorded
t on
er
ht. Plants weight.
2.7 SAnalysisEdition)to test tANOVA significa5% levedifferen Means auncerta 3.0 R 3.1 E
Figure in evide
Plants ghealthy.of fertigday 20
Use
Statistical ans of Varianc). Where thethe significaresults are
ance: **=1%el. These pece between
are accompinty.
Results
Establishme
2 Day 18 (ence.
grew away s. The survivgation. No d(20th March
of quality dige
nalysis ce (ANOVA) e effect of tance of the presented % level, *=ercentages n the treatm
panied by th
ent: Leaf gro
12th March)
strongly, wival rate of tdifferences wh), the initia
estates as a li
was perfortreatment wdifferences and labelled
=5% level, ǂrefer to the
ment means
heir standard
owth and in
). All plants
th no ill- effhe plants wwere found tion of whic
iquid fertiliser
rmed with thwas significas between thd with symbǂ=10% leve probabilitys) has been
d error (s.e
nitiation of f
observed t
ffect of treawas 100%. L
between trch was also
r in the comme
he GenStatant, a Tukeyhe individuabols accordiel. Tukey te
y that the nuincorrectly
e.), which is
flowering
o be health
tment in evLeaf growthreatments (o unaffected
ercial product
statistical py test was cal pairs of tring to their ests were coull hypothesrejected.
a statistica
y with no e
vidence and h was assessTable 4). F
d by treatme
tion of strawb
package (13carried out reatment mlevel of
onducted atsis (that the
al measure o
effect of trea
all plants wssed after 18Flowering bent (Table
berries 14
3th in order
means.
t the ere is no
of their
atment
were 8 days
began on 5).
Table 4three pl
Table 5for each
3.2 FSigns ofnecrosisnumber(Figuremore adPotato(w From thfeed solthe otheexacerbamendedigestat
Use
4 Leaf growlants from e
Tre
Foo
Co
Ma
Foo
Pot
Ma
Slu
5 Initiation h bag. The A
Trea
Cont
Potat
Food
Slurr
Food
Maize
Maize
Foliage quaf mild calcius around dar of plants toe 3). Plants dvanced symw) and Maiz
his point onwlutions for ter three digbate difficulted was redutes, with the
of quality dige
wth, day 18.each bag. T
eatment
od(w)
ntrol
aize(l)
od(l)
tato(w)
aize/Manure(
urry(w)
of floweringANOVA indi
atment
rol
to(w)
d(w)
ry(w)
d(l)
e/Manure(l)
e(l)
lity (calciumum deficiencay 52. By tho include newere asses
mptoms weze(w) (Figu
wards in thethese three gestates, anties in calciuuced. Monope additiona
estates as a li
The lengthThe ANOVA
Melen
(l)
g, day 20. Ticated no ef
Meflowe
m deficiencycy first becae following ecrosis of thssed for theere only obsure 4).
e study, a sdigestates.d high potaum uptake, potassium pl phosphoru
iquid fertiliser
h of the longindicated n
ean leafletngth (mm)
100
99
98
97
97
95
95
Total countsffect of trea
ean no.ers bag-1
9
8
8
8
6
6
6
y) ame evidenweek, sym
he stems, aese more adserved in th
slight altera Since they
assium to cathe amoun
phosphate wus instead s
r in the comme
gest termino effect of t
(s.e.)
(1.7)
(2.6)
(1.4)
(2.1)
(2.5)
(1.2)
(2.9)
s of buds watment
(s.e.)(2.0)(1.3)(1.7)(0.6)(0.7)(2.0)(1.5)
t in the formmptoms had and more sedvanced symree of the t
tion was may already coalcium rationt of potassiwas no longsupplied as
ercial product
al leaflet watreatment
ith visible co
m of slight lprogressed
evere collapmptoms on reatments:
ade to the fntained mos would be um with wh
ger suppliedorthophosp
tion of strawb
as measure
corollas were
leaf margind on a smallpse of leaf mday 59. TheMaize/Man
formulationore potassiu
expected thich they wd to these thphoric acid.
berries 15
ed on
e made
l
margins ese
nure(l),
of the m than o
were hree
Figure collapseand Mai
Figure
Guide: Prand/or setreatmentfactors (Pas a block The peacould drfor longfound. each plawas a smore semore lik
Use
3 Advancede of leaf maize(l) treatm
4 Mean inc
resence of symevere collapse t (P=0.019*)
P=0.008**) (*king factor.
at bags werrain from on
ger periods fshows the
anting positignificant reevere calciukely to show
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
Mea
n in
cide
nce
of s
ympt
oms
plan
t-1
of quality dige
d symptomsrgins on the
ments, respe
cidence of t
mptoms = 1, aof leaf marginand planting p
*=significant a
re supportedne corner fofollowing eamean occution (acrosselationship bm deficienc
w such symp
Control
Incidenc
estates as a li
s of calciume right. Phoectively.
he more sev
absence = 0. “ns. The ANOVposition (p=0.at the 5% leve
d by trays wor collectionach irrigatiorrence of th
s all treatmebetween thcy symptomptoms.
Food(l) Slurr
e of the mosym
iquid fertiliser
m deficiencyotographs a
vere calcium
“Presence” waVA indicated a .010**), as weel, **=significa
which were n. Plants at on event. Fihe more sevents). The se position w
ms would be
ry(w) Food(w
ore severe ptoms (day
r in the comme
y, day 52: Sre of plants
m deficiency
as considered significant effell as an interaant at the 1%
slightly tiltethe “downh
igure 5Errovere calciumstatistical anwithin the b present, w
) Maize(l)
calcium dy 59)
ercial product
tem necross from the M
y symptoms
to be plants wfect of both treactive effect b level). The pe
ed in order thill” end weor! Referem deficiencynalysis confiag and the
with plants a
Potato(w) MaMan
eficiency
tion of strawb
sis on the leMaize/Manu
s at day 59
with stem necreatment factobetween the treat bags were
that the leaere thereforeence sourcey symptomsirmed that tlikelihood t
at the wette
aize/nure(l)
berries 16
eft, ure(l)
rosis ors, reatment e included
achate e wetter e not s for there that the er end
Figure more seFigures statistic
Plants wshortly affectedbag, as thereforFigure
Figure C and Dbut not the 5% chart in
On day calcium was stillapparenseverelymean n7). Howseverely
Use
5 The effecevere symptpresented al analysis)
were then rebefore the vd). As beforwell as an
re re-analys5), where d
6 Visual caD (see Figu
planting polevel). Thedicate signi
59, the Madeficiency
l the most antly recovery affected pumber of af
wever, if only affected p
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Mea
n sc
ore
plan
t-1
Positiodrain
hol
of quality dige
ct of plantintoms of calcare the mea
e-assessed vegetative hre, there wainteractive sed, with ondrainage wa
alcium deficire 5)). Theosition (p=0e peat bags ificant differ
ize/Manuresymptoms affected trered relative plants were ffected planly the well-dplants were
Food(w) F
a
N
on of age le
estates as a li
ng position wcium deficiean scores a
for visual sharvest. Plaas a significaeffect betw
nly those plaas best (Fig
iency score e ANOVA ind0.956), withwere includrences at th
(l), Potato(wthan the otatment, whto the otheconsidered
nts was agadrained planfound only
Food(l) Potat
Calc(well-dr
ab a
A0.14
E0.21
iquid fertiliser
within the pency. Presenacross all tre
igns of calcants were scant effect o
ween treatmants locatedgure 6).
including odicated a sigh no interactded as a blohe 5% level
w) and Maizther treatmehilst the Maier treatment (similar to
ain highest ints were coin the Maiz
to(w) Slurry(w
cium deficierained plan
b ab
B0.00
F0.07
r in the comme
peat bag onnce of sympeatments. (S
cium deficiecored 0 (he
of the plantiment and posd at position
only well-dragnificant efftive effect (ocking facto (Tukey tes
ze(l) treatments. By maize(l) and Pts. Howeverthe assessmin these samonsidered (pze/Manure(l
w) Maize(l)
ency scorents) (Day 1
ab
C0.04
G0.04
ercial product
n the mean ptoms = 1, See Figure
ncy at matualthy) to 3 ng position sition. The dns B, C and
ained plantsfect of treat(P=0.925) (or. Differentst).
ments were aturity, the Motato (w) trr, when onlyment made me three trepositions B, ) treatment
Control MMa
e01)
ab
D0.07
H0.04
tion of strawb
incidence oabsence =
e 4 legend f
urity (day 1(severely within the data set wa D included
s (from postment (P=0(*=significat letters on t
more affectMaize/Manureatments hy the more at day 59),
eatments (FC, D), then
t.
Maize/anure(l)
b
S
berries 17
of the 0.
for
01),
peat as d (see
sitions B, 0.024*) nt at the
ted by ure(l) had
, the Figure n
Figure (day 10scores ofactors, more se(P=<0.0letters o
3.3 RThe pH root-zonMeasurewould bdigestatturned ocollectethe leacwateredmajorityboth dameasurerectang
Use
7 Mean inc1). Plants wof 0 to 2 wetreatment
evere sympt001**) (ǂ=on the chart
Root-zone pof the leac
ne pH, as roements werbe expectedte solution, off for a fewd from eachchate measud to excess y of bags hays. The pH ed regularlyles.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Mea
n no
. sev
erel
y af
fect
ed p
lant
s ba
g-1
a
of quality dige
cidence of twith a visuaere scored 0(P=0.093ǂtoms, with a
=significant t indicate si
pH hate was moot-zone pHre taken undd to give mo
whereas low hours oveh bag followured on 1stuntil free dad no leachof the feed
y over the s
Control Sl
Incidedefi
estates as a li
he more sevl calcium de0. The ANOV) and planta significanat the 10%gnificant di
monitored reH strongly ader conditioore variable ow leaching er the middawing the res
and 2nd Mraining in thate that mo
d solutions, same period
urry (w) Food
ence of mciency sy
iquid fertiliser
vere sympteficiency scVA indicateing positiont interactive
% level, **=fferences a
egularly in oaffects the aons of both results, deshould be lay period. Tsumption of
May (days 68he morningorning (“lowin both the
d, with the r
d (w) Food (l
more seveymtoms (
a
r in the comme
toms of calcore of 2.5 od a significa
n (P=<0.00e effect bet
=significant t the 5% le
order to proavailability ohigh and lopending onless variableThe first 20 f fertigation8 and 69). O (“high LF”)
w LF”). Brighe tanks and ranges obse
) Pot. (w) M
ere calciu(Day 101)
a
ercial product
cium deficieor 3 were scant effect o1**) on theween the faat the 1% l
evel (Tukey
vide an appof nutrients ow leaching
the bufferie. The fertigto 40 ml of. Figure 8 On day 68, ), whereas oht sunshinethe drip line
erved shown
Maize (l) Mz/
um )
a
tion of strawb
ency at matucored 1, tho
of both treate incidence actors level). Diffetest)
proximationto the plan. High leaching capacitygation timef leachate wshows the all bags weon day 69,
e was recordes, were alsn by the gre
z/Sl (l)
a
berries 18
urity ose with tment of the
rent
n of the nt. hing y of the r was
was then pH of
ere the
ded on so ey
Figure pH. Roocollecteshaded
At the htreatmetreatmestage ofcorrespo“high LF In the Fthe feedeffect w 3.4 FFruit hathe studmethodarea. Trtreatmethe contcomparewithout
Use
8 The relatot-zone pH wd following green indic
higher leachent feed soluent, howevef the trial, tonding decrF” as far as
Food(l) treatd solution, wwas also app
Fruit harvesarvesting cody. Total an for calculatreatment haents (Food (trol. The Maed to the cosignificance
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5pH
of quality dige
tionship betwas estimaa break fro
cates the pH
hing fractionution than ter, the samethe vigour orease in wathis treatm
tment, therwith pH redparent, but
st: Yield mmenced o
nd Class 1 frting fruit yiead a signific(w), Food(l)aize/Manureontrol, whilse.
Control Fo
estates as a li
tween the pted by mea
om fertigatioH range of m
n, leachate that recordee pH was reof the Maizeter uptake.
ment was co
re was a struced to a mto a lesser
on 26th Aprruit yield foeld commercant effect o) and Slurrye(l) treatmest the Potat
ood(l) Food(
Feed a
iquid fertiliser
pH of the feasuring the on over themaximum n
pH was higed at the loecorded unde(l) treatme Both leachncerned.
rong reductimore optimadegree, in t
ril (day 63) r the seasorcially is by on both pary(w)) had veent produceto (w) and M
(w) Slurry(w)
and root-zo
r in the comme
ertigation sopH of the fi
e midday penutrient ava
her and clower leachinder both lownt plants ha
hate regimes
ion in leachal level for pthe Food(w
and continun are showtotal weigh
rameters. Tery similar yed significanMaize(l) we
Potato(w)M
one pH
ercial product
olution and trst 20 to 40riod on sunilability.
ser to that ng fraction. w LF and higad declined,s were ther
ate pH complant nutrie
w) treatment
ued for the n in Figure
ht for each mhree of the yields (totalntly lower tore lower tha
Maize/anure(l)
Maiz
Feed
Leachate
(high LF
Leachate(low LF)
tion of strawb
that of root0 ml of leacnny days. Th
of the respIn the Maizgh LF. By th, with a refore effect
mpared to thent availabilit.
final six wee 10. The stm2 of glasshdigestate
l and Class otal yields an the cont
ze(l)
e
)
e
berries 19
t-zone chate he area
ective ze(l) his
tively
he pH of ity This
eeks of tandard house
1) to
trol but
Figure
Figure for totathe 5% test for level. AlTukey tbetween
The numwas alsooverall y
Use
9 Fruit from
10 Total anl fruit yield,level, **=stotal fruit ylthough treaest indicaten the individ
mber of fruio assessed yield, but w
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Fru
it yi
eld
(fre
sh w
eigh
t, kg
m-2
)
of quality dige
m the Food(
nd Class 1 f P = 0.008*significant ayield, with datment alsoed that no sdual treatm
it produced (Figure 11
with treatme
Maize/Manure(l)
M
a a
Total
Class 1
estates as a li
(w) treatme
fruit yield fo**. ANOVA at the 1% ledifferent letto had a signignificant d
ments.
under each1 and Figurent having a
Maize(l) Potato
abab
iquid fertiliser
ent, day 84
or the seasofor Class 1
evel). Letterters indicatinificant effecifferences w
h treatmentre 12). Sima larger effe
o(w) Slurry(w)
Fruit yield
ab
r in the comme
(17 May)
on, per m2 fruit yield,
rs on the chng significact on Class were presen
t and the mmilar rankingect on fruit
Food(l) F
d
ab
ercial product
of glasshouP = 0.034*
hart are the ant differenc1 yield, the
nt when ma
ean weight gs were obsnumber tha
Food(w) Cont
bb
tion of strawb
use area. AN*. (*=signifie results of aces at the 5e results of aking compa
t of individuserved as foan on fruit w
trol
berries 20
NOVA icant at a Tukey 5% the arisons
al fruit or weight.
Figure numberfrom a T
Figure significa
Figure each of weight hthe follo
Use
11 Mean frr was signifiTukey test,
12 Mean frant (P=0.33
13 shows tthe seven tharvest in towing week
0
50
100
150
200
250
Mea
n fr
uit n
umbe
r m
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Mea
n fr
uit w
eigh
t (g
frui
t-1)
of quality dige
ruit numbericant at the with differe
ruit weight.30)
the distributreatments.the week enk.
Maize/Manure(l)
Po
a
Maize(l) MMa
estates as a li
r m-2 of glas5% level (P
ent letters i
The effect
tion of the f. All six digending day 74
otato(w) Maiz
F
abab
Maize/anure(l)
Potato
M
iquid fertiliser
sshouse areP=0.023*).ndicating si
of treatme
fruit yield oestate treat4, compare
ze(l) Slurry(w)
ruit numb
bab
o(w) Food(w)
Mean fruit
r in the comme
ea. The effe The lettersignificant di
nt on mean
over the six ments peak
ed to the co
) Food(l)
ber
ab
) Contol
weight
ercial product
ect of treatms on the chafference at
n fruit weigh
week harveked in termsntrol where
Control Foo
b b
Food(l) Slu
tion of strawb
ment on fruiart are the rthe 5% lev
ht was not
est interval s of their free yield peak
od(w)
b
urry(w)
berries 21
it results vel.
for esh
ked in
Figure Total fre
3.5 F 3.5.1 EThe concategorMaize/Mcategorcategor1% leve
Figure scored fflavour, (unaccetreatmeinteracta blockiletters i
Use
13 Fruit yieesh weights
Fruit harves
Early seasonntrol treatmies, with th
Manure(l) wies. There wies, but wheel (Figure 1
14 Aggregfruit from e as well as
eptable/unpent factors, ive effect (Png effect. Tndicating si
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Fru
it yi
eld
(kg
m-2
)
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.2
Mea
n sc
ore
of quality dige
eld distributs for each w
st: Taste tes
on fruit (6th Ment fruit wae exceptionere generalwere no sigen aggrega14).
ated resultsach of the tawarding eleasant) to treatment (P=0.999) (*The letters oignificant di
67
Control Slu
Early se
a
estates as a li
tion over timweek are plo
sting
May, day 73as awarded n of aroma, lly the two hnificant diffted togethe
s from the etreatments ach treatme5 (excellen
(P=<0.001***=significaon the chartfferences a
74
Wee
urry(w) Potato
eason taste
ab ab
iquid fertiliser
me. Fruit waotted here.
3) the lowest where it schighest scoferences beter the effect
early seasonfor the quaent an over
nt). The ANO**) and catant at the 1t are the ret the 5% le
81Day (week en
kly fruit yie
o(w) Food(l)
e testing: A
abcb
r in the comme
as harveste
mean scorecored seconring treatmtween treatt of treatme
n taste testality of its arrall score. FOVA indicategory (P=<% level). T
esults from aevel.
88nding)
eld
Food(w)M
Aggregated
abc
ercial product
ed twice a w
e by participd lowest. Ments in eachtments in anent became
ing. Eighteeroma, texturuit was scoed a signific
<0.001**), bThe participaa Tukey tes
95 1
Co
Sl
Fo
Fo
Po
M
MM
Maize/Manure (l)
Ma
d results
bc
tion of strawb
week for six
pants in all Maize(l) andh of the indny of the in
e significant
en participaure, juicinesored from 1cant effect but with noant was incst with diffe
104
ontrol
lurry(w)
ood(w)
ood(l)
otato(w)
Maize(l)
Maize/Manure(l)
aize(l)
c
berries 22
weeks.
dividual ndividual
at the
nts s and
1 of both
o luded as rent
3.5.2 MBy mid-decreastesting sfruit wePotato(w Similar tthe catethe poo(significMaize/Mwith a m
Figure scored feach tre(excelle(P=0.02(*=signas a bloletters i
3.5.3 LThe aggtreatme(Food(l)strongecontribuaggregaaggrega
Use
Mid-season -season, thesed, with ansample at t
ere combinew) fruit wer
to the earlyegories wereorest aggregcantly higheManure(l) tremid-season
15 Aggregfruit for theeatment an ent). The AN25*) and canificant at thocking effecndicating si
Late seasongregated reents significa) and Maizer at this assuting the larated score (ated scores
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.2
Mea
n sc
ore
of quality dige
fruit (17th e yield of thn insufficienthis particulaed for taste re not includ
y season asse aggregategated score,er than the ceatments ascore simila
ated resultse quality of i
overall scoNOVA indicaategory (P=he 5% levelt. The letteignificant di
n fruit (21st sults from tantly higher
e/Manure(l))sessment corgest treatm(data not shpresented
Control
Mid sea
a
estates as a li
May, day 8he Maize(l), t number ofar harvest.testing (theded in this a
sessment, ted together, whilst the control). Thppeared to ar to that of
s from the mits aroma, tre. Fruit wa
ated a signif<0.001**),, **significars on the chfferences a
May, day 88the late sear than the c). The effecompared to ment effect hown). Treain Figure 1
Food(l)
ason taste
ab
iquid fertiliser
84) Maize/Manf good qualConsequen
e previouslyassessment
the effect ofr (Figure 1Slurry (w)
he quality ofhave decref the contro
mid-season texture, juicas scored froficant effect, but with nant at the 1hart are thet the 5% le
88) ason testingcontrol, as wct of treatmo the two ea(significant
atment rank16.
Maize(s) Mz/Mn(l
testing: Ag
ab
r in the comme
ure(l) and Plity fruit bei
ntly, the Maiy two highest.
f treatment 5). The contreatment rf the combieased compol.
taste testinciness and fom 1 (unact of both treo interactiv
1% level). Te results froevel.
scored thewell as two ent on the
arlier assess at the 10%
kings for flav
+)
Food(w
ggregated
ab
ercial product
Potato(w) trng availableize(l) and Mst scoring tr
only becamntrol treatmreceived thened Maize(lared to ear
ng. Eighteenflavour, as wcceptable/uneatment facve effect (P=The participam a Tukey
Potato(w) of the otheindividual casments, with% level) to tvour were s
w) Slurry
results
b
tion of strawb
reatments he for a robu
Maize/Manurreatments).
me significament again re highest l) and rlier in the s
n participanwell as awanpleasant) tctors, treatm=0.881) ant was inctest with di
and Food(wer digestatescategories wh flavour the overall similar to th
y(w)
berries 23
had ust taste re(l) . The
nt when received
season,
nts rding to 5 ment
cluded ifferent
w) s
was
he
Figure fruit for treatme(excellelevel, tr(P=0.99results flevel.
3.5.4 WWhen thtogethewere astreatme
Figure The effecombineexclude
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.2
FMea
n sc
ore,
sea
son
aggr
egat
ion
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.2
FMea
n sc
ore,
sea
son
aggr
egat
ion
Use
16 Aggregr the qualityent an overaent). The ANeatment (P99). The pafrom a Tuke
Whole seasohe results fr
er, the largesked to scorent fruit bot
17 Aggregect of treatmed Maize(s)d from the
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.2
Mea
n sc
ore
Food (l) Control
ood (l) Mz/Mn(l)
C
of quality dige
ated resultsy of its aromall score. FrNOVA indica=<0.001**rticipant waey test with
son aggregarom the ear
est differencre fruits for h performin
ated taste tment was s) and Maize/seasonal ag
Food(l) MMa
Late se
a
Mz/Mn(l)
Slurry(w)
Aroma
Control Slurry(w)
Juciness
estates as a li
s from the lma, texture, uit was sco
ated a signif*) and categas included h different le
ated taste terly, mid andce between the quality
ng badly in t
testing resuignificant on/Manure(s) ggregations
Maize/anure(l)
Con
ason taste
a
a
Food(w)
Potato(w)
Potato(w)
Food(w)
M
iquid fertiliser
ate season juiciness a
ored from 1 ficant effectgory (P=<0as a blockinetters indica
esting d late seasotreatmentsof their flavthis catego
ults from eanly for flavotreatments
s in this Figu
trol Slurry(w
e testing: A
aab
Maize (l)
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
Mea
n sc
ore,
sea
spm
agg
rega
top
Maize (l)
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
Mea
n sc
ore,
sea
son
aggr
egat
ion
r in the comme
taste testinnd flavour, (unacceptat of both tre
0.001**), bung effect. Tating signifi
on assessmes was again vour, with try (Figure
rly, mid andour (P=0.03s from the mure and from
w) Maize(l)
Aggregated
ab
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.2
Control Food
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.2
Control Food
ercial product
ng. Twelve pas well as a
able/unpleaseatment facut with no inThe letters ocant differe
ents were aapparent w
the control a17).
d late seaso35*). The remid-season m Figure 1
Food(w) Pot
results
b
d (l) Potato(w)
Mz/(l
Flavo
d (l) Slurry(w)
Pot(w
Textu
tion of strawb
participantsawarding easant) to 5 ctors at the nteractive eon the chartences at the
ggregated when particiand Food(l)
on, by categesults from assessmen
18.
tato(w)
b
/Mnl)
Food(w)
Slu(w
our
tatow)
Maize (l) Mz(
re
berries 24
s scored ach
1% effect t are the e 5%
pants )
gory. the t were
urryw)
Maize (l)
/Mn(l)
Food(w)
Finally, ranking receivedtreatmethe twohigher t
Figure all categsignificacategoryincludeddifferen
3.6 FClass 1 91). The(w) andincreasetreatme
Use
all categoriof the qual
d the lowesents (Figure highest scothan the wo
18 Aggreggories (aromant effect ofy (P=<0.00d as a blockt letters ind
Fruit harvesfruit was sae effect of t
d Maize(l) fred as the seents increas
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.2
of quality dige
es from all lity of each t overall scoe 18). Theroring digestorst perform
gated resultma, texture,f both treat01**), but wking effect. dicating sign
st: Dry mattampled fromtreatment wruit recordineason progring from 9%
Control Fo
Tas
aa
estates as a li
assessmentof the treatore, significre was also tate treatme
ming digesta
ts from the , juiciness, ment factorwith no inteThe letters nificant diffe
ter contentm each of thwas found tong the higheressed, with% on 14th M
ood(l) Slurry(
te testing,
ab
abc
iquid fertiliser
ts were aggtments’ frui
cantly lowera significanents, Maizeate treatmen
early, mid aflavour andrs at the 1%eractive effe
on the chaerences at t
he treatmeno be significest dry matth the mean May to 11%
(w) Maize/Manure(l)
, seasona
c abc
r in the comme
gregated togit. The fruit r than threent difference(l) and Foont, Food(l).
and late sead overall). T% level, treaect (P=0.99rt are the rethe 5% leve
nts on 14th cant, with tter content.dry matter
% on 24th M
)Potato(w)
al aggrega
bc
ercial product
gether to prfrom the co out of the e between td (w), scori
ason assesshe ANOVA atment (P=7). Assessmesults from el.
and 24th Mhe Maize/M. Fruit dry mpercentage
May.
Food(w) Ma
tion
c
tion of strawb
roduce an oontrol treatsix digestatthe digestating significa
sments, inclindicated a <0.001**)
ment date wa Tukey te
May (days 8Manure(l), Pomatter contee across the
aize(l)
c
berries 25
overall ment te tes, with antly
luding
and was est with
81 and otato ent also e
Figure samplinnature oassociatdate (P=
3.7 VShoots wfertigatiplants f Treatmeeffect wtreatmelower thdifferen5.2%. T(Abdullamatter mplants a
Use
19 Fruit drg dates weof the sampted standar=0.002**)
Vegetative hwere exciseion with trerom the we
ent had no was observeent had the han two of tce between
These are aah et al, 20may be an are higher, b
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
Dry
mat
ter
of quality dige
ry matter core analysed
ple set. The d errors of had signific
harvest ed at the levatment solu
ettest end o
significant eed on shoot lowest dry the digestatn the lowestll within the13; Biško etindication obeing >32%
Control F
estates as a li
ontent (daysd using a Ge
figure showthe predicti
cant effects
vel of the putions. Six pf the peat b
effect on shdry matter matter contte treatment (23.4%) ae published t al, 2010; Gof stress, alt% dry matte
Food(w) Foo
Fruit dr
iquid fertiliser
s 81 and 91enStat regrews the predions. Both tat the 1%
eat surfaceplants were bag exclude
hoot dry wecontent (Ftent (i.e. th
nts (Maize/Mand highest range for EGlinicki et athough literer (Biško et
od(l) Slurry(w
ry matter c
r in the comme
1). The comession modedictions fromtreatment (Plevel.
on 6th Juncut from e
ed (plants A
eight (Figurigure 21).
he highest wManure(l) an(28.6%) dr
Elsanta growal, 2011). Thrature valueal, 2010).
w) Maize(l)
content
ercial product
mbined resulel due to thm the modeP=0.002**)
ne, after 104ach peat ba
A and E, see
re 20). HowThe shoots
water contennd Potato(wry matter cown in standahis increasees for salt st
Potato(w) MMa
tion of strawb
lts from thehe unbalancel with the ) and samp
4 days of ag, with thee Figure 5)
wever a signs of the connt), significw)), with thontent beinard conditio
e in shoot dtressed stra
Maize/anure(l)
berries 26
e two ced
ling
e two .
nificant ntrol antly e g only ons ry
awberry
Figure
Figure level (Ptest).
4.0 C This seccurrent 4.1 TIn orderareas bywho selsuppliedTable 6
Use
20 Mean s
21 Mean s=0.002**).
Cost benef
ction explorstrawberry
Typical diger to estimaty single prol over 30,00d to multiple6.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Sho
ot d
ry w
eigh
t (g
sho
ot-1
)
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
% d
ry m
atte
r
of quality dige
hoot dry we
hoot dry ma Different le
fit analysis
res the finanproduction
estate storagte the volumoduction uni00 tonnes oe UK retaile
Maize/Manure(l)
F
Control F
a
estates as a li
eight. The e
atter contenetters indica
s
ncial implica.
ge costs mes of digesits were estof soft fruit ers, typical a
Food(l) Maiz
Sho
Food(w) Foo
Shoot d
abab
iquid fertiliser
effect of tre
nt. The effeate a signifi
ations of us
state requirtablished. Aannually anareas used
ze(l) Potato(w
oot dry wei
od(l) Slurry(w
dry matter
abcb
r in the comme
eatment was
ect of treatmcant differe
ing digestat
red by a straAccording tond accountsby strawbe
w) Food(w)
ight
w) Maize(l)
content
abc
ercial product
s not signifi
ment was sience at the
tes as a fert
awberry proo a large strs for over 30rry produce
Control Slu
Potato(w) MMan
bc
tion of strawb
icant (P=0.4
gnificant at5% level (T
rtiliser comp
oducer, typrawberry me0% of soft fers are as se
urry(w)
Maize/nure(s)
c
berries 27
470).
t the 1% Tukey
pared to
ical erchant, fruit een in
Table 6outside/ Glasshaveragelargest Anotherarea. Nucombina The amcontent (see Ta
Table 7ha DigestatPlant deVolume Volume Volume
Digestatearth bais relativ
Table 8Mainten Volume
1 m3
10 m3
19 m3 36 m3 72 m3 1500 m4500 m4500 m For the have su
Use
6 Typical ar/polytunnel
ouse Type 2.5
8 ha
r factor influutrient requation with fe
ount of undof the dige
able 7).
7 Assumpti
te dilution ensity of feed /plaof feed /haof digestat
te storage cank lagoonsvely high fo
8 Typical dignance cost e
e
3 3 3
strawberry urprisingly li
of quality dige
reas used foproduction
pical area ha 6 acra 20 ac
uencing diguirement caertiliser req
diluted digeestate, the p
ions used to
ant /seasona /season te (undiluted
cost per m3
s or steel/coor small to m
gestate stoestimates ar
Type
IBC (Ion timstoragAbovestabilipolyetsingle EllipticSmall Steel /Steel /Earth
industry wttle spread
estates as a li
or strawberr (right)
es cres
estate requn be estimauirement pe
state requirplanting den
o estimate t
n
d) /ha /seas
is minimiseoncrete tankmedium size
rage optionre not inclu
Intermediatember pallet fge e ground wased mediumthylene (MDskin oil tan
cal concreteAD storage/ concrete a/ concrete abank lagoo
ith its wide (see Table
iquid fertiliser
ry productio
Outsideaverage largest
uirement is tated by estaer plant.
red per ha ansity and th
the typical r
Hig1:528/m30 l240
son 46 m
ed for largeks at anaere storage ta
ns and assocded.
e bulk contfor effluent/
ater tank from density mDPE) nk e tank e unit above grounabove groun
on
range of voe 9). It was
r in the comme
on in glassh
Typical a73 ha 1242 ha 6
the nutrientablishing th
and season he volume o
requirement
gh Low2 1:20
m2 12 / 30 l
00 m3 360m3 180
volume stoobic digesti
anks.
ciated unit c
C
ov
ainer) /waste
om UV moulded
nd nd
olume requfound that
ercial product
houses (left)
area 180 acres 600 acres
t requiremee typical pla
depends onof feed per p
t for undilut
w 0 /m2 l 00 m3 0 m3
orage (see Ton sites. St
costs spread
ost /m3 dig
ver 10 yea
£1
£1
£1£1£2£6£3£2
irements, thstorage cos
tion of strawb
) and
ent per prodant density
n the nutrieplant and se
ted digestat
Table 8) sutorage cost
d over 10 y
gestate /y
ars
10.00
12.00
13.00 15.00 24.00 6.00 3.50 2.00
he storage csts per ha p
berries 28
duction in
ent eason
te per
uch as per m3
years.
year
costs per
season would boff over
Table 9digestat Producarea
2.5 8 73 242
4.2 T 4.2.1 TTranspoFor onecases it digestiotranspolikely to For a 26 £4/m £6/m £23/
4.2.2 CThe diludigestatand hen
Table 130l dilut Dilutiofactor
1:52 1:52 1:20 1:20
Use
are typicallybe reduced tr a period of
9 Digestatete storage c
ction Digpermin
ha 115ha 368ha 335ha 111
Transport co
Transport inort cost depe-off deliveri
may be poon plant. In rted toward
o lower the t
6m3 lorry, tym3 if using thm3 if 4 lorry m3 if only 1
Cost impactution factor tes. Digestance significa
10 Transpoted digestat
n Plant density
8 /m2 12 /m2 8 /m2 12 /m2
of quality dige
y around £1to less thanf 10 years.
e volumes recosts spread
gestate r season n
5 m3 8 m3 58 m3 132 m3
ost
nfrastructurepends on veies, lorries c
ossible to usmany AD p
ds agriculturtransport co
ypical digeshe infrastruloads per d
1 lorry load
t of nutrientmakes a sig
ates with a hantly reduce
rt cost variate per plant
y Digestavolume/season
46 m3 69 m3 120 m3 180 m3
estates as a li
110, while fn 30% of th
equired for d over 10 ye
Digestateper seasomax
450 m1440 m13140 m43560 m
re hicle type, can be hiredse the existiplants, thereral destinatost.
state transpucture of a dday are delivper day is d
t content gnificant difhigh nutriene transport
ation with dt per season
ate e /ha n
Tc/(
££££
iquid fertiliser
for large scahat cost. The
typical straears
e on
StoragContaivolumoption
m3 36 m3
m3 72 m3
m3 4,500 mm3 4,500 m
distance, vod for a dailyng distribut
e is an existions. This in
port costs pedigestate prvered by a odelivered by
fference in nt content ccost (see T
digestate nun)
Transport cost /ha /seaso(at £4 /m3
£185 £277 £480 £720
r in the comme
ale outdoor e storage co
awberry pro
ge iner
me n
Sto/mconove
£15£24
m3 £3.5m3 £3.5
olume, and y (10h day)tion infrastrting steady nfrastructur
er m3 are: roducer at lone-off cony a one-off
the cost effcan be used
Table 10).
utrient conte
on 3)
ercial product
productionost was ass
duction are
orage cost 3 storage
ntainer/yeer 10 years
5.00 4.00 50 50
the frequencost of £60
ructure of astream of dre may be ta
ess than 10tractor. contractor.
ficiency of td with a high
ent/dilution
tion of strawb
n the storagsumed to be
eas and asso
ear s
Storacost//seasover years
£108.£108.£108.£33.0
ncy of deliv00-£650. Inn anaerobicdigestate beapped into
0miles dista
the use of h dilution fa
factors (as
berries 29
e cost e written
ociated
age /ha son 10
s
.00
.00
.00 00
veries. n some c eing and is
nce.
actor
ssuming
4.3 FFertilisestandardadded tstandard It can b
Table 1costs in
KNO3
Ca(NO3)
Mono-potassiuphosoha
1-1-3 NTEC SF
Total Total sdigesta
Table 1 KNO3
Ca(NO3)
Mono-p1-1-3 N 4.4 NNet costTable 1They ar Extra
of a Adap
Use
Fertiliser coser cost is exd industry pto diluted did water bas
be seen that
11 Fertiliser Table 12
Am10
Dildig
36
)2
um ate
21
PK - + MG ex
am
saving usinate vs cont
12 Fertiliser
)2
otassium phPK
Net cost savt savings du13, as therere: a managemnew digesta
ptation of th
of quality dige
sts pected to inprices were igestate aresed plant fe
t a saving o
r only cost sbelow.
mount add00l
luted gestate
Co(Cfe
6 g 15
24
g -
52cluded, as s
mounts in bo
ng diluted trol
r cost, deliv
hosphate
ving ue to the use are some
ent time duate storage he pumping
estates as a li
ncrease in tused. In Ta
e compared eed.
of 33% of th
savings calc
ded per
ontrol Commercial rtigation) 5 g
4 g
2 g same oth
ered
Cost per k £0.93
£0.44
£1.45 £1.34
se of digestextra expen
ue to Envirounit as weland mixing
iquid fertiliser
the long terable 11, thto those of
he fertiliser
culated assu
Cost /haplants /m
Diluted digestate
£806
£720
excluded,amounts
£1,527 £740 (33%)
kg (ex VAT
tates are liknses that do
onment Agell as obtainig system to
r in the comme
m. For the he amountsf the nutrien
cost can be
uming 30l p
a /season m2)
Control (Commerfertigatio £249
£1,672
£345 as same in both
£2,266
T)
kely to be evo not scale
ency requireing permissdeal with d
ercial product
purpose of and costs o
nts required
e achieved.
per plant, 8
(8
rcial n)
ven less thawith the vo
ements regaion to use ddigestate ba
tion of strawb
this study, of the nutrid to produce
plants per m
an those listolume of dig
arding notifidigestates. ased plant f
berries 30
current ents e a
m2 and
ted in gestate.
ication
feed.
Stafftraditextra
Table 112, offs
Fertilisethroughdigestat
Digestatcost DigestatTotal sTotal fe(convenPercenfertilise 4.5 CCurrentcompareyield duloss.
Table 1risk of n Value of
Typical /ha /sea
Savings
If at somthe expebecome 4.6 CThis coshas the cost savMoreovecurrentl
Use
f costs of mtional fertilia time requi
13 Cost savset by diges
er cost savinh the use of te
te transport
te storage csavings ertiliser cost ntional methntage of toer cost sav
Cost saving ly the cost sed to the va
ue to change
14 Potentianet reductio
f strawberri
cost savingason
s relative to
me point in ected profit
e more attra
Cost-benefitst-benefit apotential to
vings are oner, as the vy nullify an
of quality dige
anipulation sing methoired to carry
vings calculastate storag
Cost
ng f
£740
t -£18
cost -£33 £52
hod) £2,2
otal ved
23%
vs. risk savings duealue of the e in fertilise
l cost savinon of profit
ies /ha /sea
g due to the
value of fru
the future,t margin, it active.
t consideratnalysis has o bring costnly possible value of the y cost savin
estates as a li
and monitods. In practy out initial
ated assumie and trans
t /ha /sea
0
5
22 266
%
e to the intrstrawberry
er regime w
gs through
ason
e use of dige
uit /ha /sea
fertiliser cois likely tha
tions shown that
t savings of if digestatecrop is high
ng in fertilis
iquid fertiliser
oring effortstice this migtrials.
ing 30l per sport cost
son (min)
roduction ofcrop (see T
would conve
the introdu
£4
estate £1
son 0.1
ost savings at digestate
t digestate f up to 23%e transport h, a 1.2% oser cost.
r in the comme
s are assumght not be t
plant, 8 pla
Cost /(max) £740
-£480
-£108 £152 £2,266
7%
f digestate bTable 14). rt expected
uction of dig
3,000 - £99
52 - £522
15% - 1.2%
are greateruse in stra
based fertil% of the fert
and storageor less redu
ercial product
med to be ththe case, i.e
ants per m2
/ha /seaso)
6
based fertiliMinute dete cost saving
gestate base
9,000
%
r than todaywberry prod
iser for strailiser cost. He costs are ction in cro
tion of strawb
he same as e. there ma
and costs i
on
isers are neerioration ings into an e
ed plant fee
y, e.g. >30%duction is g
awberry proHowever, thminimised. p yield wou
berries 31
for y be
n Table
egligible n crop effective
ed vs
% of going to
oduction hese
uld
5.0 DThree oand ClasperformImprove The othcalcium those oftesting Maize(l) The threother dithese pldigestatadditionand 7.522-27) t Before sof the feions). TconsequNutrientwas not 5.1 RIt is verbehavioneeds towithin abe necefeed; enhoweve The threbest nuteven prhigh in higher athese dithe recolower voaccompiron necacid in othat theremaind For the remarkaand expimprove
Use
Discussionof the six digss 1 yield. T
med the contement in fru
her three digdeficiency
f the other results, how) treatment
ee calcium igestates. Tlants with ates also exhn of larger v. This couldthan the oth
starting theeed as a res
This effect, huence, the tt availabilityt carried out
Recommendry clear fromour of the ino be consida suitable pHessary. Rootnough to incer, the feed
ee digestatetrient profile
referable, fopotassium, ammonium-igestates apommendatioolume of ca
panied also bcessary). Adorder to rede digestatesder of the m
other threeably well. Tperimentatioe the overal
of quality dige
n and recogestates peTwo of whictrol throughuit flavour w
gestates, Mstress, despthree diges
wever, were.
stressed treThe consequan increasedhibited a strvolumes of ad in part be hers (dilutio
e trial, it wassult of the uhowever, wthree well by would thet, but other
dations for fm these resundividual digdered, with tH range. Fot-zone pH wcrease the apH would n
es which rees. Conside
or these digand a lowe
-N to nitrateppeared to on for thesealcium nitratby a microndditional phduce the syss would be umineral nitro
e digestateshe pH of thon could takl economics
estates as a li
mmendatirformed as ch, Food(w)hout the seawas the mos
aize/Manurepite the factstates. Fruit e excellent,
eatments hauently highed challenge ronger degreacid to redudue to thes
on factor 36
s anticipateuptake of amas apparent
buffered digerefore haver deficiencie
formulatingults that thegestate. Thethe feed pH
or the Foodwas measureavailability oneed to be r
sulted in syerably less aestates tha
er level of ne-N ratio maresist root-ze digestateste, injected nutrient soluosphorus wstem pH to used in a mogen.
s, the amene Food (w) ke place to s.
iquid fertiliser
ions well as the
) and Slurryason with rest notable d
e(l), Maize(t that their yields werewith all out
ad higher per potassiumwith respecee of pH buuce and mase three dig6-53, Table
ed that root-mmonium it only in the
gestate treate been lowees may also
g digestate fe pH of the e relationshH adjusted i(l) digestated as beingof nutrientsreduced.
ymptoms ofamendmentn was undeitrate amenay have beezone acidifis would be tinto the sy
ution consiswould be sup
around 6.5more concen
dments as and Slurryreduce the
r in the comme
e control in ty(w), producespect to thdifference.
(l) and Potacalcium cone lower in tht-performing
otassium com to calciumct to the upuffering thaintain the ta
gestates beie 3).
-zone pH wons (and sue Food(l) antments had
est in these have been
feed solutiosystem nee
hip betweenn order thate, no pH amg notably ms to the plan
f stress, appt may actuaertaken. Thendment mayen suitable cation. In ato substitut
ystem separsting of manpplied in the
5. Amendingtrated form
used in the (w) feed sogeneral lev
ercial product
terms of boced fruit thahe taste test
to(w), displntents werehese treatmg the contro
ontents thanm ratio wouptake of calcn the otherarget feed ping less dilu
ould be moubsequent rnd Food (w) the highestreatmentspresent (e.
ons eds to be ta feed pH ant the root-zmendment wore acidic thnts. For the
peared, on plly have beeey were alrey have beenas the well-
a commerciae the potasately from tnganese ande form of og with less n
m in order to
trial seemeolutions shovel of amend
tion of strawb
oth total fruat generally
sting assess
layed sympe at least asments. The tol, particula
n those of tld have precium. Thesers, requiringpH of betweuted (dilutio
ore acidic threlease of h) treatment
st root-zones. Tissue an.g. boron).
ailored to thnd root-zonzone is mainwould mosthan that of
e other dige
paper, to haen necessaeady reasonn adequate.-buffered nal injection ssium nitratethe digestatd molybden
orthophosphnitrate wouo supply the
ed to work ould be redudment in or
berries 32
it yield y out-ments.
ptoms of s high as taste arly the
the esented e g the een 7.0
on factor
an that hydrogen ts. As a e pH. alysis
he e pH ntained t likely the states,
ave the ry, or nably A ature of system, e with a te, num (no horic ld mean e
uced, rder to
5.2 OThe elecrecommtrial wasproductit may bhigher lup of sa The blocinvestig(Maize/Mprepareincorporrecordedry matthe onestored iflourish.pressurelikely totermed that fou
Figure
Labyrinthin the triinto a tuwater pa
Use
Other considctrical cond
mended for ss around 0.tion. The usbe necessareaching fraalts within t
cking of ferated. In thiManure(l) a
ed digestaterating 0.3md until day tter contente used in thin tanks for . The digeste compensa
o block. A lodrippers), a
und in many
22 Photos
h low pressuial. The top sbe. Approxim
assage are 0
of quality dige
derations ofductivity (ECstrawberry 8 dS m-1, h
se of softer ry for certaictions thanhe root-zon
rtigation equis trial, onlyand, to a mue feed solutimm filters im
54 of the trt per se. A cis trial, as, iup to threetates wouldated commeow pressurealthough thy emitters (s
of irrigation
ure drip stakesection is insmate dimens.83x0.60mm
estates as a li
f using digeC) of some oproduction.igher than twater wouln digestatesthose nece
ne.
uipment is ay two of theuch lesser eons were a
mmediately arial, and wecommercial n the prese
e weeks whed, however, ercial system system wae smallest dsee Figure
n equipmen
e used serted ions of
Em2l/the
iquid fertiliser
estates of the diges. The EC of that generad most likes and in ceressary for sy
an issue thae digestate textent, Slurall less than after the stoere observedinjection sy
ent system, ere micro-oneed to be
ms, as this as used in thdiameter op
e 22).
nt (not to sc
mitter used in/hour the wae emitter are
r in the comme
state feed sthe water u
ally used in ly deal withrtain water ynthetic fee
at would alstreatment sry(w)). The0.3%, withorage tanksd to be dueystem may feed solutio
organisms we tested withwould be thhis trial thatpening in th
cale)
n commerciater passage
e 1x0.75mm
ercial product
olutions waused for thecommercia
h this potentsupply area
eds in order
so need to bolutions res
e dry matterh the fertigas. Blockagese to algal grobe less pronons were fo
would have h the 2 l h-1
he part of tht did not ince trial syste
l systems. Atdimensions f
tion of strawb
as higher the dilutions il strawberrytial issue, aas to use slir to avoid th
be further sulted in blor contents oation systems were not rowth ratherne to blockormulated abeen able t
1 emitters uhe system mclude emitteem was sim
t for
berries 33
an that n this y lthough ightly he build-
ockages of the ms also
r to the ing than
and to sed in most ers (also
milar to
5.3 RThis stustrawbediscusse Furthermproductconsidenecessafurther 6.0 C This triaproductenhanci The pH individuexperimotherwisregulateThe impan inter Cost-bereduce ofinal proproducevariabilireducing There awhich wmaximis
Use
Recommendudy has shoerries. Furthed above in
more, in ordtion could brations for s
ary to considwork before
Conclusion
al has showtion to proding fruit qua
at which thual digestatementation is se. Experimed emitters,plications foresting area
enefit analysoverall fertioduce; the ce. If the usety in digestg yields com
are significanwould need sed.
of quality dige
dations wn that dig
her trials usi section 5.2
der to fully e permittedsafeguardinder potentiae approval c
n
wn that digesuce yields eality in term
he digestatee and depenrequired in
mentation us, would be aor the shelf-a for further
sis shows thiliser cost. Tcost saving e of digestattate composmpared to m
nt constrainto be caref
estates as a li
gestates caning commer2.
assess whed within the ng human hal pathogencould be gra
states can bequal to tho
ms of its tast
e feed solutnds on the pnto the issuesing a comma necessity -life of the fr work.
hat digestatThese cost sbeing of thte in commsition must mineral ferti
nts, such asully manage
iquid fertiliser
n be successrcial fertigat
ether the use AQDP, anahealth wouldn and odourranted.
be used in sose producete characte
ion should pH response of nitrate mercial fertiin order to
fruit were n
te based fersavings are,he order of
mercial strawbe completilisers must
s the transped to enabl
r in the comme
sfully used tion system
se of digestaalyses of pad need to ber issues, wh
soil-less, triced by converistics.
be maintainse of the rooamendmenigation systinvestigateot investiga
rtilisation ha, however, 1% or less
wberry prodtely under cbe lower th
ort and stoe overall co
ercial product
for the prodms are recom
ates for UK thogens ane addressedich would c
ckle irrigateentional feed
ned is particot-zone. Furnt and its neem, includin
e the potentated here, b
as the potendwarfed byof the total uction is to ontrol, and han 1%.
rage costs oost saving p
tion of strawb
duction of mmended, a
strawberrynd further d. It would certainly req
ed strawberds, whilst
cular to the rther ecessity or ng pressuretial for blockbut would p
ntial to signy the value o value of thbe profitab the risk of
of digestatepotential to
berries 34
as
y
be quire
rry
e-kages. rovide
nificantly of the he ble,
es, be
7.0 R AbdullahMicro PrAgricult Biško A,vegetat DECC a56pp Defra, 2www.de Furukawmade fr Glinicki FarmingUniversi Haifa. 2http://wgroup.c_for_str Kouřims'The effparame Liedl, B.'Hydropnutrient Liedl, B.effluenttomato Liedl, B.waste bposter a Lošák, Tof the e(brassicLIX, 3, Lošák, TE., Martkohlrabi Mouat, Scotland
Use
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., Liu, W. , 2hina Biogas
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-specific pro
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.
s recycling
2010, 'The s
r in the comme
dition. Agroová, D., Babn Tomatoes, S394-S396
ototol 2011
estate from
industry in
effect of dig
ercial product
o Business CbIcka, L, 20s (Lycopersi6
- strawber
Anaerobic D
2012. 126p
gestate as o
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Consultants 009, 'The Eficon
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Digestion',
pp. WRAP p
organic fert
berries 36
ffect of
WRAP
roject
tilizer for
Appdige
N (mg/kgMineral N(% NH4-(% NO3-P (mg/kgK (mg/kgCa (mg/Mg (mg/S (mg/kgFe (mg/kMn (mg/Na (mg/
Total sol
C:N pH EC (1:6)(dS m-1) Propertand oth
Use
pendixestate
kg) N (mg/kg) -N) -N) g) g) kg) /kg) g) kg) /kg) kg)
lids (%)
ies of eight er elements
of quality dige
x 1: Ces
Food waste
Separated liquor 3700 2990 2990 >0.1 202 1330 797 92.9 134 75 3.4
1021
2.9
4.0 8.5
4.4
UK digestas are report
estates as a li
Charac
Food waste
Fowa
Whole Wh4900 603784 523784 52>0.1 >315 41869 112000 1993.3 6236 3231 58.4 5
1146 22
3.7 4
3.5 38.4 8
5.4 7
ates sourcedted as elem
iquid fertiliser
cteris
ood aste
Foodwaste
& slurry
hole Whole000 5600260 5590260 5590
>0.1 >0.1456 257109 2804974 94263 86.8342 188555 1185.0 8.3225 1501
4.5 3.8
3.3 3.38.4 8.8
7.0 7.3
d in late 20ments (rathe
r in the comme
stics o
d e
y Potato waste
e Whole 0 2400 0 2039 0 2039 1 >0.1
128 4 4752
126 46 78 57 1.3
1 46.4
2.2
3.3 8.2
4.2
12 as part or than salts
ercial product
of eigh
Slurry Separated
liquor 3900 2945 2945 >0.1 351 3507 1961 302 242 119 23.0 531
3.8
5.6 8.4
4.8
of this proje)
tion of strawb
ht UK
Maize, slurry &
milk waste
Separated liquor 4200 2044 2044 >0.1 514 4661 1862 436 303 197 15.9 439
7.1
7.3 8.2
4.5
ect. Note tha
berries 37
K
Maize Separated
liquor 4100 2175 2175 >0.1 246 3382 889 188 171 54 6.4 121
5.1
6.1 8.2
3.8
at P, K
d
AppcultIn orderof the oproduct
Table 1cultivati
yield (tvalue ( output Variab
plants/sterilisa
Structu(averag
fertilisefieldwoharvesgradingpackagtranspocommi
total vagross
Use
pendixtivatior to underst
overall cost tion systems
15 Yield andion (reprodu
t/ha) (£/t)
(£/ha)
ble costs (
/ planting/ ation/ wirew
ures ge annual c
ers/sprays/pork ting g/packing ging ort ssion
ariable costmargin (£
of quality dige
x 2: Ton
tand the sigas well as ts are differe
d gross maruced from N
£/ha)
work
cost)
predators
ts £/ha)
estates as a li
Total C
gnificance othe potentiaent and thes
rgin estimatNix, 2012)
(ra
2
4
2
5
1114633
4 2
iquid fertiliser
Cost -
of the cost sal profit marse figures a
te for straw
Strawbaised bed, Jmin 18
2400
43200
2850
5000
1000 1500 13000 4500 6300 3060 3890
41100 2100
r in the comme
- Rais
savings, thergin. It shouare for illust
wberries pro
berries une bearer
max23
3200
73600
3650
8000
14003000170005750805039106620
5738016220
ercial product
sed be
y need to buld be notedtration purp
duced in ra
s) (m2
25
0 50
95
50
1018
0 1150703445
0 480 18
tion of strawb
ed
be seen in td that all
poses only.
aised bed
Strawberri(ever beare
min 20 500 3
0000 9
500 1
000 8
000 1800 31000 1000 7000 1400 5500 8
8200 7800 19
berries 38
he light
es ers) max 30
3300
99000
5000
8000
1800 3500 9500 7500 0500 5100 8910
79810 9190
Assump
1. 2. C3. C4. W5. 6. S
7.
8.
9. G10. 11. T12. C13. 14. C
Assump1. 2. C3. W
Use
ptions for JuPlant densitCropping: 6Crop life: 3 Write-off peBed-makingStructures:
a. Ann
iFieldwork:
a. Weeb. Runc. Leaf
Harvesting a. Supb. Empc. Holi
Grading /PaPackaging: Transport: CommissionLevies: e.g.Commission
ptions for evPlant densitCrop life: 1 Write-off pe
of quality dige
une bearersty: 35000 p60 days per years
eriod: 3 yeag is not inclu
ual cost of i. Metal wii. Plastic wii. Include
eding nner removaf thinning e
ervision ployer’s NI day allowanacking: £25£350/t £170/t n: Including. AHDB n and levies
ver bearers:ty: 25000 pyear (plant
eriod: 3 yea
estates as a li
: per ha
year
ars for plantuded in the
polytunnelswork w/o 10w/o 3 yearsd: Erection,
al tc
nce 0/t
g marketeer
s: 9%, but c
: per ha ts/ planting)ars for steril
iquid fertiliser
ts/ planting/e variable co
s 0 years s , dismantlin
r’s and retai
charges var
) lisation
r in the comme
/ sterilisatioosts
ng, venting
iler’s comm
ry considera
ercial product
on
ission
ably!
tion of strawbberries 39
App Total N - Foss F Mineral Other aemissio Total C Total so pH and appropr
Use
pendix
was extracFiaStar).
N was mea
vailable eleon spectrosc
was measu
olids were d
conductivitriate electro
of quality dige
x 3: A
cted using K
asured by F
ements werecopy - Jobin
ured by loss
determined
ty were meaodes.
estates as a li
Analyt
Kjeldahl and
FIA after a 5
e measuredn Yvon Ultim
s on combu
by drying (8
asured in ne
iquid fertiliser
tical m
d measured
50 times dilu
d by ICP-OEma 2) also a
ustion at 450
80oC).
eat solution
r in the comme
metho
(as NH4) b
ution of the
ES (Inductivafter 50 time
0C (assumi
using a pH
ercial product
ods
by FIA (Flow
concentrate
vely coupledes dilution.
ng 58% C).
H/conductivi
tion of strawb
w injection a
e.
d plasma - o
.
ity meter wi
berries 40
analysis
optical
th
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ap.orgg.uk/o
organnics
