APPURTENANCES

A ½ size replica of the pendant and suspension ribbon, approximately 2¼ inches in length overall is provided for formal wear, and an all gold replica of the obverse of the pendant 5/8 inch in height overall is furni- shed for wear on the lapel of the business suit.

FIRST RECIPIENT

On the 14th of May 1973, a ceremony was held at the White House to present the first award of the PCM to Roberto Clemente, posthumously, his wife accepting. The former Pittsburg Pirate star died on the 31st of December 1972, when, on a mission of mercy, the plane-load of earthquake relief supplies he was flying from San Juan to Manaqua, Nicaragua, crashed into the ocean shortly after take-off. Son of a sugar plantation foreman, Clemente was a recipient of many honors and awards during his lifetime and after his untimely death, not the least being his election to the Hall of Fame without the usual five year waiting period - only the late Lou Gehrig of the New York Yankees in 1939 has previously been so honored.

A SUM~iARY OF THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF.THE TITLE OF KING OF JERUSALEM CLAIMED BY THE NOUSES OF ARAGON~ SAVOY AND HABSBURG

David F. Selwyn

The original Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem existed from 1099 to 1291 when it ceased to exist. Yet the title of King of Jerusalem was claimed by several of the leading royal houses, often simultaneously.

We find there are basically five claimants. First, we find the title of King of Cyprus and Jerusalem. This evolved because the last legitimate King of Jerusalem, the Noly Roman Emperor Frederick II, was upset by a coup d’etat by the Ibelin family which postponed the recognition of Frederick’s son, Conrad as king in 1243. ~e regency was entrusted to Alice of Champagne, the sister of Mary of Brienne, whose daughter was the wife of Frederick II. From her it went to her descendants the Kings of Cyprus, who a~sumed the

title in 1268, and continued to use the title after 1291.

Frederick II was made King of Sicily in 1198 and became Holy Roman Emperor of the Hohenstaufen line in 1220. In 1225 he married Isabella (Yolande) daughter and heiress of John of Brienne, titular king of Jerusalem; and assumed the title at that time. However, he obtained Jerusalem by treaty along with Bethlehem and Nazareth, from sultan Ai-Kamil. On March 17, 1229 he entered Jerusalem where he crowned himself king. This title was never abdicated, and Frederick died in 1250 thus retaining the title after the coup. At this time the title could have resided with the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and Sicily itself, Frederick’s first domain. However, his successor -- succession of the kingdom of Sicily or Two Sicilies, etc., was not hereditary as was the kingdom of Jerusalem~- Charles I of Anjou, King of Naples and Sicily, in 1277 assumed the title King of Jerusalem, after purchasing the right of succession from Mary of Antioch and Hugh III of Cyprus. The crest of Jerusalem is to be seen in the armorial bearings of the Kingdom of Naples and or the l~wo Sicilies; thus leading to the second and simultaneous title of King of Sicily and Jerusalem, or UTR-SIC ET HIER REX, along with King of Cyprus and Jerusalem at the same period of time.

Whoever was king of Naples, The Two Sicilies, or Sicily automatically claimed the title of King of Jerusalem. However, it was only used on coins, etc., for these areas. Thus from Ferdinand of Aragon to Charles VI to Don Carlos de Bourbo~ we find the title of SIC ET HIER REX on coins, etc., of these areas, but not on the coins of Spain or the Holy Roman Empire proper.

The third appearance of the title occurs on the coins, etc., of the House of Savoy -- Duke of Piedmont, King of Sardinia, etc., This was the title of Duke of Piedmont: Rex Cyprus and Rex Sardinia. Cyp.et flier. The House of Savoy used the title until they were made Kings of Italy and is based on the following facts.

The last legitimate King of Cyprus, descended from Alice of Champagne, was of the de Lusignan family, lle was John II who died in 1458. On October i0, 1458 his daughter Charlotte married Ludovico di Savoy, son of the ruling Duke of Savoy (also Ludovico who was married to Anna de Lusignan in 1433). Thus making Ludovico King of Cyprus, until Charlotte’s illegitimate half- brother James, Archbishop of Nicosia, with the belp of a Muslim force from Egypt, seized power in Cyprus and forced Charlotte and Ludovico to flee. He also sided with the Venetians who had been rivals with the Genoese for trading supremacy on the island for years, by expelling the Genoese from the island. The coup took place in 1460, the expelling in 1464. Charlotte and Lodovico fled to Naples and put themselves under the protection of King Alphonso of Aragon. James, calling himself James II, in fear of an attempt to restore Ludovico and Charlotte, sought to strengthen himself by treaty with Venice in

1472. To seal the agreement he married Catherina Cornaro of Venice. By sheer coincidence he died, guess how, in 1473. Immediately on his demise Cyprus was ruled from Venice in the Queen’s name. By another coincidence James’ posthumous heir, James III died in 1474. In 1489, Venice forced Catherina to abdicate and took over Cyprus in the name of the Republic and ruled it until its conquest by the Turks in 1570-71.

Thus the title was never abdicated by the Dukes of Savoy, and therefore was retained (in aspiration?) uutil they became kings of Italy.

The next appearance of the title REX flIER or IER appears on the coins of the Holy Roman Empire proper, i~owever, not before the reign of Francis I. It has often been explained as a llabsburg pretention. This is only partly true and not the true reason for the derivation, except wherever they had been kings of Sicily or Uaples-Sieily, as the title automatically went with those territories.*

The title however, was for Jerusalem only and appears as REX-GER-HIER or IER-UUNG-BOI~, on coins, etc. from Francis I to Francis II and on documents of even Franz Josef.

This title was not of the Habsburg line (see also *) because from Francis I on, the llouse of Habsburg became the ilouse of Habsburg-Lorraine, for Francis I was Francis Stephen of Lorraine who married the last llabsburg heiress Maria Theresa. The title King of Jerusalem does not appear on the coins of Maria Theresa. It was hereditary to the Dukes of Lorraine; and the coins of Leopold, father of Francis Stephen-- DUX LOTH-REX IER., and illustrations of the grand armorial of the dukes of Lorraine bear out this fact. They both bear the inscription and, or the cross of Jerusalem. On the first coins of Francis I (HRE) it is also spelled IER, as the coins of Lorraine, later it was changed to HIER.

This originates with Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of Lower Lorraine. Bouillon was bestowed on him as belonging to the County of Ardenne. In order to supply himself with funds for his expedition to the Holy Land he mortgaged Bouillon in 1095 to the Bishop of Leige. Brabant had belonged to him at one time but was not involved at this time, but is the cause of the major confu- sion about him (see also *). lle became the first ruler of the Latin Kingdom