1

1983 2009 2017

2018

1983

2012

21983-2017(-0.25D)-

3.00%6.50%

9.40%15.40%

22.50%27.50%

42.40%

56.70%61.60% 73.50% 73.50%

76.30%

25.41%

45.31%50.00%

57.14%

70.00%76.67%

85.36%89.07%

92.90%88.12%

91.78% 90.34%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

7 y/o 8 y/o 9 y/o 10 y/o 11 y/o 12 y/o 13 y/o 14 y/o 15 y/o 16 y/o 17 y/o 18 y/o

1983 1986 1990 1995 2000 2006 2010 2017

3

1064 5

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�

�

6

Taiwan

JapanKorea

China

Singapore

Hong Kong

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Canada

USA

UK

Australia

7

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6 , 3127 995

81983-2017(-0.25D)-

3.00%6.50%

9.40%15.40%

22.50%27.50%

42.40%

56.70%61.60% 73.50% 73.50%

76.30%

25.41%

45.31%50.00%

57.14%

70.00%76.67%

85.36%89.07%

92.90%88.12%

91.78% 90.34%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

7 y/o 8 y/o 9 y/o 10 y/o 11 y/o 12 y/o 13 y/o 14 y/o 15 y/o 16 y/o 17 y/o 18 y/o

1983 1986 1990 1995 2000 2006 2010 2017

9

Taiwan

JapanKorea

China

Singapore

Hong Kong

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10

<1.0

( ) (n)

1937-1966 Kitamura (1970) 3-18 n not available

NA NA NA

1984/1996(1984-1996 )

Matsumura & Hirai (1999)

,

,

,

3-17 n=17320

13

SE ≤ -0.5 D 17 :

49.3%/65.6%

NA

1986-2014 ,, ,

,

,

( )

5-17

1996-2005,n~1200000

2006-2014,n~3350000

Landoit C for UCVA

NA

Figure 4

Survey of Ophthalmology DOI: (10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.03.006) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Taiwan

JapanKorea

China

Singapore

Hong Kong

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16

Canada

USA

UK

Australia

Figure 5

Survey of Ophthalmology DOI: (10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.03.006) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

2121

Urban southern China, 2002-20037yr: 7.7%12 years: 49.7%15 years: 78.4%

He, M., et al. (2004). "Refractive error and visual impairment in urban children in southern china." Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45(3): 793-799.

Chongqing city, suburban western China7 years: 1.92%12 years: 19.34%15 years: 27.11%Pi, L. H., et al. (2010). "Refractive status and prevalence of refractive errors in suburban school-age children." Int J Med Sci 7(6): 342-353.

Heilongjiang, rural northern China, 2008-20095-9 years: 0.9%10-14 years: 4.5%15-18 years: 8.2%

Li, Z., et al. (2013). "Population-based survey of refractive error among school-aged children in rural northern china: the heilongjiang eye study." ClinExperiment Ophthalmol.

Anyang, central China, 2011-2012grade 1: 3.9%grade 7: 67.3%

Li, S. M., et al. (2013). "Design, Methodology and Baseline Data of a School-based Cohort Study in Central China: The Anyang Childhood Eye Study." Ophthalmic Epidemiol 20(6): 348-359.

Chaoyang district, Beijing, North China, 20117 years: 18.0% 11 -14 years: 67.5%

Lyu, Y., et al. (2015). "Prevalence of and factors associated with myopia in primary school students in the Chaoyang District of Beijing, China." Jpn J Ophthalmol 59(6): 421-429. Taiwan

JapanKorea

China

Singapore

Hong Kong

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Canada

USA

UK

Australia

( ) ( )

≤

SE < -0.5D

≤

Taiwan

JapanKorea

China

Singapore

Hong Kong

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Canada

USA

UK

Australia

Taiwan

JapanKorea

China

Singapore

Hong Kong

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Canada

USA

UK

Australia

≤

≤

≤

≤

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USApreschool: 1-5%, 2003-20075-17 yrs: 9.2% , 1997-1998

Australia, 2003-20056 yr: 1.4%

12 yr: 11.9%

Giordano, L., et al. (2009). "Prevalence of refractive error among preschool children in an urban population: the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study." Ophthalmology 116(4): 739-746, 746 e731-734.Kleinstein, R. N., et al. (2003). "Refractive error and ethnicity in children." Arch Ophthalmol 121(8): 1141-1147.

Ojaimi, E., et al. (2005). "Distribution of ocular biometric parameters and refraction in a population-based study of Australian children." Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46(8): 2748-2754.

Ip, J. M., et al. (2008). "Ethnic differences in refraction and ocular biometry in a population-based sample of 11-15-year-old Australian children." Eye (Lond) 22(5): 649-656.

UK, 2006-200710-11 yrs: 3.4%

Rudnicka, A. R., et al. (2010). "Ethnic differences in the prevalence of myopia and ocular biometry in 10- and 11-year-old children: the Child Heart and Health Study in England (CHASE)." Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51(12): 6270-6276.

37 10638

≤

≤

≤

Proportional to population size≤

Proportional to population size≤

Proportional to population size

≤

Proportional to population size≤

Proportional to population size≤

43 ≤ ≤

≤

≤

43 ≤ ≤

≤

≤

21.51% 25.41%

65.87% 76.67%77.15%

92.90%85.13% 90.34%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1983 1986 1990 1995 2000 2006 2010 2017

7 years 12 years 15 years 18 years

44

5

45

46 47

1. ?2. 2

?3. 3C ?4. ?5.6.7.….

48