HompesMethodPrac00onerTrainingLevelII

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Lesson Fifty Nine – Synapses and neurotransmitters

Let’slookatneurotransmi0ers

•  Sowehaveabasicunderstandingofhowthenervoussystemisstructured,andhownervesconductimpulses.

•  There’sanelectricalimpulse,butitcan’thopacrosssynapses–there’salwaysagap

•  Instead,theimpulsesignalchangesfromelectricaltochemicalforasplitsecond

•  Thechemicalsareneurotransmi0ers

ThesynapseandhowNTswork

h0p://www.humanillnesses.com/Behavioral-Health-Fe-Mu/MedicaIons.html

ThesynapseandhowNTswork

h0p://ib-psych.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/bla-all-about-neurotransmi0ers.html

ThesynapseandhowNTswork

h0ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_QQD9NdJcU

YouTubevideos

•  h0ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WhowH0kb7n0&t=4s

•  h0ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5zFgT4aofA•  h0ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ibzfwtdtong•  h0ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mItV4rC57kM

“CommunicaIonPearl”

•  Thenervoussystemislikeamotorwayand“A-road”network–fastmovingtraffic.

•  Thehormonesystemislikeanetworkofbackstreetsandcountrylanes–slowmovingtraffic.

Backtotheaimsofthismodule

•  Tounderstandandworkwithneurotransmi0ers,weneedtoknow:

–  Howtheyworkingeneral–  Howthey’remade(andwhy)– Whattheirprimaryrolesare–  Howtheyarebrokendownandexcreted– Whatcausesthemtofalloutofbalance–  SymptomsandlabmarkersthatsuggestNTimbalances–  Howtobeingthembackintobalance–  Casestudies

HowNTsworkingeneral

•  NTsareheldinsynapIcvesiclesintheaxonterminal•  VesiclesaretetheredtothesynapIcmembrane•  NerveimpulsestriggertheirreleaseintothesynapIccleg(gap)

•  NTsbindwithreceptorsonthenextnerve’sdendrite–  It’salockandkeysystem–  TranssynapIccommunicaIon

•  TheNTexcitesthedendriIcspineofthenextnerve(manynerves,usually),andoffwego…

HowNTsworkingeneral

h0ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmi0er

HowNTsworkingeneral

•  NTsdon’tbindforever(we’retalkingmilliseconds)•  Theyhavetobeclearedup•  Thishousekeepingisdoneintwoways…–  Reuptakepumpsandrecycling–  DegradaIonbyanenzyme

HowNTsworkingeneral

•  Howcanyoumodulateneurotransmi0erlevelsand,thus,funcIon?– ManipulatetheamountofNT(adjustthesignalvolume)– Manipulatethereceptordensity(adjustthehearingaid)– ManipulateNTreuptake– ManipulateNTdegradaIon

•  Genepolymorphisms,pharmaceuIcals,toxins,etc.canallaffectthesemechanisms

NowNTswork–holdon!

•  SomeNTsactuallydumbdownthesignal•  Theydon’tincreasethelikelihoodofthenextneuronhavinganacIonpotenIal

•  ThesearecalledinhibitoryNTsasopposedtoexcitatoryNTs

Typesofneurotransmi0er

•  Excitatory…–  Glutamate(highest)–  Dopamine(canbeboth)–  Noradrenaline(norepi)–  Adrenaline(epi)–  Serotonin–  Acetylcholine–  Histamine

•  Inhibitory…–  GABA(highest)–  Glycine–  Dopamine(canbebothaccordingtosomeauthoriIes)

•  h0ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitatory_synapse

Balanceisthekey

WhatareNTsmadefrom?•  IntermsofchemicalclassificaIon,NTscanbe:

–  Aminoacids–  Monoamines–  Traceamines–  Lipids–  Purines–  Gastrins–  NeuropepIdes–  Opioids–  Orexins–  SecreIns–  Tachykinins–  Gasotransmi0ers

TheseareallsimplemoleculestoallowNTstobebuiltquicklyandatalowmetaboliccost(similartosteroids,whichare

alsosimplemolecules).

WhatareNTsmadefrom?•  Examples:

–  Glutamate–aminoacid–  GABA–aminoacid–  Glycine–aminoacid–  Acetylcholine–acetylcholine(hasitsowncategory)–  Dopamine-monoamine–  Noradrenaline-monoamine–  Adrenaline-monoamine–  Serotonin-monoamine–  Histamine–monoamine–  Nitricoxideandhydrogensulfide–gasotransmi0er–  Endorphin–opioid–  SubstanceP-tachykinin

Glutamate/glutamicacid

•  Themostabundantexcitatoryneurotransmi0er:–  HighestconcentraIonsinbrain&muscles–  Receptors:

•  NMDAandAMPA–  FuncIons:

•  CogniIon,learningandmemory•  PrecursortoGABA•  AssistsdigesIon,saIety,musclefuncIon,bonefuncIonandmore

GABA

•  Gamma-aminobutyricacid•  Themostabundantinhibitoryneurotransmi0er:–  Receptors:

•  GABAA

•  GABAB–  FuncIons:

•  Restorescalm•  Balancesglutamate•  AssistssleepviaVLPO(ventrolateralpreopIcnucleus)

–  Helpsfacilitateeverythingthatgoesalongwithsleep!

Dopamine

•  Excitatory(possiblyinhibitory?)–  Receptors:

•  D1,D2,D3,D4,D5•  Typediffersdependingonbrainregion

–  FuncIons:•  Reward-mediatedbehaviour–feelinggoodaboutyourself•  Pleasurecenters–reward–addicIon

–  ItistheANTICIPATIONofreward(thisisSOIMPORTANT)

•  ExecuIvefuncIons,motorcontrol,arousal•  LactaIon,sexualgraIficaIon,nausea

Serotonin

•  Excitatoryneurotransmi0er–  Receptors:

•  5-HT1a-1f(noc);5-HT2a-c;5-HT3-7–  FuncIons:

•  Mood–“feelgood”chemical•  Memoryprocessing,cogniIon•  Convertsintomelatoninforsleep

–  MelatoninisalsoamajoranIoxidant

•  Growthfactor(e.g.helpsrepairdamagedliver•  GIfuncIon–moIlity,forexample

h0ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin

Acetylcholine

•  Mostabundantneurotransmi0er–  Receptors:

•  Cholinergic–  NicoInic(sympatheIc)–  Muscarinic(parasympatheIc)

–  FuncIons:•  MotorfuncIons(muscles)•  Alertnessonwaking•  ConcentraIon•  CogniIon•  Memory•  Vasculartone

Noradrenaline

•  Alsoknownasnorepinephrine–  Receptors(adrenergic):

•  Alpha1,alpha2,beta1–  FuncIons:

•  Stressresponse–releaseofnoradrenalinefromSNS•  It’scomplex–dependsonareaofbody

–  E.g.vasoconstricIonofskin,vasodilaIoninlungs–  h0ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor–  Seethelinktounderstandthecomplexity

Adrenaline

•  Alsoknownasepinephrine–  Receptors(adrenergic):

•  Alpha1,alpha2,beta1–  FuncIons:

•  Stressresponse-respondtothreatsignalsadrenalmedulla•  It’scomplex–dependsonareaofbody

–  E.g.vasoconstricIonofskin,vasodilaIoninlungs–  h0ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor–  Seethelinktounderstandthecomplexity

Glycine

•  Inhibitoryneurotransmi0er– WidedistribuIon-abundant

•  Excitatoryinembryologicaldevelopment(notcomplex,then!)–  Receptors:

•  GlyR–  Caffeineantagonizesthereceptor

–  FuncIons:•  Spinalcord,brainstem,reIna•  CanhavearelaxaIoneffect•  Canenhancesleep(RayPeatdiscussesthis)•  Manynon-neurotransmi0erfuncIons

–  E.g.detoxificaIon(glycinaIon)

Histamine

•  Excitatoryneurotransmi0er–  Receptors:

•  H1,H2,H3,H4,histaminegated–  FuncIons:

•  ManyfuncIons•  Immunesystem(e.g.allergy)

– Bronchialsmoothmuscles–think‘anaphylaxis’•  AppeIteandstomachacidsecreIon•  VisceralhypersensiIvity•  Wakefulness•  ErecIons!

SubstanceP

•  Excitatoryneurotransmi0er–  Receptor

•  NK1R–  FuncIons

•  Stressresponse-afirstrespondertostress•  FoundinareasofbrainrelatedtoemoIon•  PainpercepIon•  InflammaIon–promotescytokineexpression•  VomiIng•  Mood,respiraIon,neurotoxicity

Considerthis…

•  Neurotransmi0ersareregulatedbypercepIon•  LookatthenumberofphysiologicalfuncIons•  Thisisyourmind-bodyconnecIon•  It’swhyworkingonthemindcanhavesuchprofoundhealthbenefits

•  It’salsowhysomepeoplewillneverrespondtonutriIon/funcIonalmedicine

Thanks!

•  Sonowwehaveanoverviewofthemainneurotransmi0ersandwhattheydointhebody.

•  Itoldyouitwascomplex…•  Next,let’slookathowtheseNTsaresynthesised

h0p://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_neuronalgenome/neuronalgenome.html