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Lennart Bach
Carbonate chemistry control on coccolithophore calcification: New findings and future directions
Iron fertilization and climate intervention
Calcification in coccolithophores
Kai Schulz AllanahPaul
Scarlett Sett
Phil Boyd
Luisa Federwisch
Ulf Riebesell
Mathias Haunost
OCB Summ
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shop 2019
Introduction
Beginning End
Monteiro et al., 2016, Sci. Adv.
Coccolithophores, calcifying phytoplankton(~200 species):
1) 1 – 10 % to marine primary production
1) ~50 % to pelagic CaCO3 sediments
Introduction
OCB Summ
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Beginning End
Introduction
Carbonate chemistry
Temperature
Salinity
Turbulence Trace metals
Nutrients
Light
Gafar et al., 2019, Scient. Rep.
others
“ecology”OCB Sum
mer W
orksh
op 2019
Beginning End
Introduction
Carbonate chemistry
Temperature
Salinity
Turbulence Trace metals
Nutrients
Light
Gafar et al., 2019, Scient. Rep.
others
“ecology”OCB Sum
mer W
orksh
op 2019
Introduction
Beginning End
Physiology of Calcification
Carbonate chemistry control of calcification
CO2
HCO3-
CO32-
H+
What is carbonate chemistry from an organism perspective?
OCB Summ
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shop 2019
Introduction
Beginning End
Physiology of Calcification
Carbonate chemistry control of calcification
CO2
HCO3-
CO32-
H+
What is carbonate chemistry from an organism perspective?
Ocean acidification
OCB Summ
er Work
shop 2019
Introduction
Beginning End
Physiology of Calcification
Carbonate chemistry control of calcification
CO2
HCO3-
CO32-
H+
What is carbonate chemistry from an organism perspective?
Ocean acidification
“Multiple stressor“OCB Summ
er Work
shop 2019
Beginning End
Carbonate chemistry control of calcification
Non-calciying
calcifiying
Bach et al., 2015, Progr. Oceanogr.
Physiology of Calcification
Interaction betweenHCO3
- and H+OCB Sum
mer W
orksh
op 2019
Beginning End
Carbonate chemistry control of calcification
Bach et al., 2015, Progr. Oceanogr.
Physiology of Calcification
Interaction betweenHCO3
- and H+OCB Sum
mer W
orksh
op 2019
Introduction
Beginning End
Carbonate chemistry control of calcification
Emiliania huxleyi
Physiology of Calcification
OCB Summ
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shop 2019
Introduction
Beginning End
Carbonate chemistry control of calcification
Physiology of Calcification
Data Concept
pCO2
Bach et al., 2015, Progr. Oceanogr.
OCB Summ
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shop 2019
Introduction
Beginning End
Carbonate chemistry control of calcification
Physiology of Calcification
Data Concept
pCO2
Bach et al., 2015, Progr. Oceanogr.
OCB Summ
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shop 2019
Introduction
Beginning End
Carbonate chemistry control of calcification
Modified Monod model
Physiology of Calcification
Data Concept
pCO2
Bach et al., 2015, Progr. Oceanogr.
OCB Summ
er Work
shop 2019
Introduction
Beginning End
Carbonate chemistry control of calcification
Modified Monod model
Physiology of Calcification
Data Concept
pCO2
Bach et al., 2015, Progr. Oceanogr.
OCB Summ
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shop 2019
Introduction
Beginning End
Carbonate chemistry control of calcification
Modified Monod model
Physiology of Calcification
Data Concept
pCO2
Bach et al., 2015, Progr. Oceanogr.
OCB Summ
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shop 2019
Introduction
Beginning End
What about other environmental drivers?
Physiology of CalcificationC
alci
ficat
ion
rate
(pg
cell-1
d-1)
Light
Modifies theshape of thereaction norm
Gafar et al., 2019, Sci. Rep.
OCB Summ
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Introduction
Beginning End
What about other environmental drivers?
Physiology of Calcification
Sett et al., 2014, Plos One
pCO2 (µatm)
Ca
lcifi
catio
n
400 1000OA range
OCB Summ
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Introduction
Beginning End
„A defaultreaction norm ofphytoplanktonto carbonatechemistry in general“
Paul and Bach, in prep.
What about other taxa?
Physiology of Calcification
OCB Summ
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Beginning End
Ecology of Calcification
Why do coccolithophores calcify?
Why a relevant question?
Ca
lcifi
catio
n
pCO2
Cost-benefitthreshold
Bach et al., 2015, Progr. Oceanogr.
OCB Summ
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shop 2019
Beginning End
Ecology of Calcification
Why do coccolithophores calcify?
Why a relevant question?
Ca
lcifi
catio
n
pCO2
Cost-benefitthreshold
Bach et al., 2015, Progr. Oceanogr.
OCB Summ
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shop 2019
Beginning End
Ecology of Calcification
Why do coccolithophores calcify?
Why a relevant question?
Ca
lcifi
catio
n
pCO2
10 %
decrease
Cost-benefitthreshold
Bach et al., 2015, Progr. Oceanogr.
OCB Summ
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shop 2019
Beginning End
Ecology of Calcification
Why do coccolithophores calcify?
Why a relevant question?
Ca
lcifi
catio
n
pCO2
10 % 20 %
decrease
Cost-benefitthreshold
Bach et al., 2015, Progr. Oceanogr.
100 %
OCB Summ
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Beginning End
Ecology of Calcification
Why do coccolithophores calcify?
Monteiro et al., 2016, Sci. Adv.
„Probablyan armoragainstgrazers“
OCB Summ
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Beginning End
Ecology of Calcification
Why do coccolithophores calcify?
calciWHY?
Monteiro et al., 2015, Sci. Adv.
Mathias HaunostOCB Sum
mer W
orksh
op 2019
Beginning End
Ecology of Calcification
Microzooplanktondefense?
0 1 2 3Day of experiment
Prey
, Gra
zer
(cel
lsm
L-1 )
800
200
1400
x103
80
Haunost et al., in prep.
Prey
Grazer
50
20
calcifiedde-calcified
calcified de-calcified
OCB Summ
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Beginning End
Ecology of Calcification
Microzooplanktondefense?
0 1 2 3Day of experiment
Prey
, Gra
zer
(cel
lsm
L-1 )
800
200
1400
x103
80
Yes.
Haunost et al., in prep.
Prey
Grazer
50
20
calcifiedde-calcified
calcified de-calcified
OCB Summ
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Beginning End
Ecology of Calcification
Virus defense?
Ehuxvirus
0 1 2 3 4 5 Day of experiment
Ce
lla
bun
da
nce
(ce
llsm
L-1 )
100
0
200 x103
105
106
calcifiedde-calcified
Without virus
With virus
Jessica Kegel, 2005
OCB Summ
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Beginning End
Ecology of Calcification
Virus defense?
Ehuxvirus
0 1 2 3 4 5 Day of experiment
Cel
lab
und
anc
e(c
ells
mL-
1 )
100
0
200 x103
105
106
calcifiedde-calcified
Yes.
Physical immune systemHaunost et al., in prep.
Without virus
With virus
Jessica Kegel, 2005
OCB Summ
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Beginning End
Future research priorities
Highly opinionated
OCB Summ
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Beginning End
Future research priorities
Highly opinionated
Beyond Ehux
OCB Summ
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shop 2019
Beginning End
Future research priorities
Highly opinionated
Ocean acidification
Beyond Ehux
OCB Summ
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shop 2019
Beginning End
Future research priorities
Highly opinionated
Ocean acidification
Beyond Ehux
Costs and benefits
OCB Summ
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shop 2019
Beginning End
Future research priorities
Highly opinionated
Ocean acidification
Beyond Ehux
Calcification in the climateengineering context
Costs and benefits
OCB Summ
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shop 2019
Beginning End
End
Thanks
Email: [email protected]
Cocco bloom in Port Alice (Canada)
Picture: Harvey Prescott
OCB Summ
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Introduction
Beginning End
What about other environmental drivers?
Physiology of Calcification
Bach et al., 2015, Progr. Oceanogr.
pCO2
Ca
lcifi
catio
n
OCB Summ
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shop 2019
Introduction
Beginning End
Carbonate chemistry control of calcification
Emiliania huxleyi
CO2, HCO3- limitation
H+ inhibition
Physiology of Calcification
OCB Summ
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shop 2019
Introduction
Beginning End
Carbonate chemistry control of calcification
CO2 √HCO3
- √CO3
2- √H+ (pH) √
DIC xTotal alkalinity xSaturation state (Ω) x… Bach et al., 2013, New Phyt.
Physiology of Calcification
What is carbonate chemistry from an organism perspective?
“Multiple stressor“
OCB Summ
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