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Radiocontamination of Food, Men and the Environment
食品、人体、環境の放射能汚染
Dr. Markus Zehringer, State-Laboratory Basel-City
2019年3月 Dr.Markus Zehringer 来日記念講演乳歯保存ネットワーク
Atomic Age / Cold War(核の時代/冷戦)
first bombs(最初の核爆弾)
Fallout Pacific, lucky dragon incident (第五福竜丸事件)
Nuclear accidents accompanied the weapon’s production
(核爆弾製造における事故)
Fallout measurements in Switzerland(スイスでの放射性降下物)
Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty(部分的核実験禁止条約)
Fission used for energy production(エネルギー源としての核分裂)
Accidents(原子力事故)
Chernobyl: Contamination of Europe(チェルノブイリ事故によるヨーロッパの汚染)
Fukushima Daiichi / Contamination of Japan, minimal fallout in Europe(福島第一事故による日本の汚染。ヨーロッパの汚染はわずか)
Contents
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019 | 2
How to investigate contamination of the body?体内の汚染の測定法
Analyses of baby teeth乳歯の測定
Results from the investigation of children from Chernobylチェルノブイリの子どもたちの測定から分かること
First results from investigations of Japanese children日本の子どもたちの初めての測定結果
Contents
| 3Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
| 4
Artificial radioactivity in man and the environment人工放射性物質-ヒトの体内・環境中
three main sources: 三大原因
- nuclear fission for weapons核爆弾のための核分裂
- controlled nuclear fission for the production of energyエネルギー源としての制御された核分裂
- application of radiopharmaceuticals放射性医薬品の応用
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
The dark side of radioactivity: 放射性物質の闇the uncontrollable fission and its consequences
Trinity「三位一体」
Little BoyFat ManX-Ray
Yoke
Zebra
Dog
Easy
George
Item
Ivy Mike…
| 5| 5
Trinity: the first of 622 bomb tests in the atmosphere (July 1945, USA)
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019初めての大気圏内核実験(全部で622発)
The lucky dragon (Fukuryu Maru) 1954 incident/ the Castle Bravo bomb fallout contaminated 23 Japanese fisher men…「Catsle Bravo」からの降下物により操業中の漁民23名を汚染()
| 6
The power of this fusion bomb was three times higher as calculated (15 Mt TNT)実出力(15 Mt)は計算値の3倍であった
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
第五福竜丸
Numerous accidents happened when nuclear fission was applied for weapon’s productionLos Alamos – 1945 Harry Dhagilan, a scientist died 25 days after an accident (USA) with overcrital plutonium. He was the first dead of a nuclear
accident
Los Alamos – 1946 Henry Slotin, a scientist, died nine days after a criticality (USA) experiement. He got a dose of 10 Gray
臨界実験で10 Gy(~10 Sv)を浴び9日後死亡
Kyschtym/ Majak – 1957 Explosion of a waste storage tank at the Russian (UdSSR) plutonium factory
North Carolina – 1961 A bomber lost two weapons near a farm(USA)
Palomares – 1966 A B52 bomber lost four hydrogen fusion bombs. Two(Spain) Bombs exploded on the landscape spreading the plutonium
| 7Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
ロスアラモス超過臨界のPuで25日後死亡 最初の原子力事故の犠牲者
ソ連のプルトニウム施設で廃棄物タンクの爆発
爆撃機が農場近傍で2基の核爆弾紛失
B52爆撃機が4基の水爆紛失。2基爆発、Pu散逸
Numerous accidents happened when nuclear fisson was applied for weapon’s production
Thule Airbase -1968 A B52 bomber lost four hydrogen fusion bombs. One of(USA) the bombs was never found
Starfish Prime – 1962 Bomb test, where the electromagntic impulse (EMP)(USA, Pacific) destroyed electronic equipment over an area of more
than 2400 km radius
Storax Sedan – 1962 Underground test: contamination of a large area in(USA) several states in USA
Lake Chagan – 1965 Underground explosion for the building of an artificial
(UdSSR) lake. There was only one problem: everything went radioactive! The lake could never be used…
| 8Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
B52が4基の核弾頭を紛失・1基不明のまま
電磁パルスにより半径2400 kmの範囲の電器製品を破壊
地下核実験により広範囲の汚染
人工湖建設実験成功(総てが放射性になったことを除き)
Each nuclear power had at least one test site. From there fallout was spread all over the earth世界中のテストサイトから死の灰が地球を覆いつくす
| 9
Novaya Zemlya
Lop Nur (China)
Mururoa (France)
Koh Kambaran (Pakistan) Pokhran (India)
Sahara (France)
Nevada (USA)
Bikini (USA)
Semipalatinsk (UDSSR)
Australia (GB)
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
The bomb tests brought the contamination also over Switzerland スイスにも降下物は襲いかかる
| 10| 10
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Gras
Erde
Milch
Getreide
WirbelknochenMilchzähne
Bq 90
Sr/g
Ca
90Sr vom KernwaffenausfallRadiostrontium from weapon’s fallout in Switzerland
grass
soil
cow’s milk
cereals
milk teethvertebra
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
The bomb tests fallout resulted in the uptake ofradiostrontium in bones and teeth of Swiss people
| 11
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995
90Sr [Bq / g Ca]
année de naissance
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
▲ Ticînoo West-Switzerland□ Zurich
CH mean values
| 11Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
生年
核実験の結果スイス人の骨や歯に取り込まれた放射性ストロンチウム
| 12| 12
Prof. Ernest J. Sternglass at theUS congress
The intervention of US scientists lead toThe Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty) from1963
No more atmospheric bomb tests !
Scientists found a relation between infant mortality rate and bomb fallout in USA幼児の死亡率と核実験による降下物との間には有意な関連
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
部分核停条約に結実。大気圏内核実験の終焉
肺炎・インフルエンザ
Chalk River(USA) – 1952 Idaho Falls (USA) – 1955Windscale/Sellafield (UK)– 1957 / 1973Los Alamos (USA)– 1958Simi Valley(USA) - 1959Knoxville (USA) - 1959Idaho Falls (USA)– 1961Charlestown/Rhode Island (USA)– 1964Melekess (USSR) – 1966 Monroe - 1966
| 13
After the 50ties, President Truman’s message for the friendly use of atomic power was realised. But manyaccidents happened…
Lucens(Schweiz) - 1969Rocky Flats (USA) – 1969Windscale(UK) – 1973Leningrad(USSR) – 1974Belojarsk (USSR) – 1977Bohunice -1977Belojarsk (USSR) - 1978Three-Mile-Island(USA) – 1979St. Laurent(Fr) - 1980Tschernobyl (USSR;Ukraine) - 1982
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
50年代よりトルーマン「核の平和利用」実現
しかし事故はここでも多発
| 14
Vladiwostok(USSR) – 1985 ウラジオストック
Gore – 1985Tschernobyl (USSR)– 1986 チェルノブイリ
Tomsk-7 (USSR) – 1993Tokai-mura – 1999 東海村(JCO)
Fleurus (Belgium) – 2006Fukushima Daiichi - 2011 福島第一
…?
After the 50ties, President Truman’s message for the friendly use of atomic power was realised. But many accidents happened…1950年代後、トルーマンの「核の平和利用」が実現。しかしここでも多くの事故が・・・
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
The fallout of the NPP of Chernobyl contaminated Europe
| 15| 15
Radioactive fallout of cesium-137
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
チェルノブイリ事故によるヨーロッパの汚染(セシウム-137)
The washout of radioactive fallout from Chernobyl overSwitzerland in May 1986
| 16
From: Federal Office of Public Health: 20 years after the NPP accident of Chernobyl. How it affected Switzerland.
rainfall in May1986
Ticino: 350 mmEast Switzerland: 150 mmBasel: 50 mm
washout of cesium-137 (kBq/m2) after the reactor fire at Chernobyl
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
1986年5月のwashoutによる降下物沈着チェルノブイリ事故 4/26
The washout immediately affected milk
| 17| 17
Radioiodine (131I) activities in cow’s milk from farms in northern Switzerland
Fresh grass
Hay(干し草)
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
スイス北部の農場からの牛乳に含まれる放射性ヨウ素
降下物の沈着は牛乳の汚染に直結
Radiocontamination in cow’s milk decline over the years
| 18
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
134+137Cs
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2008
2010
2011
2013
2015
2017
90Sr
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
Milk is a main food categoryin Europe
all data in Bq/L
牛乳の放射能汚染は年々減少
ヨーロッパにおいて牛乳は主要な食品
単位は Bq/L
Which food was most contaminated in Switzerland?
| 19
Food category Origin(原料) activity levels 1986/1987 (Bq/kg)131+132I 134+137Cs 90Sr
Milk powder(粉ミルク)
Cow(牛)
Sheep(羊)
mother(母乳)
<1<1 – 30<1 – 30
<-1 -1,025<1 - 624
<1
35<1 - 22
n.a.Baby food CH(スイス) <1 <1–1,000 <1- 22
CH <1 <1–5,400 n.a.
Milk products(乳製品)
CH 0.4 - 2 1 - 2 0.05 -1.1
Chocolate(チョコレート) CH, D(ドイツ) <1 6 - 80
Nuts(ナッツ、堅果) TR(トルコ)
CH<1<1
100 – 17,1000.6 – 120
Mushrooms, wild(茸) CH & Imports(輸入) <1 107 – 8,100 n.a.Fruit, driedドライフルーツ CH <1 <1 - 1,600Vegetables(野菜) Leafy(葉野菜) <1 – 5,500 <1 – 1,100
Herbs(ハーブ類) CH <1 – 4 <5 – 123,000
Chest nuts(栗) CH, IT(イタリア) <1 6 – 270
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
どの食品の汚染が高い?
Which food was most contaminated in Switzerland?
| 20
Food category Origin activity levels 1986/87 (Bq/kg)131+132I 134+137Cs 90Sr
Wild grown berries(野生ベリー類)
CHEast Europe(東欧)
n.a. <1 – 110n.a.
n.a.
Tea(茶葉) Imp. <2 <2 – 30,000 430
Meat(肉) CH, CowCH, Sheep, lamb(仔羊)
<1 – 30<1 – 75
<1 – 1,20013 – 2,200
Game(狩猟肉) CH, Roe deer(ノロジカ)
CH, Deer(シカ)
CH, wild boar(イノシシ)
reindeer imp.(輸入トナカイ)
<1<1<1<1
15020
6003,600
Fish(魚) Fish, Basel (CH)バーゼル
Fish, Ticino (CH)ティチーノ
sea fish, imp.(輸入海水魚)
<1<1<1
22 - 71040 – 4,400
n.a.
n.a.n.a.n.a.
Flour(小麦)
Bread(パン)
flakes, muesli(シリアル)
CHCHCH
<1<1<1
20 ± 3730 – 1,200
n.a.Honey (蜂蜜) CH & abroad <2 - 110 <2 – 192
Spices(スパイス) abroad(外国産) n.a. n.a. n.a.
Drinking water CH, Tap water(水道水)
Mineral water(ミネラル
ウォータ)CH & abroad
<1 – 200 0.4 – 22n.a.
n.a.
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
Dose estimations for the Swiss population caused by the fallout from Chernobyl 1986チェルノブイリからの放射性降下物によるスイス公衆の被曝量推定値
| 21
Institution(実施機関) remarks(注) dose foradults (mSv)
State-Laboratory Basel-City(バーゼル)
Overestimated (only contami-nated food was analysed)検査対象が汚染食品のみ→過大評価
2.4
Federal Office of Public Health (BAG)連邦公衆衛生省
Only milk, vegetables and meat were considered!(牛乳・野菜・肉のみ考慮)
0.6
Swiss Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate連邦原子力安全規制室
Broad data basis(広範囲のデータに基づく)
1.1
BAG Estimation for global bomb fallout世界中の核実験の影響
0.1
Limit value today: 1 mSv/a
| 21Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
Which food categories are contaminated even today, over 30 years after the Chernobyl impact?チェルノブイリから30年。どの種類の食品が現在でも汚染しているか?
| 22
spices, Hazel nuts(Turkey, East Europe)
wild grown berries(East Europe)
Wild grown mushrooms(East-Europe)
Wild boars(Bavaria, South Switzerland)
milk, grass (South Switzerland)
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
チェルノブイリフォーラム *IAEAの見解From the Chernobyl Forum (IAEA-Report 2003 – 2005)• From 1,000 liquidators only «few men» got a deadly radiation dose
リクビダートル1000人中致命的被曝を受けた者は数名にすぎない
• 600,000 persons working in emergency area got doses which are only
slightly higher than the natural background 緊急エリアで働いた60,000名の被曝量は自然バックグラウンドよりいくらか高いだけ
• 4,000 cases of tyroid cancer were detected and put into relation with the existing radiation doses 甲状腺ガン4,000例が見つかり被ばく量との関連が検討された
• In summary, no higher risk for cancer occured in the contaminated zones, but there was no correlation between radiation and cancer risk汚染地域においても癌の過剰発生リスクは見いだせない。癌のリスクと放射線との関連も存在しない
• Stress and anxiety were the factors which caused many diseasesストレスと不安が多くの疾病の原因となる
• In the «strict control zones» cancer deads were possible (the cancer risk is below 0.01) 厳重管理ゾーンにおいてはがんリスクは高くなることがあり得るがリスクは0.01未満
| 23Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
| 24
The investigations of the physicists show another picture物理学者の研究結果による見方はIAEAと異なる
Development of the demography of the exposed persons in Ukraine, 1997-2006ウクライナの被曝した人々の人口統計(1997~2006)
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
1986~1987のリクビダートル生存者 352,939障害者 59,582
1988~1990のリクビダートル生存者 69,620
1986年避難者生存者 86,726
liquidators 1986-1987surviverssurvivers who are invalid
liquidators 1988 – 1990surviverssurvivers who were evcuated in 1986
| 25
The investigations of the physicists show another picture
Lethality of Urainian survivers of Chernobyl (number of cases per 10,000)チェルノブイリの生存者の死亡理由
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
がんがん性疾患
内分泌
甲状腺血液
貧血精神疾患
神経系心臓
呼吸器消化管
泌尿器・生殖器皮膚
筋肉・骨
Three core meltings at NPP Fukushima-Daiichi 2011福島第一原子力発電所・・・3つの炉心が溶融
| 26| 26Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
Three core meltings at NPP Fukushima-Daiichi 2011
| 27| 27Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
2011福島第一は3つの炉心が溶融した
Radioactivity in the air of Japanese Cities, March 19 – 24 20113/19~24の都道府県単位の放射性降下物(Bq/m2)
| 28Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
<30,000
>30,000
| 29
National Emergency Operating Centre (NAZ;).Situation on March 27 国家緊急オペレーションセンタ(スイス)
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
Fallout in food imports from Japan after the Fukushima-Daiichi core-meltings福島事故後日本からの輸入食品中の降下物
| 30| 30
Importedfood
Number of samples
meanBq/kg
maxiumBq/kg
limit Switerland
Bq/kgTea(茶葉) 102 29.5 258 62,500Fish*(海水魚) 24 0.2 0.3 1,250Soya/cereals 25 0.2 0.5 1,250Rice(米) 9 0.5 0.7 1,250Algues(海藻) 44 0.6 2.4 12,500Divers(海藻) 32 6.2 14 1,250
* Fish samples were not from Japan, but with origin «Pacific»日本産の魚ではないが「大平洋」での漁獲
Radiocesium analyses of imports to Basel-City 2011- 2013
Radicesium data (Σ 134Cs + 137Cs)
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
Which was the situation in Japan ?日本の状況は?
For estimation of incorporated doses the ECRR-Concept is more useful than ICRP-concepts (see Chris Busby).被曝量の計算にはICRPではなく、より実用的なECRRの方法を採用する
ECRR: European Committee on Radiation Risk
| 31Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
| 32|
Estimated organ dose caused by 131I臓器への線量
Thyroid dose(mSv) ICRP甲状腺(ICRP)
ECRR dose * (mSv)
甲状腺(ECRR)
cancer risk *
がんリスク
Baby up to 1 year 0.13 78 ~ 0.8 %12-17years 0.04 24 ~ 0.2 %Adult person 0.03 18 ~ 0.2 %
° real activity in March 2011 of Japanese Spinach* Busby, Chris: ECRR risk model and radiation from Fukushima Daiichi, March 2011
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
Estimation of the dose when eating daily 100g of spinach after the decay of 131I from 54 kBq/kg° to 1 Bq/kg (after 4.3 months)事故後4.3月経過し、131Iが 当初の54 kBq/kgから1 Bq/kgになったほうれん草を毎日100g食べる場合
How to investigate the contamination of the body?人体汚染の測定法
Whole body counting easy to realise, but only gamma radiation isホールボディカウンタ detectable!(理解しやすいがγ線のみ測定可能)
Analyses of blood control of incorporated contamination (only for 血液の解析 higher doses) 体内摂取した汚染。高線量被曝
Analyses of feces and urine control of the release of incorporated con-排泄物の解析 tamination (only for higher doses) 高線量被曝
Analyses of bones and teeth deposition of bone seekers, such as radiostrontium骨・歯の解析 or radium etc. 骨に吸着する元素, 90Sr, Ra
Analyses of human milk/hair deposition rate of radionuclides (radiostrontium, 母乳・毛髪の解析 radiocesium) 90Sr, 放射性セシウム
| 33Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
Human Hair Analyses ヒトの毛髪の分析
Switzerland 2017 Minamisoma2011
Minamisoma 2017
ECRR-Dose 7 mSv 50 mSv 13 mSvCancer Riskがんリスク(adult person)
~0.01% ~0.5% ~0.1%
| 34
The ECRR dose is calculated by multiplication of the ICRP-dose by 600. ThisIs the dose for the mixture of internal radionuclides released from NPP Fukushima.Busby, 2011
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
Basic concept: ECRR 2010. Recommendations of the European Committee on Radiation Risk. The Health Effects of Exposure to Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation Regulators’ Edition: Brussels 2010.
ECRRによる線量はICRPの結果を600倍する。体内に摂取された放射性物質による効果を総合する
Deciduous teeth investigations for the measurementof low doses caused by incorporated radiostrontium90Sr体内摂取による低線量測定には、脱落乳歯が最適
| 35Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
Investigation of deciduous teeth from Japanese children(State-Laboratory Basel-City) 日本の子どもの乳歯測定結果
| 36
prefecture number ofsamples
median(mBq/gCa)
mean ± SD(mBq/gCa)
Aichi 3 43 57 ± 27
Chiba 68 50 67 ± 50
Fukushima 47 90 106 ± 83
Hokkaido 1 33 ± 10
Ibaraki 12 59 88 ± 55
Kanagawa 5 50 53 ± 24
Miyagi 6 44 55 ± 32
Osaka 1 54 ± 11
Saitama 11 44 49 ± 17
Shiga 4 52 49 ± 10
Shizuoka 1 120 ± 20
Tochigi 4 46 46 ± 9
Tokyo 21 35 71 ± 66
Yamaguchi 12 54 46 ± 11
Total 196 51 74 ± 61
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
Investigation of deciduous teeth from Japanese children(State-Laboratory Basel-City)
| 37
0
50
100
150
200
250
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
90Sr
-act
ivity
(mB
q/gC
a)
Year of birth
90Sr-mean activities of all baby teeth 1999-2009
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
生年
Deciduous teeth analyses from Japanese children / outliers of the study(日本の乳歯測定にあらわれた例外値)
| 38
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
chib
ach
iba
chib
ach
iba
chib
afu
kish
ima
fuki
shim
afu
kush
ima
fuku
shim
afu
kush
ima
fuku
shim
afu
kush
ima
fuku
shim
afu
kush
ima
hokk
aido
hokk
aido
saita
ma
saita
ma
saita
ma
toky
oto
kyo
yam
aguc
hi
90Sr
-act
ivity
(mB
q/g
Ca)
outliers from different prefectures
pooled baby teeth
Outliers are not the result from exposition to the Fukushima fallout.Reason: children were born before 2011! (birth years: 1999-2009)
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
Dose estimation with the outliers’ teeth「例外」値はどの程度の被曝量になるかを推測
90Sr in 1°-teeth Mean outliers例外値の平均
High outlier高い例外値
mean activity in teeth 300 - 500 mBq/gCa 2,000 mBq/gCanumber of children 21 1Cancer Risk forchildren
~0.05 - ~0.1% ~0.5%
| 39
The ECRR dose is calculated by multiplication of the ICRP-dose by 600. Thisis the dose for the mixture of internal radionuclides released from NPP Fukushima.Busby, 2011
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
乳歯の放射能による被曝量・がんリスクの比較(ウクライナ・日本・スイス)Dose estimations of deciduous teeth analyses comparison Ukraine, Japan and Switzerland (data base: State-Laboratory Basel-City)
90Sr in 1°-teeth Luginy (Ukraine) Japan° Switzerlandmean activity in teeth
35 mBq/gCa 50 mBq/gCa 10 mBq/gCa
ECRR-Dose 1 mSv 1.0 mSv 1-2y 0.2 mSvCancer Risk forchildren
~0.01% ~0.01% ~0.002%
| 40
The ECRR dose is calculated by multiplication of the ICRP-dose by 600. Thisis the dose for the mixture of internal radionuclides released from NPP Fukushima.Busby, 2011
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
° This mean is from children born before 2011! 2011年以前誕生の子の値
Conclusions結論
| 41| 41
• Global fallout from weapon’s tests, the production of plutonium and the friendly use of atomic power caused the contamination of the environment in the Northern hemisphere.核実験・プルトニウム生産・原子力発電の総てが北半球を核物質で汚染した
• These contaminations give the radiation background of artificial radionuclidestoday. Higher cancer risks can be linked to these contaminations.この汚染が今日の人工放射性物質のバックグラウンドとなり、がんの発生リスクを増加させている
• After accidents with fission material, the local contamination is high. However,it decreases rapidly (short-lived radionuclides). The long-lived radionuclidesremain in the environment for decenies. Even new radionuclides are buildingup (e.g. 241Am from the decay of 241Pu). The cancer risk rises.核分裂物質の事故により局所的には高度に汚染する。しかし、これら寿命の短い放射性物質はすぐに減衰する。しかし長寿命の放射性物質は長期間残留する。新しい放射性物質さえ生成する(プルトニウム-241がβ崩壊してアメリ
シウム-241ができる、など)。がんリスクはこれにより増加。
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
Conclusions
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• Today, food in Europe and Switzerland is minimal contaminated (few exceptions).今日、ヨーロッパ(含スイス)の食品の汚染は極めて小さい(いくらかは例外)
• It is very important to know the cancer risk caused by incorporated radionuclides.放射性物質に起因するがんリスクの増加を知ることが重要である
• Only projects, such as the PDTN-network, can help to investigate these effects.PDTN・ははのようなプロジェクトによってこれらの知見を得ることができる
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
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Our team today:
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
Michael Markus Franziska
Former collaborator:Matthiasspecialised in falloutanalysis from Chernobyl
以前の共同研究者 Matthiusチェルノブイリ事故によるフォールアウトの専門家
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Our instrumentation
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
Alpha liquid scintillation PERALSBetaspectrometry
Gammaspectrometers
アルファ線測定器
ベータ線測定器
ガンマ線測定器
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My special interests
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019
Monitoring stationof the Rhine river
Historical material concerning radioactivity
ライン川水質モニタリングステーション
放射能の歴史的資料(写真はトリウムとラジウム入り「美白クリーム」、指導 アルフレッド・キュリー博士??)
Japanese children: rhythms and dosimetry…
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Thank you for your patience and attention!
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019