2020 JSNA

Socio Economic Context

December 2019

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CONTENTS

• Key Summary3

• Deprivation4

• Employment and economic activity 6

• Income deprivation11

• Educational achievement14

• Housing16

• Green space and leisure assets18

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Key Summary:• Stockport has pockets of very concentrated deprivation contrasted with large areas where deprivation is

relatively low.• Brinnington and Lancashire Hill (Central) are the most deprived areas in the borough. These areas are also

amongst some of the most deprived areas in England. More areas in Stockport rank in the 1% most deprived nationally than average, and 7,250 people in Stockport live in these areas of highest deprivation.

• Stockport now has the most deprived electoral ward and GP Practice in Greater Manchester, as well as continuing to have the least deprived ward and GP Practice.

• Levels of child poverty are especially high in these areas.

• An estimated 34,560 in Stockport are affected by income deprivation:• 9,400 older people live in relative poverty• 8,050 children live in low-income households.

• 83% of working age benefit claims are linked to ill health or disability.• 19,500 working age people in Stockport are claiming disability related benefits.• 4,800 people in Stockport are claiming out-of-work benefits.

• Deprivation correlated attainment gaps are evident from 5 years old and from age 11-15, children from low-income households in Stockport make slower than average educational progress. The average difference in progress between children eligible for free school meals and other children in Stockport 0.98 - the national difference is 0.58, in Stockport the gap is almost double the national average.

• Housing, despite being significantly cheaper in areas of deprivation, is relatively less affordable in these areas than in other less deprived areas.

• Some of Stockport’s most exceptionally deprived areas benefit from close proximity to parks and green spaces. Provision in other parts of the borough is not always well matched to areas of need.

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The Index of Multiple Deprivationcombines data about levels ofincome, employment, educationattainment, health outcomes, crime,housing and environment. Thisinformation is used to rank smallareas in England on a combinedmeasure of deprivation.

When considering areas in the most deprived quintile (20%) nationally, 17% of the Stockport’s areas are ranked in the most deprived national quintile. Areas of deprivation cluster to the centre and north of the borough. In total 49,200 people in Stockport live in these areas.

Four small areas* rank within themost deprived 1% nationally, two inBrinnington and two in LancashireHill, 7,250 people live in these areas.

26% of residents live in the leastdeprived quintile, within 51 smallareas. The English average for aborough Stockport’s size would be38. These less deprived areas arepredominately found towards thesouth and east of the borough.

Deprivation – overall measure

English indices of deprivation 2019 (Ministry of Housing Communities & Local Government, 2019)

*Lower- level Super Output Areas – small areas with a population of around 1,500 people.4

Taken as a whole, Stockport’s relative deprivation issimilar to national averages. There is, however,significant local variation within the borough.

Stockport’s number of areas in England’s mostdeprived 1% is just over double the national average.The count of these most exceptionally deprived areashas increased to four, from three in 2015.

Less extreme deprivation is less widespread in Stockport. If high deprivation were to be defined differently, for example by looking at the most deprived 5% nationally, then Stockport’s count of 6 areas is actually below average. With still larger slices - the most deprived decile (10%) and quintile (20%), Stockport has a lower count of deprived areas than the English average.

Using relative ranks of deprivation, Stockport hasbecome slightly less polarised since 2015.

Measuring the rank difference between the most andleast deprived small areas – Stockport is the 9th mostpolarised local authority nationally. In 2015, theborough was ranked 5th using this measure. Comparingthe average rank of areas in the most deprived andleast deprived quintile places Stockport 23rd out of 317districts. In 2015, the borough was ranked 17th.

Despite these changes, Stockport’s ranks still indicatethat it is more polarised than in the vast majority oflocal authorities nationally, particularly when lookingat the 1% extreme.

Deprivation – comparison to England

Polarisation (difference in average rank of the most and least deprived quintiles)

Analysis of deprivation for electoral wards and GP Practices shows that Stockport has the most deprived of both in Greater Manchester, with Brinnington and Central ward ranking 22nd most deprived nationally and Brinnington Practice ranking 13th most deprived. 5

Economic activity

82.9% of Stockport’s 16-64 population are economically active

• 79.7% in work (70% as employees and 9.6% self-employed)

• 3.2% out of work (unemployed).

The rate of unemployment has fallen significantly since the last peak during the 2009/2010 recession, and currently around 5,600 Stockport residents are unemployed, a level which has more than halved since the peak.

17.1% of Stockport’s 16-64 population are economically inactive, roughly a fifth each are either students, looking after the family / home, long-term sick or retired.

Around a quarter of those defined as economically inactive would want a job (8,000). There are therefore around 13,600 people out of work who would prefer to be working.

In October 2019, 4,800 people in Stockport were claiming benefits where they are required to search for work.* Worklessness is associated with poorer physical and mental health and is closely associated with deprivation.

Economic Activity

Aged 16-64 Rate + / - Estimate

Economically active 82.9% 2.7% 145,300

In employment 79.7% 2.9% 139,700

Employed 70.0% 3.3% 122,700

Self-employed 9.6% 2.1% 16,800

Unemployed 3.8% 1.5% 5,600

Economically Inactive 17.1% 2.7% 30,000

Economically inactive reason

Aged 16-64 Rate + / - Estimate

Student 3.6% 0.8% 6,200

Looking after family / home 3.6% 0.8% 6,300

Temporarily sick 0.5% 0.1% 800

Long-term sick 3.4% 0.7% 5,900

Retired 3.7% 0.8% 6,400

Other 2.5% 0.6% 4,300

*A broader span of people are required to look for work when claiming Universal Credit compared to previous claimant counts. Because of this, recent out-of-work figures cannot be directly compared with older employment statistics.

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68% of employed people in Stockport work full time.

As a percentage of employed people, the mostcommon industries of employment are:• Health (14%)• Retail (10.7%)• Business Administration and Support (9.9%)

The Manufacturing sector and Professional, Scientific& Technical sector employ 8.3% and 7.4% respectively.

These proportions are broadly similar to the rest ofGreater Manchester and England.Business Register and Employment Survey, 2018

Over a quarter of those in employment work inprofessional occupations. This is higher than GreaterManchester (20.7%) and England (21.2%).

Stockport has fewer people in ‘elementary’ occupationsthan Greater Manchester (11.7%) and England (10.2%). InEngland, the proportion of process, plant and machineoperatives has fallen from 7.2% in 2015 to 6.2% in 2019. InStockport, over the same period, the percentage workingin this group of occupations has risen from 5.9% to 6.4%.

Economic activity - type of work

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The 2019 IMD Employmentdomain shows that thepercentages of working agepeople affected by employmentdeprivation are highest in:• Lancashire Hill (42%)• Brinnington - Northumberland

Road (37%)• Brinnington - Blackberry Lane

(35%)• The town centre (33%)• The south part of Offerton

Estate (31%).• Adswood - Bridge Hall (30%)

In total 2,150 working age peoplein these six areas experienceemployment deprivation.

In total across Stockport 16,785working aged population aredefined as being effected byemployment deprivation.

Employment deprivation

NOMIS Claimant count (ONS, 2019); English indices of deprivation 2019 (Ministry of Housing Communities & Local Government, 2019)8

Working age benefit claimants

The recession that followedthe 2008 financial crisis wascorrelated with a sharpincrease in the number ofpeople claiming Job Seeker’sAllowance (JSA) howeverevent at it’s height thosesearching for work were asmall proportion compared tothose out of work due to illhealth or disability.

On average 83% of working age people claiming benefits do so because of a disability.

52% of Employment andSupport Allowance claimsare for people with mentaland behavioural disorders.

Support mental health and wellbeing would seem to be particularly important way of improving outcomes for a significant number of Stockport’s residents.

Work and Pensions Longitudinal Study and Universal Credit Statistics (Department of Work and Pensions, 2016) 9

Citizens advice

Evidence from the Citizen’s Advice service for Stockport for the first half of 2019/20 shoes that 2,437 people have been concerned enough about an issue to contact the service, with more than 16% of these clients coming form Brinnington &Central ward, and 7.5% each from Davenport & Cale Green and Edgeley &Cheadle Heath, a pattern that mirrors deprivation.

Universal credit dominated the issues raised by these clients, followed by more general benefit and tax credit advice and debt. Housing and employment were less commented on less frequently.

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Income deprivation index rates measure the percentage of people in households reliant on means tested benefit.

Around 12% of Stockport’s residents are classed as being income deprived, 34,560 people.

Particularly high concentrations of income deprivation are found in areas of deprivation including:• Brinnington - Northumberland

Road (48%) • Lancashire Hill (48%)• Brinnington - Blackberry

Lane(44%)• The town centre (39%) • Bridgehall (38%)• The south part of Offerton Park

(38%).4,330 people in these six small areas rely on means tested benefits.

Even in the least deprived areas however there are some people on low incomes, with 1.4% of people in the most affluent parts of Bramhall living on means tested benefits.

Income deprivation

English indices of deprivation 2019 (Ministry of Housing Communities & Local Government, 2019)11

In 2019, 12.9% of people aged over 60 were affected by income deprivation, around 9,400 people across Stockport.

This figure represents a modest decline over the last four years.

Proportions of older peopleaffected by income deprivationare highest in:• Brinnington - Northumberland

Road (49%),• North-eastern Edgeley (42%)• Bridgehall (41%)• The town centre (41%)• The south part of Offerton Park

(40%).• Edgeley - Shaw Heath (38%)775 older people in these sixsmall areas rely on means testedbenefits.

In 40% of the small areas in theborough, fewer than 10% of olderpeople are affected by incomedeprivation, but there are noareas where no one is effected.

Income deprivation – older people

English indices of deprivation 2019 (Ministry of Housing Communities & Local Government, 2019)12

Across Stockport 14.6% of children (just over 8,050 children) live in income deprived households.

Stockport has a small number of areas where an exceptionally high proportion of children are affected by income deprivation. These areas have very high proportions of child income deprivation compared to the English average (15.9%).

Percentages of children living in income deprived families are highest in: • Brinnington - Northumberland

Road (57%) • Lancashire Hill (57%)• Brinnington - Blackberry

Lane(54%)• North-eastern Edgeley (48%)• Bridgehall (46%)• Brinnington - Lingard Lane

(45%).1,225 children in these six small areas live in income deprivation.

In over half of the small areas in the borough, fewer than 10% of children are affected by income deprivation.

Income deprivation – children

English indices of deprivation 2019 (Ministry of Housing Communities & Local Government, 2019)13

Educational attainment and needs

Stockport’s most income deprivedareas also have lower than averageeducational attainment.

Higher than average numbers ofchildren with special educationalneeds and disabilities are found inthe centre of the borough and theTame Valley. Compared to boroughaverages, numbers of fixed termexclusions are three times higheramongst children who live inBrinnington and Central.

Progress 8 is a new measure that compares up to 8 GCSE results with other children with very similar key stage 2 results. Because of this, it useful when analysing unexpected variation in attainment. Using this measure, children living in Brinnington and Central achieve, on average, 0.7 grades less per GCSE than might be expected. Progress 8 scores are also low amongst residents of Reddish North (-0.6), Reddish South (-0.4), Bredbury Green and Romiley (-0.3), Marple South and High Lane (-0.3) and Offerton (-0.2).

2019 School Census

*Individual pupil attainment data used here is unamended provisional data from 2019 14

Educational attainment widening needs

Fair Society, Healthy Lives - The Marmott Review

Inequality in early cognitive development of children in the 1970 British Cohort Study, at ages 22 months to 10 years

The Marmott Review showed that Children who have low cognitive scores at 22 months of age but who grow up in families with a high socioeconomic status improve their relative scores as they approach the age of 10. The relative position of children with high scores at 22 months, but who grow up in families of low socioeconomic status, worsens as they approach age 10.

By age 10, high socioeconomic status children with previous low cognitive scores outperform low socioeconomic status - previous high cognitive score children. In other words socioeconomic status appears to be a stronger predictor of academic performance than 22 month cognitive scores.

Local data assessing development at the end of the Early Years Foundation Stage show a gap between those eligible for Free School Meals (FSM) and other children in Stockport. The development gap between FSM eligible and non FSM eligible children in Stockport is 10% larger than the English average.

Between 11 and 16 years old, significant gaps continue to open up even between children who were academically similar at 11. In Stockport, those eligible for free school meals are an average of 0.85 GCSE grades behind per subject when compared to other children who had a similar academic profile at the end of Key Stage 2. The attainment gap in Stockport between FSM eligible and non FSM eligible children is 67% higher the English average, meaning vulnerable children in Stockport do less well than similar cohorts elsewhere.

Individual pupil attainment data used here is unamended provisional data from 2019 15

Affordability - renting

An analysis of median rents (excluding deposits) and local incomes in different housing areas of the borough shows a significant variation in local rental affordability. Bramhall, Cheadle Hulme (South), Woodford, Heaton Mersey, Heaton Norris (West) and Heaton Moor have median prices that are affordable if households spend 25% of their income on the cost of renting. However, in the lowest income areas of Brinnington, the Town Centre and Hillgate, median prices in these areas are still not affordable when as much as 45% of income is spent on rent. Overall, eight of Stockport’s ten housing areas are affordable if 35% of the median local income is spent on median rents in those areas. Despite having the cheapest rents, compared to income, Brinnington and the town centre are the least affordable places to live in Stockport.

Stockport housing needs assessment 2019 (Stockport Council, 2019)

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A significant majority of homes in Stockport are owner occupied. According to the 2019 housing survey, the majority of these are now owned outright.

In Brinnington, Town Centre and Hillgate however, the percentage of owner occupation is significantly lower than elsewhere in the borough. These areas have an unusually large proportion of affordable housing. The area of Town Centre and Hillgate has significantly more flats than other areas in the borough, over 90% of all dwellings. Renting is less common in the areas around Marple, Bramhall and Cheadle Hulme.

Housing types and tenure

Source: Stockport housing needs assessment 2019 (Stockport Council, 2019)

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Green and open spaces can help to improve water and air quality, manage flood risk, promote climate change adaptation and mitigation, enhances biodiversity, and reduce the urban heat island effect.

It also improves community cohesion by promoting recreation and increases the aesthetic appeal of communities – all contributing to improved health and wellbeing.

It also provides many opportunities for physical activity, with 17.8% of Stockport's residents reportedly using outdoor space for exercise and health.

A recent assessment of Stockport’s provision of open spaces across different categories shows that Stepping Hill has the lowest level of provision, and did not meet the standard threshold in any category. There was no neighbourhood which met standards in all three areas, though Marple has the highest level of provision.

The same study also identified that children’s play provision in all areas was below threshold levels.

Green and open spaces

Current provision against recommended Stockport quantity standard (in hectare per 1,000)

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Stockport has a range of leisure and cultural amenities including sports clubs, cinemastheatres and parks.

The majority of the historical and tourist attractions are focused in the town centre, as are the larger cinemas and theatres.

Sports clubs, play areas and parks are distributed throughout the borough.

Open space concentrates through the river valleys and to the north and east of the borough.

Leisure amenities

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