103
8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 1/103

20807 Language Acquisition

  • Upload
    kaiser

  • View
    214

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 1/103

Page 2: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 2/103

TABLE OF CONTENTS

•  A Brief Introductory History

• Language Acquisition

• Language Learning

• LA vs. LL• LA, LL & the Nature of

Language

• Monitor & Level ofIrregularity

• Spelling-PronunciationCorrespondence

• Word Stressing

• Monitor & Personality

CONTENTS

• Phonetic Signaling

• The Age Factor

• Native vs. Non-NativeTeacher

• Group Size

• Final Conclusions

•  Appendix• My Acquisition

• My Wife’s Acquisition • My Daughter’s Acquisition 

• Language Living-LearningCenters

Page 3: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 3/103

The Grammar-Translation Method, based onlanguage analysis, predominated until themiddle of the 20th century.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF LANGUAGE TEACHING METHODOLOGY

O estudo de línguas estrangeiras, principalmente para fins de traduzirtextos bíblicos, existe desde a antiguidade.

 A metodologia baseada no estudo da gramática e no exercício datradução predominou até a metade do Século XX.

The study of secondlanguages, mainly forthe purpose of scripturetranslation, has existed

for many centuries.

Page 4: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 4/103

A BRIEF HISTORY OF LANGUAGE TEACHING METHODOLOGY

Up to the 1950s  From the 1950s to the 80s  From the 1990s on

Grammar-Translation(written language analysis)

(language learning)

Audiolingual Approach(spoken language analysis)

(language drilling)

Communicative Approaches(language in use)

(language acquisition)

The audiolingual approach in the 50s was a reaction

against the grammar-translation tradition. It wasbased on the then prevailing theories ofstructuralism and behaviorism.

Structuralism is a theoryin linguistics that refers tothe analyses of the targetand native languages interms of phonology andgrammar to direct thedesigning of teachingmaterials.

Behaviorism is a theoryin the field of learningpsychology according towhich learning is habitformation based onimitation, repetition andnegative or positivereinforcement.

 A abordagem áudio-oraldos anos 50,fundamentada nas teoriasdo estruturalismo e docomportamentalismo, seconstituiu numa reaçãocontra o tradicional estudode gramática e tradução.

Page 5: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 5/103

Based on new theories, Second Language Acquisition (SLA) is a movement initiated in the1970s against the tradition of grammar study andalso in opposition to the excessive oral drilling androte memorization of decontextualized languageas proposed by the audiolingual approach.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF LANGUAGE TEACHING METHODOLOGY

Novas teorias a partir da década de 1970 dão origem a um movimento emfavor da assimilação natural de línguas estrangeiras, contra a tradição doestudo de gramática e também contra a excessiva repetição mecânica edecoreba de frases descontextualizadas proposta pela abordagem áudio-oral.

Page 6: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 6/103

Page 7: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 7/103

Page 8: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 8/103

Page 9: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 9/103

LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

Language acquisition is the product ofreal interactions between people inenvironments of the target language andculture, where the learner, as an activeplayer, develops his communicative ability.

 Assimilação natural de línguas é fruto de convívio humano,de situações reais de interação em ambientes da língua-alvo e sua cultura, onde o aprendiz, como protagonista,desenvolve sua habilidade comunicativa.

Page 10: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 10/103

Page 11: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 11/103

LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

 A common example of second language

acquisition are the adolescents andyoung adults that live abroad for a yearin exchange programs, often attainingnear native fluency, while knowing littleabout the language. They have a goodpronunciation without a notion ofphonology, don't know what the perfecttense is, modal or phrasal verbs are,but intuitively they recognize and knowhow to use all the structures.

Exemplo comum delanguage acquisition 

são os adolescentes e jovens adultos queresidem no exteriordurante um anoatravés de programasde intercâmbio cultural,atingindo um grau de

fluência na línguaestrangeira próximo aoda língua materna,porém, na maioria doscasos, sem nenhumconhecimento arespeito do idioma.

Não têm sequernoções de fonologia,nem sabem o que é

 perfect tense, verbosmodais, ou phrasalverbs embora saibamusá-los intuitivamente.

Page 12: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 12/103

LANGUAGE LEARNING

Language learning refers to the analysisand study of the language as a system,primarily in its written form. The objectiveis to understand the structure of thelanguage and produce knowledge about it.

LANGUAGE LEARNINGESTUDO FORMAL

Language learning  refere-se à análise e ao estudo formal dalíngua como um sistema e principalmente na sua forma escrita.O objetivo é entender sua estrutura e produzir conhecimento.

Page 13: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 13/103

It has been thetraditional approachto the study oflanguages for

centuries and is stilltoday practiced inhigh schoolsworldwide.

LANGUAGE LEARNING

Esta tem sido a abordagem tradicional ao ensino de línguas estrangeiras,há séculos, e continua sendo adotada no Ensino Médio de muitos países.

Page 14: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 14/103

LANGUAGE LEARNING

This is language learning.

But in face ofthe complex-ity and irreg-ularity of the

languages, itoften leads tonowhere.

Mas face à complexidade e à irregularidade das línguas, oestudo da gramática normalmente não produz resultado.

Page 15: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 15/103

LANGUAGE LEARNING

The many graduates in Brazil

with arts degrees in English areclassic examples of languagelearning. They are certifiedteachers with knowledge aboutthe language and its literature but

able to communicate in Englishonly with poor pronunciation,limited vocabulary and lackingawareness of the target culture.

Exemplo clássico de language learning  são os inúmeros graduadosem letras, com conhecimento sobre a língua e sua literatura, jácredenciados, porém ainda com claras limitações em se comunicaremna língua e na cultura que teoricamente poderiam ensinar.

Page 16: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 16/103

Page 17: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 17/103

To understand better how theconcepts of acquisition andlearning can affect languageteaching, we need to look atthe nature of language first.

ACQUISITION vs. LEARNING

Para melhor entendermos as implicações dos conceitosde acquisition e learning  no ensino de línguas, devemosprimeiramente considerar a natureza das línguas.

Page 18: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 18/103

 Ao contrário das ciências exatas, línguas são sistemas oraiscomplexos, criativos, arbitrários, irregulares, mostrando umacentuado grau de tolerância a variações, repletos deambiguidades e em constante mutação aleatória.

THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE

ACQUISITION, LEARNING & THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE

In contrast to natural sciences,languages are complex , arbitrary ,

i r regular  speech systems, full ofambigui t ies , in constant randomand uncontrollable evolution.

Page 19: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 19/103

Page 20: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 20/103

What happens in fact is theopposite: to understand thefunctioning of a languagewith its irregularities is aresult of being familiar with it.

ACQUISITION, LEARNING & THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE

O que ocorre na verdade é uma dependência contrária: compreendero funcionamento do idioma como um sistema e conhecer suasirregularidades, depende de familiaridade com o mesmo.

Page 21: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 21/103

Grammar, word choiceand pronunciation will be

employed appropriately ifit “sounds” right. 

ACQUISITION, LEARNING & THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE

Gramática e pronúncia corretas, bem como uso eficazde vocabulário ocorrerão como resultado do “soar bem”.

Page 22: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 22/103

 Accuracy is a result ofexposure to accurate language.

ACQUISITION, LEARNING & THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE

Falar bem é resultado de contato com a línguabem falada.

Page 23: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 23/103

Page 24: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 24/103

Page 25: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 25/103

Page 26: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 26/103

But what if the target language is Englishand the learners are Brazilian?

MONITOR & LEVEL OF IRREGULARITY

Mas se a língua a ser aprendida for inglês e osalunos forem brasileiros?

Page 27: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 27/103

Page 28: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 28/103

How irregular is English?

MONITOR & LEVEL OF IRREGULARITY

Qual o grau de irregularidade do inglês?

Page 29: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 29/103

Page 30: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 30/103

Page 31: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 31/103

SPELLING-PRONUNCIATION CORRESPONDENCE

To demonstrate:

How many possible interpretations are therefor the vowel grapheme “i” ?

 A. TwoB. Three 

C. Four

D. Five

E. Six

“i”   six 1. // as in elite, machin e, pizza, ski

2. // as in bit , his, in, l iquo r

3. // as in bite, nigh t, pol i te

4. // as in boy, no ise, toi let, vo id

5. // as in bird , f irm , penci l

6. /mute/ as in fru it , su itcase, parl iament,

sovere ignty

In Spanish one; in Portuguese one

 A letra “i” corresponde a 1 único

som em espanhol e em português(ex.: vida, igreja). Quantasinterpretações ela tem em inglês?

Page 32: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 32/103

Page 33: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 33/103

SPELLING-PRONUNCIATION CORRESPONDENCE

To demonstrate:

In how many different ways can we pronouncethe consonant grapheme “s” ?

 A. TwoB. Three C. FourD. Five

“s”   five 1. // as in basic , past , say

2. // as in because, rose

3. // as in sugar, su re

4. // as in casual, usually, televis ion

5. /mute/ as in aisle, island

In Spanish one; in Portuguese two

 A letra “s” corresponde a 2 sons

em português (ex.: sala, casa) e1 único som em espanhol (ex.:sol, casa, más). Quantasinterpretações ela tem em inglês?

Page 34: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 34/103

SPELLING-PRONUNCIATION CORRESPONDENCE

The frustration of the EFL learner never ends:

1. bough // 2. cough // 3. dough // 4. rough // 5. through   // 

6. h iccough // 

 A frustração parece não ter fim, como pode-se constatar neste exemplo clássico.

Page 35: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 35/103

Page 36: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 36/103

SPELLING-PRONUNCIATION CORRESPONDENCE

Spanish shows a higher degree of regularity when compared

to English, especially in its almost perfect correspondencebetween the written language and its pronunciation.

Therefore, when interpreting Krashen's theory we can

logically infer that his belief on the superiority of

acquisition over learning would be more emphatic if the

object of study and analysis had been English as the

target language instead of Spanish.

Espanhol mostra um grau de regularidade superior ao do inglês,

principalmente na quase perfeita correlação entre pronúncia e ortografia,onde uma é a representação quase perfeita da outra.

Portanto, ao interpretarmos a teoria de Krashen, podemos deduzir

que seus argumentos sobre a superioridade de acquis i t ion  seriam

mais concludentes se a língua-alvo de seus estudos tivesse sido

inglês, em vez de espanhol.

Page 37: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 37/103

Page 38: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 38/103

If learners internalize new words withthe wrong stress pattern, not only theirspeech may become unintelligible but

also they may fail to recognize thatword when they hear it.

WORD STRESSING

Se aprendizes assimilarem palavras novas comacentuação tônica errada, não só terão dificuldades emse fazerem entender, como também terão dificuldadesem reconhecer essas palavras quando as escutarem.

Page 39: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 39/103

Words in Portuguese (as well as in Spanish) are stressed

predominantly on the one before the last syllable, andwhen they are one of the other two options, often there is agraphic accent to indicate so.

WORD STRESSING

PORTUGUESE

Oxítonas(stress on the last syllable)  café, estudar ,computador , avião 

Paroxítonas

(stress on one before the last)casa, modelo, bonito,cadeira

Proparoxítonas

(stress on two before the last) fí gado, metrópole,hemofí lico

Palavras em português (e espanhol) são normalmente paroxítonas,quando forem oxítonas, frequentemente terão acentuação gráfica e,quando forem proparoxítonas, sempre terão acentuação gráfica.

Page 40: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 40/103

What about English?

WORD STRESSING

E como será o inglês?

Page 41: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 41/103

PORTUGUESE ENGLISH

Oxítonas

(stress on the last syllable) café, estudar ,computador , avião 

hotel , cont ro l , pol ice ,improve , ex change  *  

Paroxítonas

(stress on one before the last)casa, modelo,bonito, cadeira

ta ble, v i deo, En glish,impo r tant, un i ted, evolu tion 

Proparoxítonas

(stress on two before the last) fí gado, metrópole,hemofí lico

ex cellent, hos  pital,gov ernment, photo grapher  

Stress on t hree before the

last  

----app ro  ximately, sig n if icantly,

intel ligible, ob jec tionable Double stress  

----char acter is tic, ca tegor y,ne cessar y, d ic tionar y  

* only two-syllable words 

English, on its turn, has five possibilities of

word stress, none is predominant, and thereis no graphic indication whatsoever.

WORD STRESSING

Palavras em inglês, por sua vez, apresentam cinco possibilidades de acentuação tônica,sendo que nenhuma é predominante e não existe na língua qualquer indicação ortográfica.

Page 42: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 42/103

Page 43: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 43/103

MONITOR & LEVEL OF IRREGULARITY

ACQUISITION vs. LEARNING EFFICIENCY AS RELATED TO THE LEVEL OF LANGUAGE

IRREGULARITY

Page 44: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 44/103

Conclus ions:

MONITOR & LEVEL OF IRREGULARITY

1. If we want to “learn” about a language,

we have to “acquire” it first. 

2. The more irregular the targetlanguage, the more limited the

result of studying it.

Para se aprender a gramática de uma língua, é preciso primeiramentesaber falar esta língua.

Quanto maior a irregularidade da língua-alvo, tanto menor a

utlidade de se estudá-la.

Page 45: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 45/103

MONITOR & PERSONALITY

The effect of grammar knowledge on

a person's communicative skillsdepends significantly on that

person's personality.

MONITOR AND LEARNER’S PERSONALITY 

O efeito do conhecimento gramatical sobre a habilidadecomunicativa da pessoa dependerá muito da característicade personalidade de cada um.

Page 46: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 46/103

MONITOR & PERSONALITY

Introverts, who normally lack self-confidence and often are perfectionists, willbenefit little from understanding the grammar

of the language and its irregularities. Theresult can be even adverse, in the case oflanguages with a high degree of irregularitysuch as English.

INTROVERTS

Pessoas que tendem à introversão, à falta de autoconfiança ou aoperfeccionismo, pouco se beneficiarão de conhecimento da estrutura dalíngua e de suas irregularidades. O efeito pode até ser adverso, no casode uma língua com alto grau de irregularidade como o inglês.

Page 47: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 47/103

MONITOR & PERSONALITY

 After years of English learning in high school (grammar-translation) and language schools (audio-lingual), wherenatural deviations are classified as errors and are promptlycorrected and repressed, the student who isinsecure by nature may develop a mentalblock that discourages spontaneity due tohis awareness from experience that there isa high probability of making a mistake.

Com pouco contato com a língua falada e depois de anos de inglês inspiradoem learning  no ensino médio e em alguns cursos livres, onde desvios naturaisde linguagem são classificados como "erros" e prontamente corrigidos ereprimidos, o aluno adquire consciência da alta probabilidade de se cometererros com a língua. Para aqueles que por sua natureza são inseguros, istopode se transformar num bloqueio que compromete a espontaneidade.

Page 48: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 48/103

Page 49: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 49/103

In my case, I had a hard time becoming fluent in the second language becauseof the interference of two factors. The first factor was learning strategy, whichwas translating (L2 to L1 to L2 again) due the fact that my foreign languageclasses focused on the Grammar-Translation method. It was slow and causedme a lot of headaches and frustration. Then later I spent a whole year translatingwhile I was an exchange student. The second interference was low self-esteem,the belief of not being able to produce L2, due to the oppressed education Iexperienced in undergraduate school in Brazil. Professors believed that lowgrades reflect a hard school (meaning "good"), so nothing was good enough.Undergraduate students got to graduation scared to use the target language.

Marília Conte Daros, <http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~gurney/LangConn.htm>

MONITOR & PERSONALITY

No meu caso, tive muita dificuldade para me tornar fluente na segunda língua (inglês) devidoà interferência de dois fatores. O primeiro foi a estratégia de aprendizado, baseada em

tradução (da L2 para a L1 e para a L2, novamente) com aulas inspiradas pelo método detradução e gramática. Era lento e me dava dores de cabeça e frustração. Depois, passei umano inteiro traduzindo durante um programa de intercâmbio. A segunda interferência foi baixaautoestima, acreditando não conseguir produzir a L2 devido a uma educação opressivavivenciada em meu curso universitário no Brasil. Os professores acreditavam que notasbaixas refletiam um curso puxado (significando bom), então nada era suficientemente bom.Os alunos se formavam com medo de usar a língua estrangeira. (minha tradução)

MONITOR & PERSONALITY

Page 50: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 50/103

Gostaria de começar a dar aula de inglês; faço há 10 anos naescola *****, estou no último livro. Mas no momento estou commuitas dificuldades em pronúncia e com dificuldade naconversação. É normal isto para uma pessoa que faz 10 anosde inglês?

Clarice Almeida, 26/10/2004

MONITOR & PERSONALITY

I would like to start teaching English; I’ve been studying it for 10 years at *****,

now in the last book of the series. But I still have a lot of difficulties withpronunciation and conversation. Is that normal for a person that has studiedEnglish for 10 years?

MONITOR & PERSONALITY

Page 51: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 51/103

MONITOR & PERSONALITY

Extroverts, who talk too spontaneously, also benefit littlefrom learning. Their monitoring function is almostinoperative and subject to an impulsive personality thatmanifests itself without much concern with accuracy. Theonly ones who benefit from learning are people whosepersonalities are midway between introvert and extrovert,and manage to apply the monitoring function in a moderateand effective form.

EXTROVERTS

Pessoas que tendem à extroversão, a falar muito, de forma espontânea e improvi-sada, também pouco se beneficiarão do conhecimento gramatical obtido através delearning , uma vez que a função de monitoramento é quase inoperante, estásubmetida a uma personalidade intempestiva que se manifesta sem maior cautela.Os únicos que se beneficiam de learning , são as pessoas cujas características depersonalidade se situam num ponto intermediário entre a introversão e a extroversão,e que conseguem aplicar a função de monitoramento de forma moderada e eficaz.

Page 52: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 52/103

MONITOR & PERSONALITY

Page 53: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 53/103

MONITOR & PERSONALITY

LEARNING EFFICIENCY AS RELATED TO PERSONALITY

MONITOR & PERSONALITY

Page 54: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 54/103

Conclus ions:

1. If we want to “learn” about a language, we

have to “acquire” it first. 

2. The more irregular the target language,

the more limited the result of studying it.3. The applicability of the “monitor” is

narrow.

MONITOR & PERSONALITY

Para se aprender a gramática de uma língua, é preciso primeiramentesaber falar esta língua.

Quanto maior a irregularidade da língua-alvo, tanto menor a utilidadede se estudá-la.

A utilidade da função de monitoramento da fala é limitada.

PHONETIC SIGNALING

Page 55: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 55/103

Phonetic signaling in linguistics is the quantityof phonetic output per unit of meaning.

Different languages have different levels ofphonetic signaling. In other words, thenumber of syllables per word can be verydifferent.

PHONETIC SIGNALING

PHONETIC SIGNALING

Sinalização fonética, em linguística, é a quantidade de som articuladopor unidade de significado.

Diferentes línguas podem ter diferentes graus de sinalização fonética.Ou seja, podem ter um número maior ou menor de sílabas por palavra.

PHONETIC SIGNALING

Page 56: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 56/103

PHONETIC SIGNALING

For example:

It takes 1 syllable to say “dog” while it

takes 3 syllables to convey the samemeaning in Portuguese: “cachorro”.

Pronunciamos apenas 1 sílaba para dizer “dog”, enquanto que

precisamos pronunciar 3 sílabas para transmitir o mesmosignificado em português: “cachorro”. 

PHONETIC SIGNALING

Page 57: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 57/103

Try it yourself:

1. Take the syllable as the unit of sound andthe word as the unit of meaning.

2. List a few common words from your

surroundings in English and Portuguese.

3. Add the total number of syllables for eachlanguage.

PHONETIC SIGNALING

Faça você mesmo uma experiência:

1. Considere a sílaba como unidade de som e a palavra comounidade de significado.

2. Faça uma lista de palavras comuns em inglês e português.

3. Some o total de sílabas em cada língua.

PHONETIC SIGNALING

Page 58: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 58/103

PHONETIC SIGNALING

Example:

table (2)book (1) computer (3)

 pen (1)chair (1) dog (1) tired (2) work (1) sleep (1) 

bed (1) -------

14

mesa (2)livro (2) computador (4)caneta (3)cadeira (3) cachorro (3) cansado (3) trabalho (3) dormir (2) 

cama (2) -------

27

PHONETIC SIGNALING

Page 59: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 59/103

First, the number of monosyllabic words inEnglish is significantly higher whencompared to Portuguese. Ex:

bad - mauball - bo-la 

bed - ca-mabeer - cer-ve-ja beet - be-ter-ra-bablack -  pre-to blood - san-guebook - li-vroboy - me-ni-no bread -  pãobrick - ti-jo-lobus - ô-ni-bus

can - la-tacar - car-ro

cat - ga-tochair - ca-dei-racheap - ba-ra-tochin - quei-xochip - las-caclock - re-ló-giocoat - ca-sa-cocorn - mi-lhocup -  xí-ca-racut - cor-te

PHONETIC SIGNALING

O número de palavrasmonossilábicas em inglêsé muito maior.

PHONETIC SIGNALING

Page 60: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 60/103

Even analyzing Portuguese monosyllables,we will hardly find more syllables in theirEnglish counterparts. Ex:

ar   - airbem - well  

bom  - good  céu  - skychá  - tea chão - floordar   - give dor   - pain

eu  - Igiz   - chalkir   - go lá  - there

ler - read  luz - light  

mal   - badmão  - hand  mar   - skymês  - tea não  - nonós  - we 

 pão  - bread par   - pair   pé  - foot pó  - dust  

quem - who rei   - king

sal   - saltsim  - yessol   - sun som  - soundsul   - southter   - have 

trem  - trainver   - seevir   - come voz   - voice

PHONETIC SIGNALING

Mesmoanalisandomonossílabosdo português,dificilmente seencontra umnúmero maiorde sílabas em

seus correspon-dentes eminglês.

PHONETIC SIGNALING

Page 61: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 61/103

Even comparing polysyllables of common originwe find English words to be shorter inpronunciation. Ex:

a-gri-cul-ture /   /  - a-gri-cul-tu-raca-len-dar /   /  - ca-len-dá-rio 

cho-colate / /  - cho-co-la-teci-ty /

 /  - ci-da-de de-part-ment /    /  - de-par-ta-men-toim-por-tant /   /  - im-por-tan-te 

ma-chine /

 

/  - má-qui-nana-ture / /  - na-tu-re-za stu-dent /  /  - es-tu-dan-tetem-pera-ture /   /  - tem-pe-ra-tu-ra

PHONETIC SIGNALING

Mesmocomparandopolissílabos deorigem comum,observa-se queno inglês elessão sempremais curtos.

PHONETIC SIGNALING

Page 62: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 62/103

PHONETIC SIGNALING

We can see that English is substantiallymore economical and compact thanSpanish and Portuguese. It providesapproximately half the quantity ofphonetic information to convey thesame meaning.

Podemos constatar que o inglês é significativamente maiseconômico e compacto do que espanhol e português.Oferece aproximadamente a metade da informação fonéticapara transmitir os mesmos significados.

PHONETIC SIGNALING

Page 63: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 63/103

Difficulties in second-languagespeech recognition are stronglyaggravated when the quantity of

phonetic information provided bythe target language is smallerthan the learner’s mother tongue. 

PHONETIC SIGNALING

 A dificuldade de entendimento da língua estrangeira falada ésignificativamente agravada se a quantidade de informaçãofonética for menor que a da língua materna.

PHONETIC SIGNALING

Page 64: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 64/103

This is because the receiver ofthe message not only receivesfewer clues about each unit ofmeaning but also has less time todecode and process the meaningof the whole.

PHONETIC SIGNALING

 A dificuldade decorre não apenas do fato de que o aprendizouvinte recebe menos “pistas” sobre cada unidade de

significado, mas também porque dispõe de menos tempo paradecodificar os significados e processar a ideia em seu todo.

PHONETIC SIGNALING

Page 65: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 65/103

This means that more time needsto be devoted to the practice ofthe spoken language (especially

listening) and less time spent ontranslation, grammar rules andvocabulary memorization.

PHONETIC SIGNALING

Conclui-se disso que mais tempo deve ser dedicado à práticaoral (especialmente listening ) e menos tempo em tradução,gramática e memorização de vocabulário.

PHONETIC SIGNALING

Page 66: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 66/103

Conclus ions:

1. If we want to “learn” about a language, we have

to “acquire” it first. 

2. The more irregular the target language, themore limited the result of studying it.

3. The applicability of the “monitor” is narrow. 

4. English scarcity of phonetic clues indicate

the need for oral practice rather than study.

PHONETIC SIGNALING

Para se aprender a gramática de uma língua, é preciso primeiramente saber falar estalíngua.

Quanto maior a irregularidade da língua-alvo, tanto menor a utilidade de se estudá-la.

 A utilidade da função de monitoramento da fala é limitada.

A escassez de pistas fonéticas do inglês reforçam a necessidade de prática oral

em vez de estudo.

THE AGE FACTOR

Page 67: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 67/103

The majority of studies as well as theexperience of those in the field of SLA

indicate that the lower the age theeasier, the faster and the morecomplete the learning will be.

THE AGE FACTOR

 A maioria dos estudos existentes, bem como as experiênciasde quem observa e acompanha o aprendizado de línguasestrangeiras, evidenciam que quanto menor a idade, maisfácil, mais rápido e mais completo será o aprendizado.

THE AGE FACTOR

Page 68: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 68/103

For children, the discovery of theworld around them, the acquisitionof language and the cognitivedevelopment are natural, parallel,and interlinked events that dependon firsthand experiences.

Na infância, a descoberta do mundo, a aquisição da falae o desenvolvimento cognitivo são processos naturais,paralelos e interligados que dependem de experiênciasconcretas, de percepção direta.

THE AGE FACTOR

Page 69: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 69/103

In adulthood the person’s cognitive developmenthas already reached a level of maturity. Thelarger inventory of life experiences enablesadults to more easily deal with abstract concepts

and store secondhand knowledge.

O adulto já passou por grande parte de seu desenvolvimentocognitivo. Com um caminho maior já percorrido e umabagagem maior acumulada, o adulto tem a capacidade delidar com conceitos abstratos e hipotéticos e acumularconhecimento adquirido por outros.

THE AGE FACTOR

Page 70: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 70/103

It explains their tendency to rely on

analysis and study of the targetlanguage to compare with thenative language. It also explainswhy adult learners can more easilysubmit themselves to artificial use

of the target language for the sakeof practice and learning.

Isto explica a capacidade superior dos adultos de compreender

a estrutura gramatical da língua estrangeira e de compará-la àda sua língua materna. Explica também a tolerância superior dosadultos quando submetidos a situações artificiais com opropósito de exercitarem línguas estrangeiras.

THE AGE FACTOR

Page 71: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 71/103

Therefore, not considering individual differenceslike personality, motivation, hearing, and takingthe normal learner as a sample, we can say thatthe lower the age, the more efficient acquisition

will be over learning.

Portanto, desconsiderando fatores pessoais comopersonalidade, motivação, acuidade auditiva, e tomandocomo amostra o aprendiz normal, poderíamos afirmar quequanto menor a idade, maior a eficácia de acquisition.

THE AGE FACTOR

Page 72: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 72/103

ACQUISITION vs. LEARNING EFFICIENCY AS RELATED TO AGE

THE AGE FACTOR

Page 73: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 73/103

Conclus ions:

1. If we want to “learn” about a language, we have to“acquire” it first. 

2. The more irregular the target language, the more limitedthe result of studying it.

3. The applicability of the “monitor” is narrow. 

4. English scarcity of phonetic clues indicate the need fororal practice rather than study.

5. The younger the learner, the more efficient

acquisition will be over learning.

Para se aprender a gramática de uma língua, é preciso primeiramente saber falar esta língua.

Quanto maior a irregularidade da língua-alvo, tanto menor a utilidade de se estudá-la.

 A utilidade da função de monitoramento da fala é limitada.

 A escassez de pistas fonéticas do inglês reforçam a necessidade de prática oral em vez deestudo.

Quanto mais jovem for o aprendiz, maior será a eficácia de acquis i t ion  sobre learning .

NATIVE vs. NON-NATIVE TEACHER

Page 74: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 74/103

Native or near-native and non-nativeteachers have different talents.

Likewise, acquisition-inspired andlearning-inspired language programsrequire different talents.

NATIVE vs. NON-NATIVE TEACHER

Professores nativos ou equivalentes e não-nativos possuemdiferentes talentos.

Programas inspirados em acquisition e learning  exigemdiferentes talentos.

NATIVE vs. NON-NATIVE TEACHER

Page 75: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 75/103

Language teaching in Brazil is predominantlybased on language learning, strictly following asyllabus and analyzing the written language orfollowing sequences of lessons with oral drills andrepetition exercises. For this kind of teaching,

non-native teachers with the experience of"already having walked down the same path,"may have an advantage over native speakers.

O ensino de línguas no Brasil é predominantemente baseado em learning ,atrelado a planos didáticos e analisando a língua na sua forma escrita ouem lições sequenciais de exercícios orais repetitivos. Para este modelo deensino, professores não-nativos com a experiência de já terem “trilhado omesmo caminho” provavelmente estarão em vantagem, frente a nativos. 

NATIVE vs. NON-NATIVE TEACHER

Page 76: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 76/103

In language acquisition, however, theprimary goal is human interaction, in whichone functions as a facilitator, providingplenty of comprehensible input, andthrough which the other (the learner)selects his own route building his skill in adirection that interests him personally orprofessionally.

Numa abordagem inspirada em language acquisition, entretanto, o objetivoprincipal é a interação e o ato comunicativo, onde o instrutor funciona comoum facilitador, proporcionando linguagem compreensível, através da qual oaprendiz traça seu próprio caminho, desenvolvendo suas habilidades nadireção de seus interesses pessoais ou profissionais.

NATIVE vs. NON-NATIVE TEACHER

Page 77: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 77/103

Instead of asyllabus, languageacquisitionprograms offer

interculturalcommunicationthrough a personalrelationship.

Em vez de um plano didático, programas inspirados emlanguage acquisition oferecem comunicação interculturalatravés de um relacionamento pessoal.

NATIVE vs. NON-NATIVE TEACHER

Page 78: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 78/103

Here, the presence of genuine representativesof the language and culture that one intends toassimilate is fundamental. Native or near-native instructors, therefore, have a clearadvantage in a communicative approach,

inspired by the concept of languageacquisition.

See http://www.sk.com.br/sk-nativo.html  for more (in Portuguese) 

 Aqui, a presença de representantes autênticos da língua e da cultura quese busca assimilar é fundamental. Instrutores nativos, portanto, levamlarga vantagem numa abordagem comunicativa, inspirada pelo conceito delanguage acquisition.

Leia mais sobre este tema em: http://www.sk.com.br/sk-nativo.html

NATIVE vs. NON-NATIVE TEACHER

Page 79: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 79/103

Conclus ions:

1. If we want to “learn” about a language, we have to “acquire” it first.  2. The more irregular the target language, the more limited the result

of studying it.

3. The applicability of the “monitor” is narrow. 

4. English scarcity of phonetic clues indicate the need for oral

practice rather than study.5. The younger the learner, the more efficient acquisition will be over

learning.

6. Acquisition-inspired programs require native-like

performance models.

1. Para se aprender a gramática de uma língua, é preciso primeiramente saber falar esta língua.

2. Quanto maior a irregularidade da língua-alvo, tanto menor a utilidade de se estudá-la.

3. A utilidade da função de monitoramento da fala é limitada.

4. A escassez de pistas fonéticas do inglês reforçam a necessidade de prática oral em vez de estudo.

5. Quanto mais jovem for o aprendiz, maior será a eficácia de acquisition sobre learning .

6. Programas inspirados em language acquis i t ion  exigem modelos nativos de performance.

GROUP SIZE

Page 80: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 80/103

How important is group size in

the implementation of acquisition-and learning-inspired programs?

GROUP SIZE

Qual a importância do número de participantes porgrupo na implementação de programas inspirados emacquisition e learning ?

GROUP SIZE

Page 81: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 81/103

Group size is vitally important in the

implementation of second language acquisitionprograms. For acquisition to take place thetarget language and culture must prevail all thetime in the group activities. The bigger thenumber of learners, the more difficult will be forinstructors to impose their language and lesspersonal will be the interaction with each learner.

O tamanho do grupo tem um impacto muito grande na implementação deprogramas de ensino de línguas inspirados em language acquisition. Istoporque acquisition pressupõe a predominância da língua e da cultura doinstrutor no ambiente da sala de aula. Quanto maior o número deaprendizes no grupo, tanto maior a dificuldade do instrutor para impor sualíngua nas atividades e menos pessoal o contato deste com cada aluno.

GROUP SIZE

Page 82: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 82/103

If we are forced to teach large groups of

students for circumstances beyond ourcontrol, we will have to rule out languageacquisition and rely primarily onlanguage learning.

This is the reality of language teaching inthe majority of the high schools in Braziland worldwide.

Se formos forçados a trabalhar com grupos numerosos, teremos quedesistir de acquisition e recorrer a learning . Em verdade, esta é arealidade predominante no ensino de línguas no Brasil e no mundo.

GROUP SIZE

Page 83: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 83/103

GROUP SIZE

Page 84: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 84/103

ACQUISITION vs. LEARNING EFFICIENCY AS RELATED TO GROUP SIZE

GROUP SIZE

Page 85: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 85/103

Conclus ions:

1. If we want to “learn” about a language, we have to “acquire” it first.  2. The more irregular the target language, the more limited the result of

studying it.

3. The applicability of the “monitor” is narrow. 

4. English scarcity of phonetic clues indicate the need for oral practicerather than study.

5. The younger the learner, the more efficient acquisition will be overlearning.

6.  Acquisition-inspired programs require native-like performance models.

7. Acquisition-inspired programs require small groups.

1. Para se aprender a gramática de uma língua, é preciso primeiramente saber falar esta língua.2. Quanto maior a irregularidade da língua-alvo, tanto menor a utilidade de se estudá-la.3. A utilidade da função de monitoramento da fala é limitada.4. A escassez de pistas fonéticas do inglês reforçam a necessidade de prática oral em vez de estudo.5. Quanto mais jovem for o aprendiz, maior será a eficácia de acquisition sobre learning .6. Programas inspirados em language acquisition exigem modelos nativos de performance.7. Programas inspirados em language acquis i t ion  exigem grupos pequenos.

FINAL CONCLUSIONS

Page 86: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 86/103

We can draw add i t ional conc lus ions

from Krashen’s theory: 

That language acquisition ismore efficient than languagelearning for attaining functionalskill in a foreign language notonly in childhood.

Pode-se tirar conclusões adicionais da teoria de Krashen:

Que language acquisition é mais eficaz do que language learning  para sealcançar habilidade funcional na língua estrangeira, não apenas na infância.

FINAL CONCLUSIONS

Page 87: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 87/103

Language learning is limited to acomplementary role in the form of supportlessons and study materials, and will beuseful only for adult students that have an

analytical and reflective learning style andmake good use of the monitoring function.

Language learning fica limitado a um papel complementar, na forma demateriais de apoio, aulas de apoio, etc., e será útil apenas para alunosadultos que possuem um estilo de aprendizado analítico, baseado emregras e racionalidade, e que conseguem monitorar sua produção oralde forma moderada e eficaz.

Page 88: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 88/103

FINAL CONCLUSIONS

Page 89: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 89/103

The efficient teaching of languages is notthat tied to a structured course of lessonsbased on grammatical sequencing,translation or oral drilling, nor does itdepend on technological resources.

O ensino de línguas eficiente não é aquele atrelado a um pacotedidático predeterminado, gramaticalmente sequenciado,baseado em tradução ou em exercícios orais repetitivos emecânicos, nem aquele que utiliza recursos tecnológicos.

FINAL CONCLUSIONS

Page 90: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 90/103

Efficient teaching is personalized, takes placein a bicultural environment and is based onthe personal skills of the facilitator in buildingrelationships and creating situations of real

communication with comprehensible inputfocusing on the learner's interests.

O ensino de línguas eficiente é aquele que é personalizado,em ambiente bicultural; que explora as habilidades pessoais dofacilitador em construir relacionamentos, oferecendo situaçõesde comunicação real voltadas às áreas de interesse do aluno,com uma linguagem ao alcance do seu entendimento.

APPENDIX

Page 91: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 91/103

My preference for language acquisitionstems not only from my studies of theorieslike Krashen’s, but mainly from how

perfectly it matches my own experiences.

Minha preferência pela assimilação natural de idiomasprovém não apenas de meus estudos de teorias como

a de Krashen, mas principalmente da perfeitacomprovação dessas teorias através de minhaspróprias experiências.

APPENDIX – MY ACQUISITION OF ENGLISH

Page 92: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 92/103

Except for the few English and Frenchlessons that I had in high school, Inever studied foreign languages for thepurpose of learning how to speak them.

Until 27 years of age, I was a perfectBrazilian monolingual.

 A não ser pelas poucas aulas de inglês e francês noensino médio, eu nunca estudei línguas estrangeiraspara aprender a falar. Até os 27 anos de idade, eu eraum perfeito brasileiro monolíngue.

APPENDIX – MY ACQUISITION OF ENGLISH

Page 93: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 93/103

 At the age of 27, I

went to live and workin the U.S. for 4months. Two yearslater I went again fora period of 11months. At the age

of 37 I went for thethird time for a periodof 18 months toattend graduateschool and sincethen I’ve had contact

with native speakerson a regular basis.

APPENDIX – MY WIFE’S ACQUISITION OF PORTUGUESE 

Page 94: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 94/103

 At the age of 19, myJapanese wife cameto live in Brazil for 1year. Two yearslater she came backfor a period of 3

years. At the age of30 she came for thethird time for aperiod of 2 years andwhen she was 34,she came for good

and recently finishedcollege here.

APPENDIX – MY DAUGHTER’S ACQUISITION OF LANGUAGES 

Page 95: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 95/103

• Was born and lived inBrazil up to 3 years old

• From 3 to 6½ in Japan(kindergarten)

• 6½ to 8 in the U.S.(elementary school)

• 8 to 15½ in Brazil(elementary school)

• 15½ to 16½ in Japan(high school)

• 16½ to 19 in Brazil(high school & college)

• 19 to 20 in the U.S.(college)

• 20 to 22 in Brazil(college)

• 22 to 24½ in the U.S.(working)

• 24 to 29 in Brazil

• 29 to 30 in Japan

• From 30 up to now sheworks as a flight attendant

LANGUAGE LIVING-LEARNING CENTER

Page 96: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 96/103

What is a Language Living-Learning Center (LLLC)?Centro de Convívio Multicultural (CCM)

Social groups of people of differentnationalities interested inlanguages and foreign cultures.

For the learner of foreignlanguages a LLLC in Brazilprovides the opportunity to interactwith foreigners without the need totravel abroad.

For the foreigner, a LLLC providesaccommodations, training, and aBrazilian language and culture

program that includes Portuguese lessons, college courses and weekendcultural trips.

LLLCs are authentic environments of the target language and culture.They work like cultural exchange programs and provide natural acquisitionas a result of real interactions with native speakers, where the learner, asan active player, develops the necessary communicative competence.

LANGUAGE LIVING-LEARNING CENTER

Page 97: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 97/103

LLLCs are successful because themembers are naturally curious aboutthe foreign culture and attracted to thecomplementing differences - and this

results in productive cross-culturalrelationships. The resultingcommunication becomes a unique

experience of personal enrichment forboth sides.

LANGUAGE LIVING-LEARNING CENTER

Page 98: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 98/103

Foreign participants are motivated by the uniqueness of the

Brazilian culture and the opportunity to learn Portuguese. As native speakers of English, they play the role of carriersand conveyors of their language and culture.

The EFL learner becomes familiar with the native spoken

language, learns to negotiate meanings, engages increative communication and develops functionality in thetarget language. Comparing cultural values andunderstanding the differences prevents stereotypes.Cultural awareness makes the learner feel comfortable in

the presence of foreigners and exposure to accuratelanguage produces accuracy in addition to fluency.

LANGUAGE LIVING-LEARNING CENTER

Page 99: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 99/103

LLLCs are organized in small groups that meet regularly

twice or three times a week. Each group is lead by aspeaker of the target language with teaching experience,who is free to bring any activities that encourageconversation. The school makes available a library of ESLteaching materials, internet access, and other materials the

teacher may need. The teacher’s main responsibility is toestablish a personal connection with each learner.

There are also grammar workshops every week open to allgroups. The goals of these workshops are: to provide anadditional hour of native-spoken English; to make possiblegetting acquainted with a different native speaker; to satisfysome learner’s (or their parents) desire to learn grammar. 

LANGUAGE LIVING-LEARNING CENTER

Page 100: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 100/103

The school hires Brazilian teachers of Portuguese asa second language to teach the foreign members.

Foreigners, Brazilianteachers, school staff,their partners,students, and friends

are invited to joinweekend trips toplaces of interesttwice a month.

The goal is to integrate cultures bringing togetherforeign students of Portuguese and local students ofEnglish in an informal atmosphere with a lot ofcomprehensible input both ways.

LANGUAGE LIVING-LEARNING CENTER

Page 101: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 101/103

The foreign participants are replaced by new ones

every semester or every year. The challenge ofbuilding new relationships time and againreinforces and makes possible the internalizationby the learner of the basic linguistic tools to

introduce oneself and socialize. It also providesan enriched experience with people of differentbackgrounds and different dialects.

LLLCs represent the perfect implementation ofKrashen’s Acquisition theory. 

BILINGUAL LIVING-LEARNING CENTER

Page 102: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 102/103

See http://www.sk.com.br/sk-ccm.html  for more

(in Portuguese) 

Page 103: 20807 Language Acquisition

8/10/2019 20807 Language Acquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20807-language-acquisition 103/103

O Prof. Ricardo Schütz encontra-se à disposição

 para palestras sobre os temas abordados neste site.

Contatos pelo fone (51) 3715-3366 ou por e-mail:

[email protected]