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21 November, 2011 Presentation by Daniel H. Levine to the Ghana Armed Forces
Civil-Military Relations: Concepts and Issues
21 November, 2011 Presentation by Daniel H. Levine to the Ghana Armed Forces
Why Study Civil-Military Relations Theory?
Understand the military's role in society, and help the military live up to that role
Reinforce military values and military professionalism
Help civilians live up to their social responsibilities
21 November, 2011 Presentation by Daniel H. Levine to the Ghana Armed Forces
What is Civil-Military Relations Theory About?
Normative theory – How should militaries relate to civilians and civilian leadership? What is the proper role of the military?
Empirical theory – How do militaries relate to civilians? Can we predict when civilian-military friction will happen?
21 November, 2011 Presentation by Daniel H. Levine to the Ghana Armed Forces
The Domestic CMR Landscape: Institutions and Stakeholders
21 November, 2011 Presentation by Daniel H. Levine to the Ghana Armed Forces
The Domestic CMR Landscape: Institutions and Stakeholders
President (Chief Executive) Parliament (including Select Committees) Ministry of Defence Civil Society Organizations Media Corporations Police Private security companies
21 November, 2011 Presentation by Daniel H. Levine to the Ghana Armed Forces
The International CMR Landscape: Institutions and Stakeholders
Intergovernmental organizations (e.g., ECOWAS, UN)
Other militaries (and their civilian stakeholders)
Non-governmental organizations International media International legal bodies (e.g.,
ICC) Civilians in AoO
21 November, 2011 Presentation by Daniel H. Levine to the Ghana Armed Forces
The CMR Landscape: Legal Frameworks
Ghana constitution Armed Forces Act (Act 105) Security and Intelligence Agencies Act (Act
526) ECOWAS Protocol on Democracy and Good
Governance Constitutive Act of the African Union International Humanitarian Law (IHL), Law of
Armed Conflict (LoAC), and Human Rights Law
21 November, 2011 Presentation by Daniel H. Levine to the Ghana Armed Forces
Major CMR Theories
Separation – civilians and military operate in separate “spheres,” and have different values
Convergence/concordance – military and civilians are part of same society, work best together when they agree on values
Post-modern – military is no longer an “institution,” members of military have many social identities at once
21 November, 2011 Presentation by Daniel H. Levine to the Ghana Armed Forces
Normative CMR
“Coups are bad.” Is that all?
Militaries must advise on security policy – what are the limits?
Civilian control vs. civil control – who should be the military's masters?
Can the military defend both the democratic state and democratic values?
21 November, 2011 Presentation by Daniel H. Levine to the Ghana Armed Forces
Military Values and Civilian Values
What are military values? Are there specific “military values” in our time?
How are they different from and similar to civilian values?
What military values support democracy? Which ones may be at odds with it?
Are the values of the GAF affected by Ghana's place in the world?
21 November, 2011 Presentation by Daniel H. Levine to the Ghana Armed Forces
Helping Civilians
Civilian oversight can be hard! Understanding and bridging with civilian values
– military have been civilians, but not always vice versa
Assisting with technical knowledge – limits of advice?