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21st Century Cooling for Dry ClimatesFor the Napa Valley Wine Technical Group
Dick Bourne, WCEC Assoc. Director
January 22, 2009
Electricity: Cooling is the Culprit
• July peak demand is 35% above January
• Cooling causes electricity peaks
7% Load Factor for Residential
22% Load Factor for Non-Residential
• Cooling peak reducers - best new peaking plants
Western Climates: Issues = Opportunities• Large Diurnal Temperature Swings
Issue – Poor Load Factor
Opportunity – Thermal Storage
Warm air
HOT air
Warm air
HOT air
• Low Outdoor Humidity
Issue – Non-Optimized Equipment Opportunity – Evaporation for Cooling, Radiant Cooling
WCEC: Who We Are• Part of the Energy Efficiency
Center at University of California, Davis
• Launched April 2007
• Current staff: Mark Modera, Director
Dick Bourne, Associate Director
Marshall Hunt, Programs Director
Kristin Heinemeier, Senior Engineer
Seven Mechanical Engineering Students
WCEC: Who We Are• Affiliate Structure
Utilities
• PG&E, SCE, SMUD, SEMPRA
Manufacturers
• Delphi, Ice Energy, ICI, Lennox, Munters, NovaTorque, Seeley Intl., Speakman, Thermal Flow, Trane, Viega, VRTX
Contracting/Design Firms
• Beutler, Davis Energy Group, Timmons Design Engineers
State Agencies
• CEC, DGS
Retailers
• Wal-Mart, Target
WCEC Goals
• By 2030, reduce cooling demand and energy use from 2007 baseline New buildings
• Zero cooling peak demand
• 50% reduction in cooling energy use
Existing buildings
• 50% reduction in cooling peak demand
• 25% reduction in cooling energy use
What We Do• Publicize cooling technologies optimized for hot, dry west
Support affiliate alliances and partnerships
Address market impediments (e.g. codes and standards)
Help bridge commercialization “valley of death”
Emerging technology demonstrations
• Research and development Identify, conduct and support key R&D
• Technology development
• Laboratory and field testing
• Modeling and analysis
• Outreach activities Catalog of energy-efficient cooling systems
Website, newsletters, presentations, publications
Education – university and professional
Current WCEC Activities• Funded Projects
CEC - PIER Advanced Cooling Support Program CIEE – State-building technology demonstrations (SDSU and UCSD lab
sash project) BERG – Improving the Cost Effectiveness of Radiant Floor Cooling
Systems SEMPRA- Energy Performance of Hotel Controls (with CLTC) SMUD –Hybrid OASys Field Test BERG at LBNL – Exhaust Duct Leakage Diagnosis in Multi-Family
Buildings EPRI – SEER Review, Status and Recommendations LANEY COLLEGE/NSF – HVAC training SCE
• Water Management for Indirect and Indirect-Direct Evaporative Air Conditioning
• Water Use by AquaChill evaporative condenser
Current WCEC Activities
• Projects in Process CEC – Three-Year WCEC Research Support DOE – Development of lab tests for annual savings predictions SEMPRA/PG&E/SCE – Statewide Initiatives (Evaporative Cooling,
Hot Dry AC, Fault Detection/Diagnostics)
• Newly-Funded PIER Projects Radiant Cooling for Residences Non-Residential Fault Detection Diagnostics
Current WCEC Activities
• Current Key Activities Western Cooling Challenge – announced 6/5/08 Water Initiative – recent ASHRAE presentation DOE SEER update
• Current Technologies of Interest Building-Integrated Cooling Swimming-Pool Heating WicKool Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems
WCEC Technology Portfolio• Most technologies appropriate for new and retrofit
Rooftop units
Evaporative cooling technologies
• Hybrid evaporative/vapor-compression equipment
• Water-cooled condensers
Swimming-pool-based air conditioners
Thermal distribution performance
Night-sky radiative cooling
• Some opportunities unique to new construction:
Low-cost chilled water storage
Radiant floor cooling
Example Technology: DualCool
• Accessory system for RTUs
• Pre-cools condenser and ventilation air
• DOES NOT add moisture to indoors
• 25-30% energy and demand savings
A
B
C
D
SYSTEM SCHEMATIC
A - High quality condenser air pre-cooler
B - Pump & copper supply/return piping
C - Ventilation air precooling coil
D - Controls
Example Technology: Roll-Out Radiant Floor
• Prior cost $6-7/ft2
• Rollout cost ~$2/ft2
• Full-scale installation at Wal-Mart store
Example Technology: Radiant Floor Benefits
• Reduces latent cooling and blower energy
• Facilitates non-compressor cooling
• Projected savings 60-65%
• Projected demand reduction 45%+
Example Thermal Storage Technology• Residential/Commercial Swimming Pools
Night-time cooling (non-refrigerative) makes pool water available for day-time low-temperature heat rejection
• 20-40oF reduction in refrigerant condensing temperature
• 20-50% improvement in EER – higher at peak conditions
Rejected heat serves useful function • Eliminates/reduces gas consumption for pool heating
WCEC Market Activities• Demonstrations
Integrated retrofits for strip malls Technology demonstrations on state-owned buildings
• Policy and Market Drivers Western Cooling Challenge Hot, Dry Air Conditioners Water Initiative
• Water management for evaporative air conditioning
DOE • SEER regional standards
• Lab tests for annual savings predictions
Western Cooling Challenge
• Target Market: Rooftop Units (RTUs) with 3 – 30 ton capacity (>500-unit production capacity)
RTUs cool 70% of non-residential floor space in the Western US
• Target Performance: 40% reduction in energy use and peak electricity demand
• Reward Structure: MOUs w CA IOUs and SMUD for incentive programs – Retailer program sponsorship
Western Cooling Challenge: Schedule
January 2009 Laboratory testing of WCC entries can begin
June 2009 Field testing of WCC entries can begin
January 2010 Shipments of WCC-compliant products can begin
New Indirect Heat Exchangers
Coolerado
• Unique multi-stage indirect design
• 90%+ effectiveness, balanced flow
• 250 cfm per module, 10” high, 20” long, 19” wide
• Used in Coolerado & Desert Cool Aire prototypes
New Indirect Heat Exchangers
HyPak
• High-speed production process
• 80%+ effective in lab test
• Delivered 4.3 tons for 2’ width
• Many other applications
Example Market Issue: Water Initiative• Impediments to water-based cooling
On-site water use
Equipment maintenance
• Successful water-based systems for buildings Cooling towers Pressurized domestic water Pools Irrigation
• Water conservation Techniques exist
Not optimized for small-scale evaporative cooling
Evaporative Cooling: Water Use Metrics
• Evaporative Cooling Water Use
Cooling potential = mass of water * heat of vaporization
Potentially as low as 1.37 gallons/ton-hr
• Maintenance Water Use
Rule of Thumb: 2/3 evaporation, 1/3 maintenance
Large Impact of Water Quality
• Indirect Water Consumption for Electricity Generation
Enormous range of values - 0.1-72 gal/KWh€
Water Use for Condenser-Air Pre-Cooling• Analysis Technique
Calculate change in EER with respect to condenser air temperature
• Relatively linear
• 1-2% change per oF Calculate condenser
temperature change per unit of water evaporated
Use EER change to calculate extra cooling delivered for the same electricity consumed
€
Example Market Issue: Water Issue Resolution
• Roles for the WCEC
provide “institutional memory” on water issues
• water-use yardsticks
access large cadre of water scientists at UCD
pursue water conservation solutions
• save rain runoff for cooling
• irrigate w/flushed water
• night-sky water cooling
Wine Industry Opportunities
• Evaporative condensing and pre-cooling
• Pre-cooled ventilation air (e.g. Fetzer)
• Thermal storage (wine is ideal!)
• Radiant cooling to reduce blower power (may need desiccants in high humidity areas)
• CHP (e.g. Vineyard 29)
• Others?
WCEC Mission Summary
“Partner with stakeholders to identify technologies, conduct research and demonstrations, disseminate information, and implement programs that reduce
cooling-system electrical demand and energy consumption in the Western United States.”
http://wcec.ucdavis.edu/
Mark Modera